BIO 233 -- Chapter 12 + 13 + 14 HW

Put the events involved with a reflex arc into the correct order.

(1) Sensory receptors respond to external and internal stimuli (2) sensory neurons conduct impulses from the receptor to the spinal cord (3) information is processed in the integration center by interneurons (4) motor neurons transmit nerve impulse to effector (5) effector responds to nerve impulse from motor neuron

Put the following events that occur in a reflex arc in the correct order.

(1) a sensory receptor detects a stimulus (2) A sensory neuron conducts action potentials through the nerve to the spinal cord (3) The sensory neuron synapses with an interneuron (4) The interneuron synapses with a motor neuron (5) The motor neuron conducts action potentials through the anterior root and spinal nerve to an effector organ

Rank in order the events that occur when an action potential reaches the transmissive segment of an axon.

(1) action potential reaches synaptic knob (2) voltage-gated calcium channels open (3) vesicles containing neurotransmitter merge with plasma membrane (4)Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft

Place each sentence into a logical order.

(1) the axon distal to the cut degenerates (2) the myelin portion of the neurolemmocytes around the damaged axon degenerates (3) Machrophages invade and phagocytize the degenerated myelin (4) Neurolemmocytes undergo mitosis and form a new column of cells (5) The regenerating axon forms several axonal sprouts (6) Axons grow through the neurolemmocytes column (7) new myelin sheaths are formed (8) neurons reinnervate the structures they previously supplied

Correctly identify each of these definitions or examples as either depolarization or hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane.

1. Decrease in the membrane potential -- Depolarization 2. Inside of the cell becomes more positive -- Depolarization 3. An increase in the extracellular concentration of potassium -- Hyperpolarization 4. Increase in the membrane potential -- Hyperpolarization 5. Inside of the cell becomes more negative -- Hyperpolarization 6. A decrease in the extracellular concentration of potassium -- Depolarization 7. An increase in the number of sodium leak channels -- Depolarization

The structural classification of neurons is based on the number of processes that extend from the neuron cell body. Match these definitions to the correct term.

1. Many dendrites and a single axon -- Multipolar neuron 2. One dendrite and one axon -- Bipolar neuron 3. One process with two branches; one extending to the CNS, one extending to the periphery -- Unipolar neuron

Match the function with the correct area-thalamus or hypothalamus.

1. Regulates hunger and thirst -- Hypothalamus 2. Regulates the autonomic nervous system -- Hypothalamus 3. Relay center for sensory input -- Thalamus 4. Regulates circadian rhythms -- Hypothalamus 5. Regulates body temperature -- Hypothalamus 6. Arousal from sleep -- Thalamus

Link the definitions to the correct action potential periods. 1. A time when there is a decrease in the sensitivity of the plasma membrane to further stimulation. 2. The time when there is complete insensitivity of the plasma membrane to another stimulus. 3. The time when a stronger-than-threshold stimulus is needed to initiate another action potential.

1. refractory period 2. absolute refractory period 3. Relative refractory period

What is the correct order for the events of neurotransmitter release from the synaptic terminal? 1. Extracellular Ca2+ enters terminal and binds to sensor protein in the cytoplasm 2. Exocytosis of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft 3. Action potential reaches axon terminal 4. Ca2+-protein complex stimulates fusion of the docked synaptic vesicle with the plasma membrane 5. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open (a) 3, 5, 1, 4, 2 (b) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 (c) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (d) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2

3, 5, 1, 4, 2

There are ___ pairs of spinal nerves that exit the vertebral column. (a) 24 (b) 16 (c) 42 (d) 31

31

Classify the given items with the appropriate group.

Cervical -- (1) nerves innervate muscles of the neck (2) has neurons that innervate the upper limbs (3) C1 - C8 Thoracic -- (1) nerves innervate intercostals (2) contains no enlargement (3) T1 - T12 Lumbar -- (1) gives rise to the femoral nerve (2) L1-L5 Sacral -- (1) gives rise to the sciatic nerve (2) S1 - S5

Match the subdivision of the nervous system with its components

Consists of the brain and spinal cord -- central nervous system Includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia -- peripheral nervous system

Classify the given items with the appropriate group.

Converging circuit -- involves input that comes together at a single postsynaptic neuron Diverging circuit -- spreads information from one presynaptic neuron to several postsynaptic neurons Reverberating circuit -- (1) utilizes feedback to produce a repeated cyclical stimulation of the circuit (2) may continue to function until the cycle is broken by inhibitory stimuli or synaptic fatigue Parallel-after-discharge circuit -- transmitted simultaneously along several neuron pathways to a common postsynaptic cell

Place the components of a peripheral nerve in sequence from outside to inside.

Epineurium Nerve Perineurium Fascicles Endoneurium Neurolemmocytes Acolemma

Categorize the following neurotransmitter/neuromodulator as to its effect on the postsynaptic neuron. Some neurotransmitters may belong to more than one category.

Excitatory: -dopamine -norepinephrine -acetylcholine -glutamate -substance P -nitric oxide Inhibitory: -dopamine -acetylcholine -GABA -glycine

Drag each label into the appropriate category to designate whether the given item describes elements of gray or white matter of the spinal cord.

Gray matter -- (1) dendrites and cell bodies (2) lateral horns (3) gray commissure (4) anterior horn (5) unmyelinated axons White matter -- (1) myelinated axons (2) tectospinal tract (3) posterior funiculus (4) fascicles gracilis

Match the component of the limbic system with its function.

Hippocampus -- essential for the formation of long-term memory Cingulate gyrus -- focuses on emotionally significant events Amygdaloid body -- involved in emotion, especially fear Parahippocampal gyrus -- function is associated with the hippocampus

Place the labels into either the left or right cerebral hemisphere, depending on which side is responsible for the function.

Left Hemisphere: (1) speech (2) mathematical comprehension (3) right visual field (4) verbal memory Right Hemisphere: (1) Memory of shapes (2) spatial concepts (3) left visual field (4) musical ability

Drag each label to the appropriate position to indicate whether the given function is controlled by the right or left cerebral hemisphere.

Left Hemisphere: (1) motor control of the right hand (2) vision from the right visual field (3) speech and language comprehesion (4) verbal memory Right Hemisphere: (1) sensation of the left hand (2) memory of shapes (3) contralateral sensation of the left side of the body

Match the most common types of neurons with where they can be found in the human body.

Most common type; innervate muscles and glands -- Multipolar neurons Most neurons in the PNS -- unipolar neurons Special senses -- bipolar neurons

Classify the given items with the appropriate group.

Oligodendrocyte: (1) can myelinated 1 -mm portions of axons of many neurons (2) found in the CNS only (3) no formation of neurilemma Neurolemmocyte: (1) nerves located in the abdomen (2) only myelinates a 1-mm portion of a single axon (3) takes many to myelinated one axon (4) found in the PNS only (5) has a neurilemma formed

What type of neural circuit results in a repeating, cyclical response? (a) diverging (b) converging (c) Parallel-after-discharge (d) reverberating

Reverberating

The nervous system is involved in most body functions. Match the following definitions or examples with the correct term.

Sensory input: (1) Nervous system receives numerous external and internal stimuli from receptors (2) Chemical receptors receive information for our sense of smell and taste Muscle and gland control: (1) the ability to run and swim is initiated by the brain and spinal cord (2) the nervous system controls salivation in response to food (3) biofeedback can slow heart rates Homeostasis: The ability to detect, interpret, and respond to changes in internal and external conditions Integration: The brain can calculate if a response is needed to a stimulus

The ___________ nervous system transmits information from receptors to the CNS, while the ___________ nervous system transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body. (a) sensory; motor (b) motor; sensory (c) autonomic; visceral (d) somatic; autonomic

Sensory; motor

Match the component of gray matter in the spinal cord with its description.

Serves as a communication route between left and right sides -- gray commissure Houses cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons -- lateral horns Houses cell bodies of somatic motor neurons -- anterior horns Houses axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons -- posterior horns

Classify the given items with the appropriate group.

Stimulus -- required to initiate a response to sensory input Rapid response -- (1) requires that few neurons are involved (2)has minimal synaptic delay Pre-programmed response -- occurs the same way every time Involuntary response -- requires no conscious intent

Which of the following statements is correct about spinal nerves? (a) The posterior root is sensory. (b) The posterior root is motor. (c) The ventral root is sensory. (d) The ventral root has a ganglion.

The posterior root is sensory

Which cranial nerve innervates muscles for facial expression, tear production and most salivary glands? (a) VII (facial) (b) IV (glossopharyngeal) (c) XI (accessory) (d) X (vagus)

VII (facial)

Difficulty comprehending speech may indicate a problem with the (a) somatosensory association area. (b) motor speech area. (c) Wernicke area. (d) primary olfactory cortex.

Wernicke area.

The ________ nerve innervates the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and pharynx muscles. (a) XI (accessory) (b) VII (facial) (c) III (oculomotor) (d) XII (hypoclossal)

XI (accessory)

As you are reading these words on the screen, what part of your brain is allowing you to perform the complex, conscious intellectual task of reading and comprehension? (a) diencephalon (b) cerebellum (c) mesencephalon (d) cerebrum

cerebrum

The __________ enlargement of the spinal cord is the location where nerves that supply the upper limbs enter and leave the spinal cord, and the __________ enlargement is the location where nerves that supply the lower limbs enter and leave the spinal cord. (a) lumbar; sacral (b) cervical; caudal (c) cervical; lumbosacral (d) foramen magnum; lumbosacral

cervical; lumbosacral

Classifying axons into types A, B, and C is based on their (a) conduction velocity (b) effectors (c) functions (d) number of dendrites and axons

conduction velocity

Stepping on a piece of glass with the left foot will result in extension of the right leg to help maintain balance. This is an example of a(n) _____________ reflex. (a) ipsilateral (b) contralateral

contralateral

The area of the skin that is supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves is called a ___________. (a) dermatome (b) desmosome (c) neurosome (d) epitheliatome

dermatome

Neurons that carry signals from the CNS to skeletal muscle for contraction would be classified as _____________ neurons. (a) efferent (b) afferent (c) bipolar (d) unipolar

efferent

On a graph of an action potential, the small depolarizations that lead to threshold are from (a) voltage-gated potassium channels opening, allowing potassium to exit the neuron. (b) chemically gated chloride channels opening, allowing chloride to enter the neuron. (c) excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). (d) inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs).

excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs).

Damage to the ____________ will likely result in a personality change or disorder. (a) primary somatosensory cortex (b) somatosensory association cortex (c) frontal association area (d) occipital lobe

frontal association area

The spinal cord is partitioned into an inner __________ matter region and an outer ___________ matter region. (a) white; gray (b) gray; white (c) arachnoid; pia (d) dura; denticulate

gray; white

A patient with damage to the _____________ will very likely have difficulty in forming new memories. (a) olfactory bulbs (b) hippocampus (c) inferior cerebellar peduncles (d) Primary somatosensory cortex

hippocampus

If neurotransmitter from Neuron A causes Neuron B to hyperpolarize, this is an example of an (a) excitatory postsynaptic potential (b) inhibitory postsynaptic potential

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Whereas a _________ is a bundle of axons within the _________ nervous system, a __________ is a cluster of cell bodies within the peripheral nervous system. (a) nerve; peripheral; ganglion (b) nerve; central; ganglion (c) ganglion; peripheral; nerve (d) ganglion; central; nerve

nerve; peripheral; ganglion

Neurolemmocytes produce myelin in the _____ nervous system. (a) peripheral (b) central

peripheral

When sodium enters the neuron via chemically gated sodium channels, the membrane will depolarize. Therefore, the membrane potential will become more (a) positive (b) negative

positive

The primary motor cortex for control of voluntary muscles is found in the (a) precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. (b) postcentral gyrus of the temporal lobe. (c) precentral gyrus of the parietal lobe. (d) cingulate gyrus of the temporal lobe.

precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.

More cortical space is dedicated to areas of the body that are more sensitive. This best describes the (a) primary motor cortex (b) primary gustatory cortex (c) primary somatosensory cortex (d) primary auditory correct

primary somatosensory cortex

Scorpion agitoxin is a neurotoxin that blocks the activity of voltage-gated potassium channels. In the presence of agitoxin, which will occur during an action potential? (a) the neuron will be unable to depolarize (b) sodium will be unable to exit the neuron (c) Potassium will enter the neuron, depolarizing it (d) the neuron will remain depolarized and unable to depolarize

the neuron will remain depolarized and unable to depolarize

The smaller structural units that contain bundles of axons within each white matter funiculus are called (a) commissures (b) canals (c) funiculi (d) tracts

tracts

A spinal nerve splits into ___ branches. (a) two (b) four (c) six (d) eight

two

Where will the memory of a favorite painting likely be stored? (a) cerebellum (b) amygdala (c) premotor cortex (d) visual association area

visual association area

Place the items for an EPSP in the correct order from beginning to end. Not all items will be used.

(1) Excitatory neurotransmitter released from presynaptic neuron (2) neurotransmitter binds to chemically gated sodium channels (3) sodium channels open (4) sodium flows into neuron (5) inside of neuron becomes more positive (6) This EPSP propagates toward axon hillock

Put the events of axon regeneration into the correct order.

(1) Peripheral nerve injury results in the severing of an axon. (2) The proximal part of the axon seals off and swells; the distal part degenerates. (3) Glial cells that myelinate the axon form a regeneration tube. (4) Axon regenerates and myelination occurs. (5) The skeletal muscle becomes reinnervated by the axon.

Put the cranial meninges in order, from deep (closest to the brain) to superficial (farthest from the brain).

(1) Pia Mater (2) Arachnoid mater (3) Dura mater

The _______ is a period when a membrane cannot respond to another stimulus (no matter how strong). (a) relative refractory period (b) all-or-none period (c) absolute refractory period (d) after-potential period

Absolute refractory period

A person who can understand a sentence but would have trouble repeating it may have a problem in (a) Wernicke's area. (b) the arcuate fasciculus (c) Broca's area (d) the angular gyrus

Broca's area

Ependymal cells help produce (a) cerebrospinal fluid (b) the blood-brain barrier (c) an immune response against pathogens (d) myelin in the CNS

Cerebrospinal fluid

Classify the given items with the appropriate group.

Hypoactive reflex -- (1) diminished or absent reflex (2) may suggest muscle disease (3) may indicate damage to the neuromuscular junction Hyperactive reflex -- (1) abnormally strong reflex (2) may be accompanied by clonus (3) may indicate damage in the brain

Match the type of abnormal reflex with its description.

Hypoactive reflex -- reflex response is diminished or absent Hyperactive reflex -- reflex response is abnormally strong

Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system? (a) sensory neuron (b) motor neuron (c) somatic receptors (d) interneuron (e) effectors

Interneuron

Match the lobe of the cerebrum with its function.

Involved in hearing and smell -- Temporal lobe General sensory functions, such as touch and temperature -- Parietal lobe Processes visual input and helps store visual memories -- Occipital lobe Voluntary motor functions, verbal communication, and personality Frontal lobe

Classify the given items with the appropriate group.

Relative Refractory period: (1) occurs when voltage-gated sodium channels have returned to resting state (2) another action potential can be initiated, but only with a particularly strong stimulus (3) neuron is hyper polarized Absolute Refractory period: (1) occurs about 1 millisecond after an action potential (2) No amount of stimulus will initiate a second action potential (3) voltage-gated sodium channels are open then closed in the inactivated state

Classify the given items with the appropriate group.

Structural Classification: (1) based upon the CNS component nerve arises from (2) would include spinal nerves Functional Classification: (1) Based upon direction information is sent (2) would include sensory nerves (3) would include motor nerves (4) would include mixed nerves

A typical synapse in the CNS consists of a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron, separated by a narrow space called the (a) synaptic cleft (b) postsynaptic space (c) synaptic membrane (d) presynaptic space

Synaptic cleft

Intercostal nerves are the anterior rami of which spinal nerves? (a) C1-C8 (b) T1-T11 (c) S1-S5 (d) L1-L5

T1-T11

Which brain ventricles are separated by a thin partition called the septum pellucidum? (a) the two lateral ventricles (b) the lateral and third ventricles (c) the third and fourth ventricles (d) the lateral and fourth ventricles

The two lateral ventricles

Why does the vertebral canal extend beyond the spinal cord, encompassing the cauda equina? (a) The spinal cord shortens with age. (b) The vertebral column outgrows the spinal cord during development. (c) The sacral spinal nerves need the most protection. (d) The presence of surrounding cerebrospinal fluid prevents full elongation of the spinal cord during development.

The vertebral column outgrows the spinal cord during development.

If extracellular calcium was absent, which would likely be true? (a) Voltage-gated calcium channels would not open on the synaptic knob. (b) An action potential could not propagate itself down the axon. (c) The electrochemical gradient for sodium would be destroyed. (d) Vesicles containing neurotransmitter would not merge with the plasma membrane.

Vesicles containing neurotransmitter would not merge with the plasma membrane.

Classify the given items with the appropriate group.

Voltage (1) measures the amount of difference in electrical charge (2) indication of relative potential energy stored (3) measured in volts or millivolts Current (1) movement of charged particles across a barrier (2) can be harnessed to do Resistance (1) barrier between charged areas (2) opposition to the movement of charged particles

To enhance the effect acetylcholine has in a particular synapse, a drug may block acetylcholinesterase (AChE) so that (a) acetylcholine is not destroyed and will remain in the synapse longer. (b) acetylcholine breakdown is enhanced, reducing its time in the synapse. (c) acetylcholine reuptake is enhanced, increasing its time in the synapse. (d) acetylcholine release from the presynaptic neuron is decreased.

acetylcholine is not destroyed and will remain in the synapse longer.

When ___________ potentials are propagated down an axon, they cannot vary in ____________. However, the ___________ of action potentials can vary. (a) action; strength(magnitude); frequency (b) action; frequency; strength (magnitude) (c) graded; strength (magnitude); frequency (d) graded; frequency; strength (magnitude)

action; strength(magnitude); frequency

Motor neurons contain their cell bodies in the ______ and axons in the ______. (a) anterior horn; anterior root (b) posterior horn; posterior root (c) posterior horn; anterior root (d) anterior horn; posterior root

anterior horn; anterior root

Releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus are needed to control the (a) epithalamus (b) subthalamus (c) anterior pituitary gland (d) posterior pituitary gland

anterior pituitary gland

Touching a hot object with the right hand will result in withdrawal of the right hand from the object. This is an example of a(n) ____________ reflex. (a) ipsilateral (b) contralateral

ipsilateral

Damage to the superior olivary complex will likely hinder the ability to (a) locate the origin of a sound (b) process raw visual information (c) voluntarily contract muscles on the contralateral side of the body. (d) comprehend a written sentence

locate the origin of a sound

An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP): (a) is the result of voltage-gated ion channels opening on the postsynaptic membrane. (b) may result from positively charged ions exiting the postsynaptic neuron. (c) will make the membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron more negative. (d) may result from positively charged ions entering the postsynaptic neuron.

may result from positively charged ions entering the postsynaptic neuron.

The vagus nerve contains afferent and efferent neurons; therefore it is an example of a(n) __________ nerve. (a) sensory (b) motor (c) mixed (d) afferent

mixed

The central nervous system forms primarily from which of the following? (a) neural tube (b) neural canal (c) sulcus limitans (d) Neural crest cells

neural tube

Which glial cell is starlike in shape and helps form the blood-brain barrier? (a) microglial cells (b) ependymal cells (c) Astrocytes (d) oligodendrocytes

oligodendrocytes

Which meninx is the deepest in its location? (a) pia mater (b) arachnoid mater (c) subarachnoid mater (d) dura mater

pia mater

As a result of a neurotransmitter opening up chemically gated sodium channels on the postsynaptic membrane, (a) an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) occurs. (b) sodium ions exit the cell. (c) the postsynaptic neuron hyperpolarizes. (d) sodium ions enter the cell.

sodium ions enter the cell.

After reaching into her purse, a woman identifies an object-based solely on its shape and texture. Which cortical region is highly involved with this action? (a) visual association area (b) somatosensory association area (c) primary visual cortex (d) primary olfactory cortex

somatosensory association area

The ________________ of the midbrain is responsible for movement, emotional response, and the ability to experience pleasure and pain. (a) caudate nucleus (b) tegmentum (c) cerebral aqueduct (d) substantia nigra

substantia nigra

What midbrain structure is a visual reflex center? (a) Cerebral peduncles (b) inferior colliculi of the tectal plate (c) red nucleus (d) superior colliculi of the tectal plate

superior colliculi of the tectal plate

The most direct effect of severing the corpus callosum would be that (a) visual reflexes would be lost (b) emotional problems would develop (c) the cerebral hemispheres could not directly communicate. (d) the body would be paralyzed.

the cerebral hemispheres could not directly communicate.

An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) causes (a) potassium channels to open and potassium to flow out of the postsynaptic neuron. (b) sodium channels to open and sodium to flow out of the postsynaptic neuron. (c) the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential to become more negative. (d) the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential to become more positive.

the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential to become more positive.

The corpus callosum is composed of commissural fibers, which reflects its function in allowing _______ to communicate. (a) the right and left cerebral hemispheres (b) the brainstem and cerebral cortex (c) different regions of cortex within an individual cerebral hemisphere (d) the brainstem and spinal cord

the right and left cerebral hemispheres