BIO 227 Chapter 25 Review
Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption? A) ADH B) thyroxine C) aldosterone D) atrial natriuretic peptide
ADH
Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the kidney? A) Extrinsic and intrinsic controls work in nearly opposite ways. B) Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic control have a greater effect on GFR. C) Extrinsic controls will reduce blood plasma volume while intrinsic controls will increase blood plasma volumes. D) Intrinsic controls raise blood pressure while extrinsic controls lower blood pressure.
Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic control have a greater effect on GFR.
afferent arterioles
High pressure vessel that forces fluid and solutes into the glomerular capsule.
Which of the following is not true regarding tubular reabsorption? A) It occurs via transcellular or paracellular routes. B) It is a reclamation process. C) It involves hormonal signals in the collecting ducts. D) It is a purely passive transport process.
It is a purely passive transport process.
Which of the following does not describe the justaglomerular complex? A) It regulates the rate of filtrate formation. B) It helps control systemic blood pressure. C) Its granular cells produce renin. D) Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.
Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone
Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)? A) Kidney function remains the same throughout life, regardless of age. B) Only about 3% of older adults have any loss of kidney function. C) Only obese and diabetic older adults have any kidney dysfunction. D) Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy.
Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy.
If blood pressure drops very low (MAP is below 80mmHg) renin enzyme will be secreted by granular cells. Which of the following is not likely to occur? A) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) will decrease B) Net filtration pressure (NFP) will decrease C) Blood plasma and extracellular fluids volume will increase D) Kidney perfusion will increase
Kidney perfusion will increase
efferent arterioles
May form meandering vessels or bundles of long straight vessels
Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH? A) by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrate B) by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions C) by producing new bicarbonate ions D) by secreting sodium ions
by secreting sodium ions
The macula densa cells respond to ________.
changes in Na+ content of the filtrate
Which of the choices below is a function of the nephron loop? A) form a large volume of very concentrated urine or a small volume of very dilute urine B) form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine C) absorb electrolytes actively and water by osmosis in the same segments D) absorb water and electrolytes into the tubular network
form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine
The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________.
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.
glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)
What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys
Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.
hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments
Excretion of dilute urine requires ________.
impermeability of the collecting tubule to water
Cells and transport proteins are physically prevented from passing through the filtration membrane. This has the following effect on filtration. A) increased osmotic pressure in the filtrate the draws plasma through the membrane B) decreased osmotic pressure in the filtrate that increases the amount of filtration C) increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduces the amount of filtration D) neutral change in osmotic pressure with no effect on filtration
increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduces the amount of filtration
Select the correct statement about urinary system development. A) Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges. B) The metanephric ducts will become the urethras. C) The pronephros (first tubule system) develops during the tenth week of gestation. D) The mesonephros will develop into the kidneys.
kidneys develop from urogenital ridges
Bulk flow of nutrients, ions and water into the peritubular capillaries is the result of all of the following except one. Select the answer below that does not describe a cause of bulk flow of fluids into the peritubular capillaries. A) increased resistance to blood flow at the efferent arteriole B) lower hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillary C) higher osmotic pressure in the peritubular capillary D) leaky tight junctions of peritubular capillary's endothelium
leaky tight junctions of peritubular capillary's endothelium
The filtration membrane includes all except ________. A) glomerular endothelium B) podocytes C) renal fascia D) basement membrane
renal fascia
Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? A) the stretching of the bladder wall B) motor neurons C) the pressure of the fluid in the bladder D) the sympathetic efferents
the stretching of the bladder wall
Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct
3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4
The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.
Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
T/F: An excessive urine output is called anuria.
False
T/F: Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress.
False
T/F: Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water.
False
T/F: Both the male and female urethras serve both the urinary and the reproductive systems.
False
T/F: Fetal kidneys have the primary responsibility of clearing wastes from the fetal blood.
False
T/F: Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.
False
T/F: Having a kinked ureter is called renal ptosis.
False
T/F: If the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine.
False
T/F: The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.
False
T/F: The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate.
False
T/F: The myogenic mechanism reflects the tendency of vascular smooth muscle to stretch.
False
T/F: The path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is the urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter.
False
T/F: The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.
False
T/F: The trigone is so named because of the shape of the urinary bladder.
False
T/F: Urea is reabsorbed in the nephron loop.
False
glomerular capillaries
Fenestrated vessels that allow passage of all plasma elements but not blood cells
peritubular capillaries
Low pressure, porous vessels that reabsorb solutes and water from the tubule cells.
What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?
Net filtration would decrease.
If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?
Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed
vasa recta
Play a role in urine concentration
Proximal convoluted tubule
Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs
Collecting duct
Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule
The relatively long half-life of lipid soluble hormones (steroid hormones) compared to water soluble hormones is due in part to the way that these hormones are passed into the filtrate from the glomerular capillaries. From the list below select the best explanation for why lipid soluble (steroid) hormones have a relatively long half-life. A) Steroid hormones travel in the plasma on large transport proteins that cannot pass through the filtration membrane. B) The large size of the steroid hormones prevents them from passing through the filtration membrane. C) Steroid hormones are absorbed by target cells before they can reach the kidneys. D) The relatively small size of steroid hormones allows them to easily pass back into the peritubular capillaries if released into the filtrate.
Steroid hormones travel in the plasma on large transport proteins that cannot pass through the filtration membrane.
If the glomerular mesangial cells contract, reducing the overall surface area of the glomerulus which of the following is not likely to occur? A) Glomerular filtration rate will decrease. B) Systemic blood pressure will be lowered. C) Urine output will decrease. D) Net filtration rate will decrease.
Systemic blood pressure will be lowered
If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus decreases (vasoconstriction) which of the following is not likely to occur? A) Glomerular filtration rate will decrease. B) Net filtration pressure will decrease. C) Urine output will decrease. D) Systemic blood pressure will decrease.
Systemic blood pressure will decrease
If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur? A) Glomerular filtration rate will decrease. B) Net filtration pressure will decrease. C) Urine output will decrease. D) Systemic blood pressure will decrease.
Systemic blood pressure will decrease.
11) If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus decrease (vasoconstriction) which of the following is not likely to occur? A) Glomerular filtration rate will increase. B) Net filtration pressure will increase. C) Urine output will increase. D) Systemic blood pressure will go up.
Systemic blood pressure will go up.
If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur? A) Glomerular filtration rate will increase. B) Net filtration pressure will increase. C) Urine output will increase. D) Systemic blood pressure will go up.
Systemic blood pressure will go up.
Select the correct statement about the nephrons. A) The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium. B) The glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule. C) Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron. D) Filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated capillaries their name.
The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.
Select the correct statement about the ureters. A) Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine. B) The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch. C) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract. D) The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only.
The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.
Hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. All but one of the following statements reflects why hydrostatic pressure is so high in the glomerular capillaries. Select the one statement that does not explain the high pressure within the glomerular capillaries. A) The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the afferent arteriole. B) The efferent arteriole has higher resistance to blood flow than the afferent arteriole. C) The flow of blood is reduces as blood reaches the efferent arteriole. D) The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared to the afferent arteriole.
The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared to the afferent arteriole.
T/F: Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.
True
T/F: Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption.
True
T/F: Blood in the urine may be a symptom of bladder cancer.
True
T/F: In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.
True
T/F: In the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the nephron loop of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically.
True
T/F: Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition.
True
T/F: Obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient.
True
T/F: The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding.
True
T/F: The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron.
True
T/F: The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.
True
T/F: The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.
True
T/F: Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH.
True
T/F: Water reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water reabsorption, whereas water reabsorption through the distal convoluted tubule is termed facultative water reabsorption.
True
Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle? A) a podocyte B) a vasa recta C) a fenestrated capillary D) an efferent arteriole
a vasa recta
Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion? A) angiotensin II and ADH B) angiotensin II and aldosterone C) angiotensin I and epinephrine D) angiotensin I and atrial natriuretic peptide
angiotensin II and aldosterone
If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________.
appear in the urine
The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.
arcuate
peritubular capillaries
blood supply that directly receives substances from tubular cells
The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.
by a decrease in the blood pressure
The function of angiotensin II is to ________.
constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
The descending limb of the nephron loop ________. A) is not permeable to water B) is freely permeable to sodium and urea C) pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule D) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla
contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla
Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? A) Na+ B) K+ C) glucose D) creatinine
creatinine
The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following? A) too much protein in the diet B) high levels of transcription and translation by the bodies tissues C) damage to the filtration membrane D) damage to the renal tubules
damage to the filtration membrane
Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method? A) renal autoregulation B) neural regulation C) electrolyte levels D) hormonal regulation
electrolyte levels
Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system? A) helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood B) regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones C) maintains blood osmolarity D) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat
eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat
An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________. A) decrease in the production of ADH B) increase in the production of ADH C) increase in the production of aldosterone D) decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma
increase in the production of ADH
Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________. A) is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells B) increases the rate of glomerular filtration C) increases secretion of ADH D) inhibits the release of ADH
inhibits the release of ADH
The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.
is drained by an efferent arteriole
Reabsorption of nutrients like glucose and amino acids takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) via cotransporters that utilize secondary active transport. Which of the following would stop the reabsorption of glucose at the apical surface of the cells in the PCT? A) increasing Na+ concentration in the filtrate B) increasing Na+ in the interstitial fluid C) loss of Na+-K+ ATPase in the basolateral surface of PCT cells D) loss of K+ leak channels at the apical surface
loss of Na+-K+ ATPase in the basolateral surface of PCT cells
Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron? A) macula densa B) principal cell C) vasa recta D) nephron loop
macula densa
The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.
nephron
The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________. A) nephron loop B) glomerular filtration membrane C) collecting duct D) distal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.
osmosis
The fluid in glomerular capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________.
plasma protein
Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular complex? A) granular cells B) macula densa C) podocyte cells D) mesangial cells
podocyte cells
Which of the following is the correct sequence of kidney development from embryo to fetus? A) pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros B) mesonephros, pronephros, metanephros C) pronephros, metanephros, mesonephros D) mesonephros, metanephros, pronephros
pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros
Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.
secondary active transport
Glomerulus
site of filtrate formation
An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.
slightly higher than water
The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.
stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position
In the ascending limb of the nephron loop the ________.
thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption
The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.
transitional
