Bio 201 - Chp 11 The Nervous System

What is the difference between nerves and tracts? a. Bundles of axons are called tracts in the CNS and nerves in the PNS. b. Tracts are composed of many nerves wrapped into long, rope-like extensions. c. Tracts are bundles of neuron processes and nerves are the conducting regions of neurons. d. Bundles of axons are called nerves in the CNS and tracts in the PNS.

a. Bundles of axons are called tracts in the CNS and nerves in the PNS.

In axonal transport, anterograde movement is transport away from the cell body. Which of the following move in this direction? a. Mitochondria and enzymes needed to synthesize certain neurotransmitters b. Messages from the synapse on the condition of axon terminals c. Vesicles containing signal molecules that activate genes d. Worn out organelles

a. Mitochondria and enzymes needed to synthesize certain neurotransmitters

Neurons can be classified structurally by the number of processes extending from their cell bodies. Which of the following is the most common neuron type in humans? a. Multipolar b. Bipolar c. Multipolar and bipolar neurons are present in equal proportions d. Pseudounipolar e. Unipolar

a. Multipolar

Which of the following is not a characteristic of neurons? a. Neurons are relatively small, simple-structured cells. b. In general, neurons cannot be replaced if destroyed. c. Neurons require continuous and abundant supplies of oxygen, and cannot survive for more than a few minutes without it. d. Neurons can function optimally for over 100 years.

a. Neurons are relatively small, simple-structured cells.

Which of the following terms is correctly matched with its definition? a. Nucleus: a collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS b. Ganglion: a collection of neuron cell bodies in the brain c. Nerve: a bundle of axons in the spinal cord d. Tract: a bundle of axons in the PNS

a. Nucleus: a collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

Based on your understanding of this cell's function, diseases such as multiple sclerosis, that damage the myelin sheath of neurons, likely affect which of the cells in the figure? a. Oligodendrocyte b. Ependymal cell c. Astrocyte d. Oligodendrocyte e. Microglial cell f. Astrocyte

a. Oligodendrocyte

The chromatophilic substance, or Nissl bodies, seen in the neuron cell body represents which cellular organelle(s)? a. Rough endoplasmic reticulum b. Nucleus c. Mitochondria d. Centrioles e. Microtubules

a. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following peripheral nervous system (PNS) neuroglia form the myelin sheaths around larger nerve fibers in the PNS? a. Schwann cells b. oligodendrocytes c. satellite cells d. astrocytes

a. Schwann cells

What is the primary difference between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system? a. The somatic nervous system allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system controls activities that humans cannot consciously control, such as the pumping of the heart and the movement of food through the digestive tract. b. The autonomic nervous system enables us to control our involuntary muscles, while the somatic nervous system controls our glands. c. The autonomic nervous system allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles, and the somatic nervous system controls activities that humans cannot consciously control, such as the pumping of the heart and the movement of food through the digestive tract. d. The somatic nervous system enables us to control our involuntary muscles, while the autonomic nervous system controls our glands.

a. The somatic nervous system allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system controls activities that humans cannot consciously control, such as the pumping of the heart and the movement of food through the digestive tract.

Efferent nerve fibers may be described as motor nerve fibers. a. True b. False

a. True

Large-diameter nerve fibers conduct impulses much faster than small-diameter fibers. a. True b. False

a. True

Neurons are also called nerve cells. a. True b. False

a. True

Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli. a. True b. False

a. True

Some neurotransmitters can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending upon the receptor. a. True b. False

a. True

Match the system with its correct description: The somatic nervous system __________. a. conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles b. conducts impulses from the CNS to visceral organ muscles c. consists of the brain and spinal cord d. consists of cranial and spinal nerves carrying impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord

a. conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles

Match the system with its correct description: The somatic nervous system __________. a. conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles b. consists of cranial and spinal nerves carrying impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord c. conducts impulses from the CNS to visceral organ muscles d. consists of the brain and spinal cord

a. conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles

What is the role of acetylcholinesterase? a. destroy ACh a brief period after its release by the axon endings b. amplify or enhance the effect of ACh c. act as a transmitting agent d. stimulate the production of acetylcholine

a. destroy ACh a brief period after its release by the axon endings

Which of the following types of neurons carry impulses away from the central nervous system (CNS)? a. motor b. sensory c. afferent d. association

a. motor

Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters? a. nucleic acid b. acetycholine c. amino acid d. ATP and other purines e. biogenic amine

a. nucleic acid

Somatic sensory (afferent) fibers carry information from the _______. a. skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the CNS b. organs in the ventral body cavity to the CNS c. CNS to skeletal muscles d. CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands

a. skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the CNS

Which of the following characteristics is not associated with a myelinated nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system? a. slow conduction of nerve impulses b. The presence of myelin sheath gaps (nodes of Ranvier) c. Formed by Schwann cells d. Rapid conduction of nerve impulses

a. slow conduction of nerve impulses

The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________. a. depolarization b. absolute refractory period c. resting period d. repolarization

b. absolute refractory period

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle? a. cholinesterase b. acetylcholine c. norepinephrine d. gamma aminobutyric acid

b. acetylcholine

Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function? a. senses changes in the environment b. analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions c. responds to stimuli by gland secretion of muscle contraction

b. analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions

The term central nervous system refers to the ________. a. spinal cord and spinal nerves b. brain and spinal cord c. brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves d. peripheral and spinal nerves

b. brain and spinal cord

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________. a. lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur b. hyperpolarization c. opening of voltage-regulated channels d. a change in sodium ion permeability

b. hyperpolarization

Which of the following types of glial cells monitors the health of neurons, and can transform into a special type of macrophage to protect endangered neurons? a. ependymal cells b. microglia c. astrocytes d. oligodendrocytes

b. microglia

Which of the choices below describes ANS? a. sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract b. motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands c. motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles d. sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS

b. motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) ________. a. biogenic amine b. neurotransmitter c. ion d. cholinesterase

b. neurotransmitter

Visceral sensory (afferent) fibers carry information from the _______. a. skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the CNS b. organs in the ventral body cavity to the CNS c. CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands d. CNS to skeletal muscles

b. organs in the ventral body cavity to the CNS

Which neuron circuit pattern is involved in the control of rhythmic activities such as breathing? a. parallel after-discharge circuit b. reverberating circuit c. diverging circuit d. converging circuit

b. reverberating circuit

Which of the following types of glial cells are the most abundant and versatile and aid in making exchanges between capillaries and neurons? a. Ependymal cells b. Microglial cells c. Astrocytes d. Oligodendrocytes e. Schwann cells

c. Astrocytes

From where can collaterals emerge on a myelinated nerve? a. From the dendrite b. From the neuron hillock c. At the myelin sheath gaps (nodes of Ranvier) d. At the terminal of the axon

c. At the myelin sheath gaps (nodes of Ranvier)

Somatic motor fibers carry information from the _______. a. skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the CNS b. organs in the ventral body cavity to the CNS c. CNS to skeletal muscles d. CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands

c. CNS to skeletal muscles

Which of the following types of glial cells line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord, where they help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid? a. Astrocytes b. Schwann cells c. Ependymal cells d. Oligodendrocytes e. Microglial cells

c. Ependymal cells

Which of the following is not true of motor (efferent) neurons? a. Motor (efferent) neurons carry impulses away from the CNS to the effector organs. b. The cell bodies of most motor (efferent) neurons are located in the CNS. c. Motor (efferent) neurons are bipolar. d. Impulses from motor (efferent) neurons cause activity in skeletal muscles and glands.

c. Motor (efferent) neurons are bipolar.

Which of the following divisions of the nervous system is also known as the involuntary nervous system? a. The peripheral nervous system b. The somatic nervous system c. The autonomic nervous system d. The central nervous system e. The spinal division of the nervous system

c. The autonomic nervous system

In axonal transport, retrograde movement is transport toward the cell body. Which of the following move in this direction? a. Membrane components used to renew the axon plasma membrane b. Mitochondria c. Worn out organelles d. Cytoskeletal elements e. Enzymes needed to synthesize certain neurotransmitters

c. Worn out organelles

A neuron with a distal peripheral process and a central process that extends to the CNS is most likely _________________. a. an interneuron b. a motor neuron c. a sensory neuron d. an association neuron

c. a sensory neuron

In considering the types of neurons and their predominant functions, efferent is to multipolar as __________. a. efferent is to sensory neuron b. afferent is to interneuron c. afferent is to unipolar d. afferent is to motor neuron

c. afferent is to unipolar

What part of the nervous system performs information processing and integration? a. parasympathetic nervous system b. somatic nervous system c. central nervous system d. sympathetic nervous system

c. central nervous system

Match the system with its correct description: The peripheral nervous system __________. a. only conducts impulses from the CNS to internal organ muscles b. consists of the brain and spinal cord c. consists of cranial and spinal nerves carrying impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord d. only conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles

c. consists of cranial and spinal nerves carrying impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord

Match the system with its correct description: The central nervous system __________. a. conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to internal organ muscles b. consists of cranial and spinal nerves carrying impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord c. consists of the brain and spinal cord d. conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscles

c. consists of the brain and spinal cord

Which neurotransmitter(s) is/are the body's natural pain killer? a. acetylcholine b. substance P c. endorphins d. norepinephrine

c. endorphins

Collections of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system are called ________. a. tracts b. nuclei c. ganglia d. nerves

c. ganglia

What component of the reflex arc determines the response to a stimulus? a. effector b. receptor c. integration center d. sensory neuron

c. integration center

Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of neurons? a. efferent b. sensory c. multipolar d. interneurons

c. multipolar

In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is ________. a. positively charged and contains more sodium b. negatively charged and contains more sodium c. negatively charged and contains less sodium d. positively charged and contains less sodium

c. negatively charged and contains less sodium

Which of the following types of glial cells produces the myelin sheaths that insulate axons, or nerve fibers, in the central nervous system (CNS)? a. microglia b. astrocytes c. oligodendrocytes d. ependymal cells

c. oligodendrocytes

Organelles for degradation or recycling are moved through the axon by __________. a. anterograde movement b. nodal movement c. retrograde movement d. saltatory movement

c. retrograde movement

An impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell via the ________. a. effector b. receptor c. synapse d. cell body

c. synapse

A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. a. proteins have been resynthesized b. the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell c. the membrane potential has been reestablished d. all sodium gates are closed

c. the membrane potential has been reestablished

The voluntary nervous system is to the involuntary nervous system as ________. a. the peripheral nervous system is to the central nervous system b. the efferent system is to the afferent system c. the somatic nervous system is to the autonomic nervous system d. cranial nerves are to spinal nerves e. the motor system is to the sensory system

c. the somatic nervous system is to the autonomic nervous system

Which of the following neuroglia line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord and provide a fairly permeable barrier between the CSF and nervous tissue? a. Microglial cells b. Astrocytes c. Oligodendrocytes d. Schwann cells e. Ependymal cells

e. Ependymal cells

You are driving and see a red light ahead. Your nervous system indicates "stop", and your foot hits the brake. Which portion of the nervous system, as indicated in the figure, is responsible for the decision to stop? A. Sensory input B. Integration C. Motor output D. Muscle systems

B. integration

Which structure is the secretory region of the neuron? A. dendrites B. cell body C. axon D. axon terminal

D. axon terminal

Which type of axonal transport allows certain viruses to circumvent the barrier created by astrocytes to enter into the CNS? a. All axonal transport b. Retrograde transport c. Synaptic transport d. Anterograde transport

b. Retrograde transport

Which of the following is not true of graded potentials? a. They are short-lived. b. They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point. c. They can be called postsynaptic potentials. d. They can form on receptor endings.

b. They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.

Bodily functions that follow "a law unto itself" are controlled by the involuntary nervous system. This system is also termed __________ and functions to __________. a. the autonomic nervous system (ANS); conduct impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands b. visceral sensory fibers; transmit impulses from the visceral organs (organs within the ventral body cavity) c. the afferent nervous system (ANS); convey impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors located throughout the body d. the motor efferent division; conduct impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) e. the somatic nervous system; conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles

a. the autonomic nervous system (ANS); conduct impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Which of the following allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles? a. the somatic nervous system b. the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system c. the afferent division of the nervous system d. the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

a. the somatic nervous system

Somatic motor fibers carry information from the _______. a. CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands b. CNS to skeletal muscles c. organs in the ventral body cavity to the CNS d. skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the CNS

b. CNS to skeletal muscles

The autonomic nervous system is under voluntary control; whereas, the somatic nervous system is involuntary. a. True b. False

b. False

Unmyelinated fibers conduct impulses faster than myelinated fibers. a. True b. False

b. False

Based on your understanding of this cell's function, you might expect this cell to be active in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimers where this cell removes damaged neurons. Additionally, this cell is active in preventing encephalitis and meningitis due to its ability to phagocytize microorganisms. a. Astrocyte b. Microglial cell c. Oligodendrocyte d. Microglial cell e. Astrocyte

b. Microglial cell

Interneurons and motor neurons are which of the following? a. Bipolar neurons b. Multipolar neurons c. Unipolar neurons d. Pseudounipolar neurons

b. Multipolar neurons

Identify the correctly classified neurons. a. Association neurons are bipolar and most are part of the special senses. b. Virtually all sensory neurons are unipolar and transmit impulses away from the CNS. c. Motor neurons are multipolar and carry impulses into the CNS. d. Almost all interneurons are multipolar and most are confined within the CNS.

d. Almost all interneurons are multipolar and most are confined within the CNS.

Which membrane potential occurs because of the influx of Na+ through chemically gated channels in the receptive region of a neuron? a. inhibitory postsynaptic potential b. action potential c. inhibitory action potential d. excitatory postsynaptic potential

d. excitatory postsynaptic potential

Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________. a. ependymal cells b. astrocytes c. microglia d. oligodendrocytes

d. oligodendrocytes

Which of the following describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential? a. opens K+ or Cl- channels b. short distance hyperpolarization c. moves membrane potential away from threshold d. short distance depolarization

d. short distance depolarization

The somatic sensory (afferent) fibers of the peripheral nervous system transmit information from the __________ to the CNS. a. heart b. stomach c. sweat glands d. skin e. kidney

d. skin

Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________. a. large nerve fibers b. diphasic impulses c. erratic transmission of nerve impulses d. the myelin sheath

d. the myelin sheath