Bio 2 Ch 22 Study Guide

Which of the following people developed the idea known as the scala naturae, or scale of nature?

Aristotle

What was James Hutton's contribution to modern geology?

Gradualism- change occurs through slow but continuous proceses

Explain descent w/ modification

all species extant or extinct descended without interruption from one or a few original forms of life. Closely related species diverged from recent common ancestor by accumulation of slight differences over time

Evidence of natural selection?

antibiotic resistance in bacteria, homologous and analogous structures, vestigial structures, convergent evolution, fossil record, biogeography and endemic species

The breeding of plants and animals for particular traits by humans is called __________.

artificial selection

At the time Darwin voyaged on the HMS Beagle, the popularly accepted theory in Western culture that explained the origin of Earth's plants and animals held that the various species __________.

had been created by divine intervention a few thousand years before

Natural Selection only affect?

heritable traits that differ among individuals in a population

A(n) __________ is the smallest unit that can evolve.

population

What are analogous structures?

similar structures in unrelated organisms, evolved to do same job, not inherited from common ancestor. Example of convergent evolution.

What are Molecular homologies

similarity among vertebrate hemoglobin

What are homologous structures?

similar structures in related organisms, inherited from common ancestor

Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based?

Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.

What was Aristotle's idea?

"Great Chain of Being" (Scala naturae)- species fixed and unchanging

What was Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck's contribution?

1st real theory on how life changes over time. Species evolve through 2 processes= use & disuse. Inheritance of acquired traits.

What is a closely liked process?

Adaptation and the origin of new species

What is catastrophism?

Catastrophic events altered the landscape and killed off life. Repopulated by immigrated animals from other areas. Different strata different fossils.

How did Hutton and Lyell's ideas influence Charles Darwin's thinking?

Darwin reasoned that the Earth must be very old and that slow, subtle processes could produce substantial biological changes.

Theory of natural selection two main themes?

Descent W/ modification and the struggle for life was not equal

How does biogeography serve as evidence to support the theory?

Different species in different regions exhibit similar adaptations to local environment. Influenced by continental drift and plate tectonics.

What does it mean to describe evolution as a scientific theory?

Evolution is a broad model that is supported by many observations and much experimental evidence.

Natural selection results in?

Evolution of populations, not individuals

What is true about natural selection?

If an environment changes, or if individuals move to a new environment, natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions, sometimes giving rise to new species.

What is correct about natural selection?

Individuals do not evolve; populations do.

Inferences of Darwin

Individuals that are well-suited ed to leave more offspring than other individuals. And over time, favorable traits in the population accumulate.

What are adaptations?

Inherited characteristics that enhance survival & reproduction in specific enviornments.

Which of the following is not an observation or inference that Darwin made while developing his theory of evolution?

Interactions between individuals and their environments cause individuals to evolve.

The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data?

Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy.

Which of the following is true regarding natural selection?

Natural selection is a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than do individuals without those traits.

What did Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle allow him to do?

Observe plant and animal features in different environments around the world. Observed native finches adaptations and habitats on the Galapagos islands.

What insight did Darwin gain from reading Thomas Malthus's essay on human suffering?

Organisms have the capacity to overreproduce.

Which of the following is correct regarding natural selection?

Over time, natural selection can increase the correspondence between organisms and their environments.

What did Robert Malthus' "A Essay on the Principle of Population" contribute t modern geology?

Plants and animals produce more offspring than can survive, population growth will outstrip food supply- struggle to survive

What is natural selection?

Process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reprodue

The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus has developed resistance to some antibiotic drugs. How did this resistance come about?

Some members of the bacteria populations possessed some sort of genetic variation for antibiotic resistance that was selected for when the bacteria was exposed to the drugs.

What is the Judeo-Christian belief?

Species designed by God and therefore perfect, designed each species for specific purpose

What is Carolus Linnaeus' system?

Systema Naturae, developed binomial nomenclature and taxonomous classification described life in nested grouped by similarities.

How do fossil records contribute as evidence?

Transitional fossil forms consistent with major branches of descent in tree of life

What was Charles Lyell's contribution to modern geology?

Uniformitarianism- processes operating in past are same as those in present

What did Darwin focus on

Variation among individuals of same population. Adaptation among related species.

All known organisms transcribe genetic information to protein molecules via the same genetic code. This finding strongly supports the hypothesis that __________.

all organisms are descended from a single common ancestor

What did Georges Cuvier promote?

catastrophism

Even though rodents known as sugar gliders and flying squirrels are members of distinctly different groups of organisms and live on different continents, they possess similar characteristics. This is an example of __________.

convergent evolution

Darwin originally defined evolution as __________.

descent with modification

explain how the struggle for life was not equal?

differential survival and/or reproduction of individuals that differ from ancestors. Also considered artificial selection.

Animals that possess homologous structures probably __________.

evolved from the same ancestor

Adaptations are defined as __________

inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments

Darwin's explanation of how adaptations arise centered on __________.

natural selection

In Darwin's view of descent with modification, __________.

natural selection can improve the match between an organism and its environment

What are vestigial structures

remnant structures that were some of value to ancestors

Natural selection depends on?

specific environmental factors present in a region at a specific time

Carolus Linnaeus is considered to be the founder of __________, and he __________.

the binomial classification system; thought that resemblances among different species reflected the pattern of their creation