BIO 2 Final Exam Study

58. What two tissues transport materials throughout the entire plant body?

b. phloem and xylem

83. Which pf the following is a structure adapted for seed dispersal by animals?

b. thick indegestible seed coats

6. Evolution that involves changes in allele frequencies over just a few successive generations is referred to as:

b.microevolution

130. A respiratory system is needed if an organism is too ______ to rely on the diffusion of gases through the body's tissues.

c. thick

29. What classification level contains the greatest number of species?

d. domain

115. Accumulation of _____ contributes to muscle fatigue.

d. lactic acid

91. In most protostomes, the blastopore develops into the:

d. mouth

129. An exchange of gases between an organism and its enviorment

d. respiration

111. Tropin and troposyosin regulate:

b. actin and myosin interactions

55. A main function of a plants root system is to:

b. adsorb dissolved nutrients and water

35. A(n) character is a trait that has evolved relatively recently.

b. ancestral

102. Both smooth muscle fibers and cardiac muscle fibers:

a. have straitions

22. Amino acids and other organic molecules were formed in the laboratory of Miller and Urey from which of the following?

a. hydrogen, methane, water, ammonia, and electrical discharge

34. Most biologist recognize ______domains.

a. three

109. What is a disadvantage of the exoskeleton?

b. It must be shed to accommodate growth

27. The greatest mass exctinction of all time occured at the end of the ____________

b. Paleozoic

87. Which animal phylum has asymmetrical body plan? *cannot be divided evenly into two planes

b. Porifera

90. Determine cleavage takes place in ______ and is characterized by a pattern of development where the ultimate fate of each cell is ____.

b. Protostomes; not fixed until the late developmental process

7. Which mechanism results in changes in allele frequencies in a population from one generation to another?

c. genetic drift

78. Flowering plants appeared in the fossil record in the:

d. Late Cretaceous period

15. In the accompanying figure, note the variation in these closely related birds. What does this illustrate?

d. adaptive radiation

79. The union of gametes is called _________ and takes place within the _______ of a flower.

fertilization; ovary

1. If a population of 2000 individuals has 120 aa genotypes what would be genotype frequency of aa be?

b. 0.06

In a certain population, the allele causing sickle cell anemia has an allele frequency of 0.2. If the population is genetic equilibrium for this allele, what fraction of the population would be carriers for the allele (heterozygous individuals)?

d. 0.48

14. Which term describes new ecological opportunities that were not exploited by an ancestral organism?

d. Adaptive zones

13. The continued geographic isolation of Kaibab squirrels from Abert squirrels has allowed the animals to evolve into two distinct subspecies. This is an example of:

d. allopatric speciation

113. Which is the correct order of events that occur during muscle contraction?

a. 4--> 5--> 2--> 1--> 3-->6

133. Arrange the structures through which air passes upon entering the body in the proper sequence

a. 5--> 3-->6--> 2--> 4-->1

76. Why are bees important to the reproductive success of flowering plants?

a. Bees carry pollen to other plants

40. How are fungi differentiated from plants?

a. Fungi are heterotrophic.

18. During the _____ epoch, the mammals expierenced an explosive adaptive radiation.

a. Holocene

88. What is the key characteristic that defines Ecdysozoa clade?

a. The animal molts

134. Which nitrogenous waste product would be least toxic to an embryo developing in the aqueous enviorment found inside a shell egg?

a. ammonia

37. An example of homologous structures is the wing of a bat and the :

a. arm of a human

50. The sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called?

a. asci

45. The most common mode of reproduction in bacteria is?

a. binary fission

43. Which structure in the accompanying figure is labeled as C?

a. capsule

100. A tissue group is a group of

a. closely associated, similar cells

82. The shape of the bill on the bird in the accompanying figure is most likely a result of:

a. coevolution

99. The four basic animal tissues are:

a. connective, digestive, nervous, and respiratory

73. Which phylum has very few surviving species, and are tropical and subtropical plants with stout, trunk-like stems, and compound leaves that resemble those of palms or tree ferns?

a. cycadophyta

86. Which of the following is NOT an adaptation needed for living on land?

a. egg shell (mammals are an example of this)

16. Which theory states that eukaryotic organelles originated as prokaryotes that survived ingestion by a host cell and ultimately envolved mutualistic relationship with the host cell?

a. endosymbiont theory

103. Which process is a specialized functions carried out by epithelial tissue?

a. exchange of gases

26. Amphibians evolved directly from which ancestral organisms?

a. fishes

31. Which of the following taxa would be the least inclusive? (most specific)?

a. genus

56. Which tissue system of the plant is largely responsible for photosynthesis?

a. ground tissue system

139. Internal fertilization is more advantageous than external fertilization because:

a. internal fertilization permits cross species fertilization

9. Taxonomist tend to use the _______ to characterize species for classification.

a. morphological species concept

98. Which term can be applied to both monotremes and sharks?

a. oviparous

69. What do ferns lack?

a. seeds

80. The order of whorls from the flowers peripherary to the center is:

a. sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

39. Because of whales breathe via lungs, have little hair when born, and nurse their young, these ______ characters allow us to classify them as mammals.

a. shared derived

51. Phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are considered _______ because they share a more recent common ancestor with each other than either does with any other group.

a. sister taxa

110. Skeletal muscles produce movements by pullings on, _____ which attach to bones. *athletes tear these alot

a. tendons

101. Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue?

a. the heart

94. Which characteristic best describes vertebrates?

a. vertebral column

17. Evidence shows that the earliest life may have existed how long ago?

b. 3.5 billion years ago

25. Which time period of Earth represents when evolution was progressing at the most rapid rate, as evidenced by fossils such as those of the Burgess Shale?

b. Cambrian period

72. Which is a basic difference between gymnosperms and flowering plants?

b. Gymnosperms produce seeds borne naked, while flowering plants produce seeds enclosed within a fruit.

108. What is a characteristic of a hydrostatic skeleton? *jellyfish body

b. Hydrostatic skeletons permit very precise and delicate movements

106. The components of the pectoral girdle are:

b. The clavicles and the scapula

105. What is a major difference between the endoskeleton and the exoskeleton?

b. The endoskeleton permits movement (?)

67. Why are mosses and liverwarts limited in size?

b. They lack vascular tissues

53. Lichens are most typically formed by the symbiotic association of an alga or cyanobacterium and a(n):

b. ascomycete

2. If a population of 1000 individuals has 120 aa genotypes, 460 Aa genotypes, and 420 AA genotype, what is the allele frequency of the dominant allele (A)

d. 0.65

In the accompanying figure, the pair of organisms that have the most recent ancestor is:

d. 2 and 3

96. The tetrapods include: *everything that evolved after Tiktalik*

d. Amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

41. What statement about bacteria is false?

d. Bacteria are not cellular and are sometimes not classified as life forms.

19. What hypothesis states that life developed from nonliving matter?

d. chemical evolution

46. A bacterium that uses the oxidation of inorganic compounds to provide energy for manufacturing nutritious organic compounds is a

d. chemoautotroph

59. Most protist are:

d. coenocytic

93. Diplobastic animals, such as cnidarians and _______, have only two germ layers, ectoderm, and ______.

d. ctenophores; endoderm

104. Hair follicles and blood vessels are found in which layer of the skin?

d. dermis (outermost layer)

61. Members of which group are known to forms blooms knowns as red tides

d. dinoflagellates

77. In flowering plants, the _______ generation is dominant.

d. diploid sporophyte

84. Sexual reproduction results in:

d. genetic diversity amongst offspring

62. Members of the _______ are thought to have given rise to plants.

d. green algae

54. A _______ filament that makes up the vegatative body of most fungi.

d. hypha

10. According to the biological species concept, a species consist of one or more populations who's members do not ______ with members of different species.

d. interbreed

114. Which class of bones are part of the appendicular skeletal division?

d. pelvis

23. Which hypothesis suggest that organic molecules formed near Earth's surface in pools of water?

d. prebiotic soup hypothesis

42. What is a chain of round bacteria called?

d. streptococci

32. Suppose a gene is transferred naturally by a bacterium from a planet genome to an insect genome within the same generation. What process does this illustrate?

e. Horizontal gene transfer

81. Most flowers are pollinated by which method?

e. Insects

5. Why is the Hardy Weinburg principle most useful to biologist?

e. It identifies those factors that can change allele or genotype frequencies.

24. What were the first organisms to release oxygen by photosynthesis?

b. cyanobacteria

65. Alternations in generations in a plant refers to the alternation of:

b. diploid and haploid stages

70. Which of the following is a vascular plant?

b. fern

20. Which was a possible source of high energy on early Earth that likely contributed to the origin of life?

b. gamma radiation

92. A true body cavity completely surrounded by ______ is called a coelum.

b. mesoderm

49. What makes up most of the mass of an individual mushroom?

b. underground mycelium

57. Which one of the following is a mismatch between tissue system and function?

b. vascular tissue- storage

66. Which vascular tissue system is responsible for conducting water and dissolved materials in plants?

b. xylem

47. What are Koch's postulates?

c. A set of rules that provides a classificaton system of disease causing bacteria

85. Which of the following characteristics about animals is false?

c. Animals cannot respond to stimuli

89. Which statement about bilateral symmetry is FALSE?

c. Bilaterally symmetrical animals have three axes

95. The most closely related animal to vertebrates are the:

c. Cephalochordata

64. Which is differentiating characteristics of land and plants from green algae ?

c. Land plants have a waxy cuticle

107. A person with fair skin produce less _______ than a person with darkskin.

c. Melanin (Brown skin giirrrll, ya skin just like pearls)

21. One critical requirement for life to arise on earth was time for which to occur?

c. Molecules to accumulate and react with one another

71. Why are seeds reproductively superior to spores?

c. Seeds are protected by a multicellular seed coat

28. What is the correct scientific name of corn?

c. Zea mays

135. Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste of animals?

c. ammonia

63. Which is a characteristic shared between green algae and plants?

c. chlorophylls a and b in plastids

38. Homoplastic structures are a result of ______ evolution.

c. convergent

137. Sexual reproduction involves which of the following processes?

c. fertilization

48. In a fungus, a complex multi cellular reproductive structure is called a:

c. fruiting body

132. Both auquatic and terrestrial organisms must have _______ across which gas exchange can take place.

c. gills and lungs

68. Which two plants of the Carboniferous period contributed to the formation of today's coal deposits?

c. horsetails and club mosses

74. Most conifers have seperate male and female reproductive parts on the same tree. This condition is referred to as:

c. monoecious

3. A ________ consist of all of the individuals of the same species that inhabit a particular place at the same time.

c. population

97. In which group did the amniotic egg first evolve?

c. reptiles

112: This basic unit of muscle contraction is known as:

c. sarcomere

140. An example of primary sex characteristic in males is

c. spermatogenisis

30. The scientific study of the diversity of organisms and the evolutionary relationships between them is referred to as:

c. systemics

44. Why is penicillin ineffective against gram-negative bacteria?

e. Penicillin cannot reach the thin peptodoglycan layer easily because it is protected by the bacteria's outer membrane.

33. The term clade most closely refers to:

e. a group of organisms that share common characteristics inherited from a common ancestor.

52. Which statement about mycorrhizae is FALSE?

e. arbuscuar mycorrizae are extracellular

131. If mitochondria were deprived of oxygen:

e. cellular respiration and ATP synthesis would cease and the cells would eventually die

138. Which group can reproduce asexually?

e. cnidarians

60. In primary endosymbiosis, an ancient eukaryotic cell engulfed a(n), _____ which survived an evolved into a chloroplast

e. cyanobacterium

136. The main osmoregulatory and excretory organ in most vertebrates is the:

e. kidney

11. Which reproductive isolation mechanism explains why a large dog, such as a Newfoundland, would not normally mate with a small dog, such as a chihuahua?

e. mechanical isolation (their parts do not fit together to exchange gametes)

8.Which is the only process that can lead to adaptations and directed genetic change of a population?

e. natural selection

12. Which are the mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between two different species who's ranges overlap?

e. reproductive isolation

75. Angiosperms have ______ in their phloem.

e. sieve tube elements