Bio 183 Final Review
G protein-coupled receptors are generally found floating around in the cytoplasm of a cell
False
Water has its highest density when it is in its
Liquid state
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect NADH production to be
Lower than in a healthy cell
Does glycolysis require oxygen?
No, it is anaerobic
As you eat a hamburger (bean or meat patty + lettuce + tomato + mayonaise + bread), which of the following macromolecule(s) are you ingesting?
Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Protiens Lipids
Urea is used in your body as a way to eliminate nitrogenous wastes. Which of the following macromolecule(s) would you expect to contributes to the production of nitrogen-containing wastes? (click all that apply)
Nucleic Acids Protiens
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a modified ...
Nucleotide
The hypothetical cell represented below has a plasma membrane made of phospholipids in which are embedded a few leak channels only - nothing else. When the cell is immersed in the following environment, some molecules are able to cross the cell membrane while others are not. Which of the following answers best describes the NET MOVEMENT of oxygen, as this system changes toward equilibrium?
Oxygen would move into the cell
Growth factors are typically
Paracrine signals
Trees are sometimes called the "lungs" of the planet. The oxygen they release comes from
Photosystem 2
A pair of mutated receptor tyrosine kinase that becomes constitutively active could lead to uncontrolled mitosis, and ultimately formation of a tumor
True
Cyclic and non-cyclic photosynthesis are likely to take place simultaneously in thylakoid membranes
True
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) can be activated or deactivated via phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
True
DNA and RNA nucleotides have a sugar component
True
The P53 protein has the ability to slow, or even temporary halt the cell cycle
True
The p53 gene that encodes for the P53 protein is classified as a _______ gene
Tumor-Suppressor
A Gram positive bacterium would...
Have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan
Which of the following is accurate regarding lactose?
Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose
The 2 main stages of photosynthesis, in chloroplasts are
Light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle
At the end of the G2 phase, a tetraploid cell with an n=5 has a total of _____ sister chromatids
40
The Ras protein circled above is a kinase found downstream of RTKs and that promotes cell proliferation. The gene that encodes for this Ras protein may be classified as a
A proto-oncogene
Proportionally to its volume, a basketball has _____ surface area than a tennis ball.
Less
The average intracellular voltage of most cells varies between
-5 and -100 millivolts
The atomic number of hydrogen is 1. How many neutrons does elemental hydrogen (H) contain?
0
Based on the illustration above, lemon juice is approximately Lemon Juice = 2 Urine = 6
10,000 times as acidic as urine
Which of the following structures would least likely be found in a bacterium?
A lysosome
The chemiosmotic gradient that is established in the intermembrane space of mitochondria allows the activation of which of the following?
ATP Synthase
In mitosis, sister chromatids move toward the opposite poles of a dividing cell during
Anaphase
During the "firing" of a neuron, sodium moves along (down) its concentration gradient, from the extracellular environment into the cell. This is an example of _______
Facilitated Diffusion
A human karyotype is composed of 45 autosomal chromosomes and 1 sex chromosome
False
Bacterial cells divide by mitosis
False
In GPCRs, an activated G protein phosphorylates a GDP to convert it into a GTP
False
Which of the following is/are a monosaccharide?
Fructose
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect lactate production to be
Higher than in a healthy cell
Which of the following is true regarding your mitochondrial DNA?
It is almost identical to your mother's mitochondrial DNA It is virtually identical in all the cells of your body
The molecule represented above is a(n)...
RNA Nucleotide
DNA polymerase is mostly expressed and active during the....
S phase of the cell cycle
The hypothetical cell represented below has a plasma membrane made of phospholipids in which are embedded a few leak channels only - nothing else. When the cell is immersed in the following environment, some molecules are able to cross the cell membrane while others are not. Which of the following answers best describes the NET MOVEMENT of small hydrophobic molecules (SHM), as this system changes toward equilibrium?
Small hydrophobic molecules would move into the cell
The making of ATP during glycolysis (phosphorylation of ADP) is best described as
Substrate-level phosphorylation
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect pyruvate production to be
The same as in a healthy cell
The hypothetical cell represented below has a plasma membrane made of phospholipids in which are embedded a few leak channels only - nothing else. When the cell is immersed in the following environment, some molecules are able to cross the cell membrane while others are not. Which of the following answers best describes the NET MOVEMENT of chloride, as this system changes toward equilibrium?
There wouldn't be any net movement of chloride
The liver is heavily involved in detoxifying the blood. Based on this statement, which of the following characteristic would you expect to best describe hepatocytes (= liver cells)?
Very large smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The electrons that enter the electron transport chain in thylakoid membranes come from
Water
Which of the following is/are true about tumors
a.Tumors typically release angiogenic signals that attract blood vessels b.Tumors can sometimes be fought by immunotherapy and/or chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy c.Tumors that do not metastasize are called benign tumors e.Malignant tumors can release cancerous cells in the bloodstream. These cells are called metastases.
In your skin cells, the difference in ATP production between conditions when oxygen is available and conditions when it's not available is approximately...
18-fold
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor) for an extended period of time, how many ATPs would you expect to be produced per molecule of glucose?
2
In order for NAD+ to be reduced into NADH, NAD+ requires the addition of...
2 electrons and 1 proton
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about ATP?
ATP serves as an energy "currency" inside the cell The reaction of ATP to ADP + P is coupled to endergonic reactions The reaction of ATP to ADP + P is an exergonic reaction The main source of ATP production for an entire cell is its mitochondria
Based on your knowledge of the definition of pH, you would expect the intermembrane space in mitochondria to be
Acidic
The main difference between active and passive transport across a cell membrane is
Active transport requires energy while passive transport does not AND Active transport involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient
You would be more likely to find this molecule in the cell membrane of... (presence of double bonds)
Alaskan salmon's skin cell
Which of the following factors would have the ability to denature an enzyme that is commonly found in prokaryotes that live in the hot springs of Yellowstone (pH= 2.0 and Temp = 40 degrees Celcius)?
Both a neutral pH and an oven temperature of 350 degrees C could denature the enzyme
The hypothetical cell represented below has a plasma membrane made of phospholipids in which are embedded a few leak channels only - nothing else. When the cell is immersed in the following environment, some molecules are able to cross the cell membrane while others are not. Which of the following answers best describes the NET MOVEMENT of calcium, as this system changes toward equilibrium?
Calcium would move into the cell
The functional group contained in the red circle above (carbon with a double bond to oxygen and a single bond to alcohol) is called a _________
Carboxyl
Which of the following polysaccharides are you most likely to find in the exoskeleton of a beetle?
Chitin
The process through which albumin (egg white) changes changes conformation (as well as other physical, chemical, and functional properties) during cooking is called _________
Denaturation
Based on the difference in organism complexity, you would expect a chimpanzee to have more chromosomes than a potato
False
Centrioles are only found in a cell during the M phase of the cell cycle
False
Imagine a scenario where plant W is exposed to White light, plant B is exposed to Blue light, plant G is exposed to Green light, and plant R is exposed to Red light. How would you rank these plants in terms of photosynthetic activity, ranging from low to high?
G R B W
The interphase of the cell cycle comprises the following phases:
G1, S, and G2 only
The small intercellular connections made of the protein connexin that allow the passage of small molecules such as Ca++ and ATP between adjacent animal cells are known as...
Gap junctions
The molecules represented below are best described as...
Geometric Isomers (Stereoisomers)
Proteins are broken down into individual amino acids during a process known as
Hydrolysis
Hydroxylamine lowers catalase activity by fitting within its active site. This suggest that
Hydroxylamine is a competitive inhibitor of catalase
Which of the following structures allows cells to "read" the extracellular matrix and be influenced by it?
Integrin proteins
Which of the following best describes the process of fermentation in your muscle cells?
It mostly takes place when cells do not receive enough oxygen It leads to the production of lactic acid It allows glycolysis to proceed in oxygen-poor environment by oxidizing NADH into NAD+
Which of the following is true about a diploid organism with a n=6 during the G1 phase of the cell cycle
It would have 12 linear chromosomes
During mitosis, the protein complexes that anchor replicated chromosomes to the spindle apparatus are called...
Kinetochores
The molecule represented above is Vitamin D2 . Vitamin D2 is a hydrophobic molecule required to facilitate the absorbption of calcium in your digestive system. Based on your knowledge of macromolecules and the information provided in this question, you would categorize vitamin D2 as a...
Lipid
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect CO2 production to be
Lower than in a healthy cell
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect oxygen consumption by the cell to be
Lower than in a healthy cell
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by
Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction
In eukaryotes, endocytosed solid particles are broken into smaller subunits by
Lysosomes
In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by which of the following?
Mitochondria
If you wanted to produce a 5-10% alcoholic beverage, which of the following ingredients would NOT be a requirement?
Neither bacteria nor oxygen would be required
The amino group of an amino acid placed in a solution of baking soda would look like which of the following choices?
Nitrogen bonded to R group and 2 hydrogens
The type of bonds that link nucleotides within a single strand of DNA (in the sugar-phosphate backbone) are called __________ bonds, whereas the bonds that link 2 strands of DNA together are called ___________ bonds.
Phosphodiester Hydrogen
Based on the information we covered in class, you could say that the types of bonds found within a water molecule are called _________ bonds, whereas the types of bonds found between water molecules are called ___________ bonds.
Polar Covalent Hydrogen
Which of the following is/are not a reason for mitotic cell division?
Pollen production in flowers AND Bacterial proliferation
Which of the following factors contribute significantly to increasing cell membrane fluidity at room temperature?
Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains
The main advantage of using a pyramid-shaped cascade of events downstream of membrane-bound receptors is
Signal amplification and speed
For most cells, the longest phase of the cell cycle is
The G1 phase
Statement: According to an analysis by the North American Mycological Association, " Improper food handling or preparation, rather than misidentification, has been implicated in almost all cases where illness from wild mushrooms was traced to commercial establishments such as restaurants." From the point of view of an individual who is attempting to think critically and scientifically, the statement above should contain at least which of the following?
The medium in which this statement was made (oral presentation? written publication?) The name of the author of this statement The details of the context in which this statement was made (if the statement was made orally, where was it made? - If the statement was made in writing, where was it written (journal? Magazine? volume number?)) The time (date) when this statement was made.
The hypothetical cell represented below has a plasma membrane made of phospholipids in which are embedded a few leak channels only - nothing else. When the cell is immersed in the following environment, some molecules are able to cross the cell membrane while others are not. Which of the following answers best describes the NET MOVEMENT of water, as this system changes toward equilibrium?
Water would move out of the cell
Match the level of protein structure on the left with the appropriate description: a) Assembly of 2 or more subunits into a functional protein b) Hydrogen bonding within the polypetide sequence, leading to the formation of either an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet c) Linear sequence of amino acids ("beads on a string") d) 3-dimensional assembly of a single polypeptide chain
a) quaternary structure b) secondary structure c) pimary structure d) tertiary structure
How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?
4
The molecule represented above is most likely a
Disaccharide
In order to oxidize NADPH into NADP+, NADPH has to lose...
2 electrons and 1 proton
How many checkpoints does a typical eukaryotic cell cycle have?
3
An uncharged species of nitrogen that has a mass of 15 AMUs (or daltons) would be called a nitrogen ion
False
The membrane that forms at the end of telophase in plants to separate daughter cells is known as
A cell plate
The plasma membrane is best described as:
A double layer of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
Which of the following molecules most closely resembles ATP (adenosine triphosphate)?
A nucleotide
Which of the following reaction categories would be most likely to have the lowest ΔG value?
Catalyzed Exergonic Reaction Uncatalyzed Exergonic Reaction
The proteinaceous structures that assist in the proper folding of proteins inside of cells are called _________
Chaperones
In general, how do chloroplasts differ from mitochondria?
Chloroplasts take in H2O and CO2 to produce sugars, whereas mitochondria take in sugars to produce ATP. AND The ATP produced by mitochondria is used throughout the cell, whereas the ATP produced by chloroplasts stays inside them.
Which of the following molecules are steroid hormones derived from?
Cholesterol
The proteins that hold sister chromatids at the level of the centromeres at the end of the S phase of the cell cycle are called
Cohesins
The recognizable subunit of a protein that performs a specific function and that can be composed of any combination of primary, secondary, and/or tertiary structures is called a ___________ This word may simply be used to designate the specific region of a protein.
Domain
A nucleosome is composed of 5 loops of DNA wrapped around 9 histones (1H1, 2H2A, 2H2B, 2H3, and 2H4)
False