BIO 201 Bone tissue

The type of growth that occurs within cartilage and results in bone elongation is called __ growth.

Intersitial

Which type of bone growth occurs within cartilage and results in bone elongation? Interstitial Appositional Perichondrial Epiphyseal

Interstitial

The bones of the skull form by which type of ossification? Intramembranous Endochondral Incomplete Appositional

Intramembranous

Lacunae are located between the concentric rings of compact bone tissue that are called...

Lamellae

Wolff's law of bone states that the architecture of a bone is determined by which factor?

Mechanical stress

What is the term for bone cells that produce organic bone matrix?

Osteoblasts

another name for osteotits deformans

Paget's disease

A low blood calcium level stimulates the release of:

Parathyroid hormone

In an adult, which of the following is the bone that contains the least red bone marrow? Radius Rib Sternum Vertebra Skull

Radius

In adults, ___ bone marrow is found in the axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles, and the proximal heads of the humerus and femur.

Red

Process of dissolving bone releasing minerals into the blood is called...

Resportion

Bone marrow fills the spaces between trabeculae in ___________ bone.

Spongy

In what zone of the epiphyseal plate are chondrocytes multiplying and aligning into longitudinal columns in flattened lacunae?

Zone of cell proliferation

o Osteoma:

a new piece of bone usually growing on another piece of bone, typically the skull. It is a benign tumor

Chondrosarcoma

a type of sarcoma that affects the cartilage. It is a rare cancer that accounts for about 20% of bone tumors

The skeletal system helps maintain acid-base balance by __________. absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts absorbing carbonic acid and releasing carbon dioxide storing calcium and adipose in red bone marrow removing carbon dioxide from red blood cells

absorbing or releasing alkaline phosphate and carbonate salts

Parathyroid hormone increases the renal conversion of _______________________, which secondarily works to increase calcium levels in the blood.

alcidiol to calcitriol

where is red bone marrow found in the bones of a child

almost all bones

• Contrast achondroplasia and pituitary dwarfism:

- Achondroplasia: result of spontaneous mutation when DNA is replicated; Short stature but normal-sized head and trunk. Long bones of the limbs stop growing in childhood but other bones unaffected - pituitary dwarfism: lack of growth hormone, everything of the body is smaller

Functions of the skeleton (6)

1. support 2. protection 3. movement 4. electrolyte balance 5. acid-base balance 6. blood formation

explain PTH

3) PTH: - Secreted by the parathyroid glands on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland - Released when calcium blood level is too low - inhibits activity of osteoblasts - stimulates osteoclast multiplication & activity - reduces calcium secretion & increases phosphate secretion in the urine - stimulates production of an enzyme in the kidneys that carries out the last step in calcitriol synthesis

At which of the following ages would calcium loss from bone be more than calcium deposits into bone, even when a high calcium diet is eaten? 18 months old 10 years old 18 years old 50 years old

50 years old

which of the following best describes osseous tissue? A connective tissue with a hardened matrix that makes up bone A connective tissue composed primarily of cartilage matrix and collagen A connective tissue consisting of loosely arranged protein fibers

A connective tissue with a hardened matrix that makes up bone

Each of the following complications listed below is a result of a homeostatic calcium imbalance. Which would not be life threatening? Inability to maintain the resting membrane potential Declining neuronal communication Decreased blood clotting ability A deficit of appositional bone growth

A deficit of appositional bone growth

Periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles.

• Describe rickets and osteomalacia

Abnormally soft bones. In children: rickets. In adults: osteomalacia

• Explain the process of bone deposition:

Bone deposition: a crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from the blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue, mainly as needlelike crystals of hydroxyapatite.

Which hormone inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts to lower blood calcium levels? Calcitonin Calcitriol Parathyroid hormone

Calcitonin

The narrow channels connecting neighboring lacunae are...

Canaliculi

___________ is/are found in compact bone, but not spongy bone. Osteoclasts Endosteum Osteocytes Central canals Lamellae

Central canals

The primary ossification center during endochondral ossification in a long bone is the ___.

Diaphysis

• Describe the organic and inorganic components of bone

Dry weight is 1/3 organic & 2/3 inorganic matter Organic matter: -collagen, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans & glycoproteins Inorganic matter: -85% hydroxyapite - crystallized calcium phosphate salt -10% calcium carbonate -other minerals -Combination provides strength & resilience -minerals resist compression -collagen resists tension

Explain ectopic ossification and give examples

Ectopic ossification is abnormal calcification. may occur in lungs, brain, eyes, muscles, tendons or arteries (arteriosclerosis)

Diaphysis (shaft)

Elongated body of a long bone

the layer of tissue lining internal surfaces of a bone.

Endosteum- layer of connective tissue lining internal surface of a bone

In adults, the remnant of the growth plate is called the ___.

Epiphyseal line

• Explain the effects of estrogen and anabolic steroids on bone growth

Estrogen: estrogen deficiency leads to increased osteoclast formation and enhanced bone resorption anabolic steroids : increased bone mineral content or bone mineral density by stimulating bone formation

True or False: Osteogenic cells are stem cells in the endosteum, periosteum, and central canals that can become chondrocytes.

False. Osteogenic cells are stem cells in the endosteum, periosteum, and central canals that can become osteoblasts rather than chondrocytes.

In adults, most of the red marrow turns to fatty ________________ bone marrow,

yellow Yellow bone marrow no longer produces blood

• Explain how the structure of a flat bone is conducive to protection

• External and internal surfaces of flat bone are composed of compact bone • Middle layer is spongy bone- diploe - No marrow cavity • Blow to the skull may fracture outer layer and crush diploe, but not harm inner compact bone

• Describe the cells of osseous tissue

• Osteogenic cells reside in endosteum or periosteum - multiply continuously & differentiate into osteoblasts • Osteoblasts form organic matter of matrix & help to mineralize it in response to stress or fractures • Osteocytes - osteoblasts that have become trapped - reside in lacunae - connected to each other via canaliculi - signal osteoclasts/osteoblasts about mechanical stresses

osseous tissue

bone tissue

function of yellow bone marrow

fat storage ( energy storage)

Periosteum contains

fibrous layer of collagen and an inner osteogenic layer of bone-forming cells

bones of cranium is the example of ________________bones

flat

cranium bones are considered _________ bones

flat

thin, often curved bones are classified as ______________ bones

flat

flat, irregular, short, long bone? -sternum -sacrum -femur -scaphoid

flat= sternum irregular= sacrum short= scaphoid long bone= femur

what is the function of the osteogenic layer of the periosteum

growth and healing

calcification

hardening of tissue due to deposition of calcium salts

A _________________________will form and will turn into granulation tissue at the site of injury.

hematoma

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in synovial joints

85 of inorganic matter in the bone matrix is made of a crystallized calcium phosphate salt called______________________

hydroxyapatite

osteomyelitis

infection of the bone

Osteomyelitis

inflammation of the bone and bone marrow (caused by bacterial infection)

Elongation of bones is accomplished via_______________growth

intersitial

• Describe the treatments for fractures

o Closed reduction: fragments are aligned with manipulation & casted o Open reduction: surgical exposure & repair with plates & screws o Traction is not used in elderly due to risks of long-term confinement to bed. hip fractures are pinned & early walking is encouraged o Electrical stimulation is used on fractures that take longer than 2 months to heal

During the healing of a bone fracture, a hard callus is formed by ___________. osteoclasts osteoblasts osteocytes fibroblasts chondrocytes

osteoblasts

nhibition of ____________________ by parathyroid hormone occurs as a result of a decreased production of organic matrix.

osteoblasts

what type of the bone cell : -bone building cells -abundant in mitochondria -over activity results in increased bone density

osteoblasts

as a flat bone is produced by intramembranous ossification, which cells are responsible for the resorption of bone tissue that carves out the spongy bone's trabeculae? Chondroblasts Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteocytes

osteoclasts

The __________ contains hydrogen pumps that lead to the formation of hydrochloric acid, which is used to dissolve bone minerals in a process called __________. osteoclasts; mineral deposition osteoblasts; mineral resorption osteoclasts; mineral resorption osteoblasts; mineral deposition

osteoclasts; mineral resorption

Filled with ________________, which are osteoblasts encased in matrix, lacunae are found between layers of concentric lamellae.

osteocytes

what type of bone cell is : - bone cells encased in matrix -trapped in lacunae

osteocytes

The basic structural unit of compact bone is the _____.

osteon

A degenerative bone disease characterized by loss of bone mass and increased risk of fracture is called _____.

osteoporosis

most deadly forms of bone cancer

osteosarcoma

compact (dense) bone

outer shell of long bone

o Osteochondroma:

overgrowth of cartilage and bone that happens at the end of the bone near the growth plate. Most often, it affects the long bones in the leg, the pelvis, or the shoulder blade. It is the most common noncancerous bone growth

When blood calcium levels drop, glands embedded in the posterior thyroid secrete ___________________ hormone, which stimulates osteoclastic activity

parathyroid

function of red bone marrow

produce red blood cells

how does calcitriol affect blood phosphate levels

raises them

In order for minerals such as calcium and phosphate to be liberated into the blood stream, the process called ______ must occur.

resorption

children with an inadequate Vitamin D in their diet may develop soft bones and a condition known as

rickets

Trabeculae/Spicules in spongy bone

rods or spines/ thin plates of bone

A(n) __________would not involve damage to the structures that comprise the skeletal system. fracture involving the growth plate erosion of the articular cartilage tear of the anterior cruciate ligament ruptured calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

ruptured calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

During fracture healing, cartilage is deposited in granulation tissue to form a ___________.

soft callus

osteogenic cells

stem cells ( from embryonic mesenchyme) that differentiate into osteoblasts

A fracture in a healthy bone caused by the force of a fall is classified as a _____ fracture.

stress

marrow cavity (medullary cavity)

the space within the diaphysis that contains the yellow marrow in adult long bones

Osteology

the study of bones

Greenstick fractures most commonly occur in children because __________. their bones contain larger quantities of collagen their bones contain larger quantities of calcium their bones contain larger quantities of phosphate their bones are shorter

their bones contain larger quantities of collagen

In an adult, a compound fracture of the __________ could lead to a "fat" embolism entering the blood stream. sternum skull ribs tibia

tibia

irregular bones

vertebrae and skull bones

The most active form of ___________________ is called calcitriol.

vitamin D

which of the following is used by osteoclasts to digest the collagen in bone matrix - calcitriol -hydrochloric acid -protease -hydroxyapatite

-protease

place terms from Superficial to Deep Medullary canal Periosteum Central canal Endosteum Circumferential lamellae

Periosteum Circumferential lamellae Central canal Endosteum Medullary canal

perforating canals

Perpendicular to the central canal Carry blood vessels into bone and marrow

bone tissue is ___________________

a connective tissue with a matrix hardened by minerals ( calcium phosphate)

Located in the middle of osteons, the______________ contain the blood vessels, and nervous supply of the compact bones.

central canals

Hyaline and elastic cartilage is covered by a fibrous layer called ________________

perichondrium (= "around cartilage").

At the level of the kidney, parathyroid hormone will decrease the amount of calcium excreted by increasing ____________________ from the kidney tubules

reabsorption

In a child, the marrow cavity of nearly every bone is filled with_________________________

red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)

______________ bone is always enclosed by a more durable compact bone

spongy

o Osteosarcoma:

type of cancer that produces immature bone. It is the most common type of cancer that arises in bones, and it is usually found at the end of long bones, often around the knee

The internal mark in the bone left behind by the closed epiphyseal plate is called the _________________________

epiphyseal line.

The ____________________________ is a layer of hyaline cartilage with a metaphysis on each side.

epiphyseal plate

ostetis deformans ( paget's disease)

excessive proliferation of osteoclasts, leading to rapid, disorderly bone remodeling, and weak bones

Vitamin D stimulates absorption of dietary calcium from the _________________ system.

digestive

What is the term for the bone tissue located between the two layers of compact bone in the skull?

diploe

A mass of clotted blood in the tissues is called a(n) ___.

Hematoma

• Compare interstitial and appositional bone growth

- Interstitial growth: produces longer bones as the cartilage lengthens and is replaced by bone tissue - appositional growth occurs when new bone tissue is deposited on the surface of the bone, resulting in bone thickening.

which of the following are functions of osteocytes: - act as stem cells -deposit bone -resorb bone - strain sensors

-deposit bone -resorb bone - strain sensors

Osteocytes

-former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited. They reside in tiny cavities called lacunae -they contribute to the homeostatic maintenance of both bone density and blood concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions

• Characterize osteoporosis and describe the causes and treatments

- Most common bone disease: Bones loose mass & become brittle due to loss of both organic matrix & minerals o risk of fracture of hip, wrist & vertebral column o lead to fatal complications such as pneumonia o widow's hump is deformed spine o Postmenopausal caucasian women at greatest risk o by age 70, average loss is 30% of bone mass - Treatment: 1) Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) - slows bone resorption - increases risk of breast cancer, stroke, and heart disease 2) Drugs - Fosamax, Actonel destroy osteoclasts 3) PTH - slows bone loss if given as daily injection - Forteo (PTH derivative) increases density by 10% in 1 year - May promote bone cancer so use is limited to 2 years 4) Best treatment is Prevention - exercise & good bone-building diet between ages 25-40

• List the functions of calcium and phosphate in the body

- Phosphate is a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids, & acid-base buffers. o 85-90% of body's phosphorous is in bones - Calcium is needed for o communication between neurons o muscle contraction o blood clotting o exocytosis - movement of substances out of a cell o 99% of the body's calcium is in the bones o Adult skeleton exchanges ~18% of calcium with the blood each year

• Characterize the appearance and function of three types of bone marrow

- Red marrow looks like thick blood o mesh of reticular fibers and immature cells o hemopoetic means produces blood cells o in adults found in axial skeleton & girdles - Yellow marrow o Fatty marrow of long bones in adults - Gelatenous marrow o yellow marrow replaced with reddish jelly

• Compare stress fractures and pathological fractures

- Stress fracture is a break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone o car accident, fall, athletics, etc - Pathological fracture is a break in a bone weakened by some other disease o bone cancer or osteoporosis

• Explain the significance of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate

- articular cartilage: white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints. cartilage joints makes it easier to move. It allows the bones to glide over each other with very little friction. - Epiphyseal Plate: A growth plate is a disc of cartilage that is organized into a physiologic pattern that, as it matures, is responsible for longitudinal growth of long bones.List factors that affect bone growth

Which of the following hormones affect bone growth and development? -Parathyroid hormone -aldesterone -epinephrine -calcitonin - testosterone - estrogen

-Parathyroid hormone -calcitonin - testosterone -estrogen

which lamellae line the outer surface of a long bone diaphysis -concentric -interstitial -circumferential

-circumferential

explain calcitriol

1) Calcitriol: Produced by the following process - UV radiation penetrating to the dermal blood vessels converts a cholesterol derivative (7-dehydrocholesterol) to D3 - liver converts it to calcidiol - kidney converts it to calcitriol - Calcitriol behaves as a hormone - stimulates small intestine to absorb calcium & phosphate - reduces urinary secretion of calcium & phosphate - promotes osteoclast activity - can promote osteoblast activity if blood calcium levels are high

• Describe hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia

1) Hypocalcemia - deficiency of blood calcium causes excessive excitability of nervous system leading to muscle spasms, tremors or tetanus • laryngospasm suffocation caused by vitamin D deficiency, diarrhea, pregnancy, lactation, underaction/removal of parathyroid glands 2) Hypercalcemia - excessive blood calcium (rare) depresses nervous system muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, cardiac arrest

• List and characterize 11 different types of bone fractures

1. Closed (simple or non-displaced) - skin is not broken 2. Open (compound or displaced) - bone protrudes from skin 3. Complete - broken in ___ or more pieces 4. Incomplete - extends only partway (pieces remain joined) 5. Greenstick - one side bent, incomplete fracture on other 6. Hairline - fine crack 7. Comminuted - broken in ___ or more pieces 8. Linear -parallel along the long axis of the bone 9. Transverse - perpendicular to long axis of bone 10. Oblique - diagonal (between linear & transverse) 11. Spiral - result of a twisting stress

• List 7 functions of the skeletal system

1. Support - hold up body, muscles & organs 2. Protection - organs & bone marrow 3. Movement - muscle attachment 4. Blood formation - bone marrow RBCs/WBCs 5. Mineral reservoir - stores calcium & phosphate 6. pH balance - buffers blood by absorbing or releasing alkaline salts 7. Detoxification - removes heavy metals from blood; can later slowly release

the components of bones

1. osteoblasts and osteocytes, responsible for creating bone. 2. osteoclasts or bone resorbing cells. 3. osteoid, a mix of collagen and other proteins. 4. inorganic mineral salts within the matrix. 5. nerves and blood vessels. 6. bone marrow. 7. cartilage. 8. membranes, including the endosteum and periosteum.

explain calcitonin

2) calcitonin: - Secreted by the thyroid gland when calcium concentration rises too high - Promotes bone deposition of calcium - reduces osteoclast activity by 70% in 15 minutes - increases the number & activity of osteoblasts - Important role in children, little effect in adults - calcitonin deficiency is not known to cause any disease in adults - may be useful in reducing bone loss in osteoporosis

place in a correct order: 1) This circulating calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts within minutes. 2) When levels of blood calcium increase in children, calcitonin is released from the C cells of the thyroid gland. 3) The decline in bone breakdown and increased mineralization causes blood calcium to decrease back to normal levels. 4) The effects on osteoclasts cause a decrease in bone resorption and a concurrent increase in bone deposition due to the activity of osteoblasts.

2, 1, 4, 3

Describe a nutrient foramen.

An opening into the surface of a bone which allows the passage of blood vessels into bone tissue.

Osteoblasts

Bone building cells they are nonmitotic, so the only way new ones can be generated is by mitosis and differentiation of osteogenic cells

... is a former chondroblast that has become enclosed in a lacuna in the cartilage matrix.

Chondrocytes

Describe perforating (Sharpey) fibers.

Collagen fibers from the periosteum that firmly adhere the periosteum to the bone

Bone tissue made up of parallel osteons that are tightly packed together and covers the surface of most bones and forms most of the diaphysis is called ____ bone.

Compact

Which osseous tissue is found on the surface of bones and composed of tightly arranged parallel osteons? Compact Spongy Interstitial Woven

Compact

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone

Define osteogenesis imperfecta

Defect in collagen deposition that renders bones exceptionally brittle

what is blood cell formation called

Hemapoiesis

what is ectopic ossification

Formation of osseous tissue in areas outside of bone

epiphyseal plate

Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies

the channel that extends through the center of an osteon.

Haversian canal, central canal

Articular surfaces are covered with what type of tissue?

Hyaline

____ ____ is the structural material which is replaced with bone during endochondral ossification.

Hyaline cartilage

Where does bone formation occur during endochondral ossification? Hyaline cartilage model Fibrous membranous sheet Adipose tissue

Hyaline cartilage model

_______ is used by osteoclasts to dissolve bone minerals

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

__ is a calcium-phosphate salt deposited within bone.

Hydroxyapatite

intramembranous and endochondral ossification

In intramembranous ossification, bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue. In endochondral ossification, bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage.

in compact bone what are the remnants of old osteons found between complete osteons called

Interstitial lamellae

identify wheather it is organic or inorganic: -collagen -glycosaminoglycans -resist compressive forces -glycoprotein -porteiglycan -provides hardness -provide flexibility -hydroxipatite -calcium carbonate -resist tensile (pulling ) forces

Organic: -collagen -glycosaminoglycans -glycoprotein -porteiglycan -provide flexibility -resist tensile (pulling ) forces Inorganic: -resist compressive forces -provides hardness -calcium carbonate -hydroxipatite

examples of long, short, flat and irregular bones

Long Bones: o Humerus o Radius o Ulna o Phalanges o Femur o Tibia o Fibula o Metatarsals o Phalanges Flat Bones: ( all have red bone marrow) o Most cranial bones o Ribs o Sternum (breastbone) o Scapula (shoulder blade) o Os coxae (hipbone) Short Bones: o Carpals o Tarsals Irregular Bones: o Sphenoid & Ethmoid bones of the cranium o Vertebrate (backbone or spine)

A gelatinous embryonic connective tissue derived from the mesoderm, which differentiates into all permanent connective tissues and most muscle is called________________

Mesenchyme

• Explain the healing process of fractures

Normally healing - 8-12 weeks (longer in elderly) Stages of healing: 1) fracture hematoma broken vessels form a blood clot 2) granulation tissue fibrous tissue formed by fibroblasts & infiltrated by capillaries 3) callus formation soft callus of fibrocartilage replaced by hard callus of bone in 6 weeks 4) remodeling occurs over next 6 months as spongy bone is replaced with compact bone

Surgery to close set a fracture is called __ reduction.

Open

The process of bone formation is called ____.

Ossification or Osteogenesis

Which bone cells produce the soft organic bone matrix? Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteocytes Chondrocytes

Osteoblasts

______________________deposit a temporary bony collar around the fracture while ossification occurs.

Osteoblasts

During bone remodeling, the cells that remove unnecessary bone mass are called ____.

Osteoclasts

Mature bone cells found within lacunae of compact bone are called ____.

Osteocytes

Stem cells in developing bone that give rise to osteoblasts are called _____ cells.

Osteogenic

During intramembranous ossification, osteoblasts secrete a soft collagenous tissue known as ___ tissue.

Osteoid

__ hormone is secreted and produced by the parathyroid glands.

Parathyroid hormone

_______ is the hormone that reduces kidney excretion of calcium.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Blood vessels and nerves are found in central canals and ...____... canals of osteons

Perforating

Calcitrol acts on which organs to affect blood calcium levels?

Small intestines, skeleton, kidneys

The type of bone which is composed of small columns of bone loosely arranged with trabeculae is known ___ bone.

Spongy ( cancellous)

• Explain the advantages to having both compact and spongy bone

Strength and protection with little weight

Which of the following is not a component of the skeletal system? Tendons Ligaments Cartilage Bones

Tendons

Which of the following best describes osteomalacia? The softening of the bones in adults due to calcium depletion The hardening of the bones in adults due to excess mineral deposits An insufficient vitamin E intake in children A decreased osteoblast proliferation in adults

The softening of the bones in adults due to calcium depletion

flat bones

These bones are thin, flat, and curved. They form the ribs, breastbone, and skull.

The thin plates forming spongy bone tissue are...______... and the sliver of bone in the spongy tissue are ...____...

Trabeculae and spicules

What is the metaphysis of a long bone?

Transitional area between the diaphysis and epiphysis

which type of bone growth occurs in mature bone and results the bone in becoming thicker

appositional growth

Osseous tissue matrix is composed of __________. adipose calcium phosphate blood cartilage hyaluronic acid

calcium phosphate

which two ions are deposited by osteoblast into the bone matrix

calcium, phosphate

Mineralization is a process that extracts __________ and __________ from the blood plasma and deposits it into bone. calcium; collagen phosphate; collagen calcium; sodium phosphate; sodium calcium; phosphate

calcium; phosphate

Osteocytes maintain contact with neighboring osteocytes in adjacent lamellae via dendrite-like extensions through _______________

canaliculi.

Osteoclasts are

bone-dissolving cells on the bone surfaces. They develop from the same bone marrow stem cells that give rise to the blood cells.

Osteomalacia/rickets

bones become softer because of a vitamin D deficiency osteomalacia in adults rickets in children

short bones

bones of the wrist and ankles

skeletal system is composed of

bones, cartilages, and ligaments

osteogenesis imperfecta

brittle bone disease

which hormone inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts to lower blood calcium levels

calcitonin

Osteoblastic activity in children is stimulated by the hormone _________________

calcitonin.

The hormone ___________________ influences both resorption and deposition of bone.

calcitriol

• List the three main hormones involved in calcium homeostasis

calcitriol, calcitonin , PTH

When the cartilage is depleted, the epiphyseal plates____________and the bone can get no longer.

close

Osteogenesis imperfecta is due to the deficiency of __________ in the matrix, which makes the bones extremely brittle. Multiple Choice phosphorus collagen calcium sodium potassium

collagen

if the __________ component of bone is not in adequate amounts, the flexibility of bone will be compromised. phosphate calcium collagen Correct carbonate cartilage

collagen

A __________ fracture is one in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces. comminuted greenstick displaced non-displaced

comminuted

identify the type of bone described : spongy or compact bone - made of osteons -composed of trabeculae - also called dense bone -convey strength with light weight -visible, obvious, central canal -found in greater proportions in the bone diaphyses -found in greater proportions in flat bones -gaps between ossified material are filled with marrow -arranged along the lines of forces that are encountered -found in greater proportions in bone epiphses

compact bone: - made of osteons - also called dense bone -visible, obvious, central canal -found in greater proportions in the bone diaphyses spongy bone: -composed of trabeculae -convey strength with light weight -found in greater proportions in flat bones -gaps between ossified material are filled with marrow -arranged along the lines of forces that are encountered -found in greater proportions in bone epiphses

When levels of blood calcium _____________________, parathyroid hormone is released from the four nodular parathyroid glands located on the posterior thyroid

decrease

components of long bone

diaphysis = shaft epiphysis = rounded end where GROWTH occurs metaphysis = wider portion of diaphysis near epiphysis (epiphyseal plate where majority growth happens in puberty contributing to epiphysis) periosteum = membrane covering surface (provides nourishment & sensation) medullary cavity = central cavity of bone shafts (usually contains red bone marrow which produces RBC & yellow bone marrow which consists of adipose tissue)

epiphysis of long bone

ends of the bone, composed mostly of spongy bone

low blood calcium is called

hypocalcemia

As a result of direct actions on the target cells of the bone and kidneys along with an indirect action on the small intestine (calcitriol), parathyroid hormone works to __________________ blood calcium levels.

increase

identify whether the blood calcium increases or decreases by following: -osteoblastic activity -osteoclastic activity -increased use of sunblock -increased bone resorption - increased urinary excretion of phospahate -calcitriol -parathyroid hormone -calcitonin -inhibition of osteoblasts

increase blood calcium: -osteoclastic activity -calcitriol -increased bone resorption -parathyroid hormone -inhibition of osteoblasts - increased urinary excretion of phospahate Decrease blood calcium: -osteoblastic activity -increased use of sunblock -calcitonin

what is the hollow space in which an osteocyte resides

lacuna

Growth in the epiphyseal plate adds to the___________ of a bone until the plate is depleted in early adulthood.

length

most important bones in body movement are the _______________

long bones ( of the limbs, hands, and feet)

The _______________________ are found deep in the diaphyses of long bones and are filled with yellow marrow in the adult.

medullary cavities

place following terms form largest to the smallest cavity size: -central canals -lacunae - canaliculi -medullary cavities

medullary cavities > central canals > lacunae> canaliculi

spongy (cancellous) bone

mesh-like bone tissue containing marrow and fine branching canals through which blood vessels run

Parathyroid hormone causes an increase in the number of ______________ and greater rates of bone resorption.

osteoclasts

what type of bone cell is : - bone resorbing cells - have a ruffled border -massive, multinucleate cells

osteoclasts

what type of the bone cell : -stem cells -differentiate into osteoblasts

osteogenic cell

bone cells

osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Trusses and arches, which help form an internal scaffolding network, are found in __________. bone marrow children only adults only trabecular bone compact bone

trabecular bone

• Draw and label compact bone - include functions of the structures

• endosteum is the thin connective tissue layer that covers the medullary surface of bones. It only contains a cellular layer. Significantly, the periosteum is important in nourishing bones while both periosteum and endosteum are important in bone growth and remodelling. • Perforating canals : branches from nutrient arteries that run perpendicular to the haversian canals