bio 260 chapter 5 skeletal system

which of the following is a condition or injury most commonly associated with older people, associated with drying of intervertebral discs and weakening of ligaments?

herniated disc

which bones form the shoulder joint?

scapula and humerus

the __________ is an important cranial landmark, as it houses the pituitary gland.

sella turcica

functions of the bones

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

description for long bones

a shaft (diaphysis) with enlarged ends - mostly compact bone with spongy bone at the ends all the bones of the limbs, except the patella (kneecap) and the wrist & ankle bones, are long bones

sesamoid bones (short bones)

a special type of short bone - form within tendons (ex. patella)

which statement regarding bone formation, growth, and remodeling is true? 1. when blood calcium levels drop below homeostatic levels, the parathyroid glands release PTH, a hormone that activates osteoclasts in bones. 2. except for flat bones that form on fibrous membranes, most bones develop using hyaline cartilage structures as their "models." 3. the process by which bones increase in diameter is called appositional growth, a process of long-bone growth that is controlled by growth hormone and, during puberty, by the sex hormones. 4. bones are remodeled continually in response to changes in blood calcium levels and the pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton.

all true

The true ribs __________.

attach directly to the sternum by costal cartilages

yellow marrow

bone marrow that stores adipose (fat) tissue

description for irregular bones

bone that does not fit the long, short, or flat categories; mainly spongy bone with outer layer of compact bone the vertebrae, which make up the spinal column, fall into this group

epiphyseal line

calcified line in the epiphysis of a long bone that contained hyaline cartilage during the period of lone bone growth, which ends when calcification is complete. (a remnant of the epiphyseal plate)

which of these allow nutrients to diffuse from the central canal to all the osteocytes within an osteon?

canaliculi

medullary cavity

central cavity in the diaphysis of a long bone containing marrow (storage for red marrow - that is the site of red cell production)

what type of vertebrae have openings in their transverse processes that guide the vertebral arteries up toward the brain? cervical thoracic sacral lumbar

cervical

which spinal curvature develops as an infant begins to hold up his or her head? thoracic lumbar cervical sacral

cervical

characteristic features of cervical vertebrae

cervical vertebrae (C3-C7) include spinous processes that are often short and divided into two branches and the presence of foramina in the transverse processes. Vertebral arteries pass through the foramina (openings) on their way to the brain. Cervical vertebrae are also have small bodies and lack costal facets for articulation with ribs.

which of these is responsible for the flexibility of bone?

collagen

osseous (bone) tissue:

compact bone - dense bone composed of osteons that makes up the outer layer of flat, short & irregular bones; major component of long bones (looks smooth & homogeneous) spongy bone - internal layer of bone in flat, short, & irregular - and in the epiphyses of long bones (has a spiky, open appearance like a sponge)

growth in length

controlled by hormones - most important hormones are growth hormone and, during puberty, the sex hormones

diaphysis

covered & protected by a fibrous connective tissue membrane, periosteum.

description for short bones

cube-shaped & contain mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone the bones of the wrist and ankle are short bones

structure of long bone

diaphysis epiphyses articular cartilage epiphyseal line medullary cavity

periosteum

double-layered connective tissue membrane that covers and nourishes the bone hundreds of perforating fibers aka sharpey's fibers secure the periosteum to the underlying bone

the glenoid cavity is located where the __________.

humerus articulates with the scapula

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis of a bone at a joint (covers its external surface) - provides a smooth surface that decreases friction at the joint when covered by a lubricating fluid

what bone does NOT articulate directly with any other bone? mandible hyoid calcaneus hamate

hyoid

which of these bones form the hard palate? maxillary and palatine mandible and palatine ethmoid and vomer maxillary and vomer

maxillary and palatine

the foramen magnum is a feature of the __________ bone.

occipital

which disease results from the "wear and tear" on joints over many years?

osteoarthritis

which of these bones is most susceptible to fractures? osteoporotic bones ribs wrist bones in toddlers phalanges

osteoporotic bones

description to the corresponding component of compact bone.

perforating (Volkmann's) canals - run perpendicular to the bone shaft canaliculi - tiny canals that connect bone cells to the nutrient supply central (Haversian) canals - run lengthwise through the center of each osteon lamellae - concentric rings of bone tissue lacunae - tiny cavities that contain osteocytes

what type of joint is found between the atlas and the dens of the axis?

pivot

epiphyseal plate

plate of hyaline cartilage in the epiphysis of a long bone that allows for growth in length - by the end of puberty, epiphyseal plates have been completely replaced by bone, leaving only the epiphyseal line to mark their previous location

what causes the pain associated with a herniated disc?

pressure on spinal nerves by the protruding disc

appositional growth

process by which bones increase in diameter (growth in width)

ossification

process of bone formation - 2 major phases - first, the hyaline cartilage model is completely covered with bone matrix by bone building cells called osteoblasts. then, in the fetus, the enclosed hyaline cartilage model is replaced by bone, & the center is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity within the newly formed bone

the 2 categories of bone markings

projections (or processes) - which grow out from the bone surface depressions (or cavities) - which are indentations in the bone

which type of joint permits the thumb to move toward the other fingers?

saddle joint

which bone of the cranium contains a small depression that surrounds the pituitary gland?

sphenoid bone

bone markings

surface features of bones where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach, and where blood vessels and nerves pass 2 categories of markings - projections and depressions

how is a ball-and-socket joint classified?

synovial joint

epiphyses

the ends of the long bone - consists of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone

which of the following are paired bones of the cranium?

the parietal and temporal bones are the only paired bones of the cranium.

bone remodeling

the process of repairing or maintaining bone by adding or removing bone matrix in response to damage or mechanical stress bones are remodeled continually in response to change in two factors 1. the calcium ion level in the blood 2. the pull of the gravity & muscles on the skeleton

description for flat bones

thin, flattened & usually curved - 2 thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them most bones of the skull, the ribs, & the sternum (breastbone) are flat bones

the spinal curvatures in the __________ and __________ regions are referred to as primary curvatures because they are present when we are born.

thoracic; sacral

which bones attach directly to the sternum via the costal cartilages?

true ribs

the coronoid process, olecranon, and trochlear notch are features of the __________.

ulna

which of the following is advised treatment for gout?

weight loss (if obese); avoid foods high in uric acids; avoid alcohol; take ibuprofen

the __________ bones form the lateral portion of the eye orbits, are lateral to the nose, and articulate with the maxillae.

zygomatic

bone cell to bone tissue description

mature bone cell - osteocyte bone-building cell - osteoblast contains osteons - compact bone contains trabeculae - spongy bone bone-destroying cell - osteoclast

the hard palate is composed of the __________ and __________ bones.

maxillae; palatine

characteristics of a synovial joint

in a synovial joint, articular cartilage covers the ends of adjoining bones and a fluid-filled joint cavity separates adjoining bones. in addition, an articular capsule encloses the joint , which is lined with a synovial membrane and contains synovial fluid. ligaments typically reinforce the capsule. all synovial joints are diarthroses, or freely movable joints.

red marrow

in children bones - bone marrow that is the site of blood cell production - until the age of 6 or 7, it is then replaced by yellow marrow in adult bones, red marrow is confined to cavities in the spongy bone of the axial skeleton, the hip bones, and the epiphyses of long bones such as the humerus & femur

which of these is a typical characteristic of the female pelvis?

ischial spines that are short and farther apart and the angle of the pubic arch is more than 90 degrees

what is the region of the coxal bone that bears most of the body weight when a person is sitting?

ischial tuberosity

the sagittal suture is located between the __________ and __________ bones.

left parietal; right parietal

categorization/classification of bones on the basis of shape:

long bones, flat bones, short bones, & irregular bones

miguel has an abnormal forward curvature in the lumbar region, resulting in a swaybacked posture. miguel has __________.

lordosis