BIO 275 (4-6)
This figure shows the results of a gel electrophoresis separation of restriction fragments of the DNA of different organisms. Which organisms are related according to banding patterns?
1 & 3
Diseases that are always present in a population are known as _______. 1) Diseases that are transmissible from person to person are known as ___________. 2) Diseases that occur only occasionally in a particular population are known as ______. 3) Because of large numbers of cases of AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis are presently occurring in many different countries, they are known as _____. 4) Diseases with unusually high numbers of cases that often occur in one particular geographic location are known as _______.
1) endemic diseases 2) communicable diseases 3) sporadic diseases 4) pandemic diseases 5) epidemic diseases
1) When two microorganisms occupying the same environmental niche have absolutely no effect upon each other, it is known as _________. 2) Bacterial vaginosis is an example of _______. 3) ________ is a symbiotic relationship of benefit to one of the symbionts, but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other. 4) _________ is a symbiotic relationship of benefit to one of the symbionts, and detrimental to the other. 5) A lichen is a classic example of ______.
1) neutralism 2) synergism 3) commensalism 4) parasitism 5) mutualism
At a minimum, the human immune system is capable of recognizing approximately how many different antigens?
10^15
Which blood transfusions in table below are incompatible?
2,3 & 5
Which of the following statements about helminths is FALSE?
ALL They are heterotrophic. They are multicellular animals. They have eukaryotic cells. All are parasites.
An example of a fomite would be _______.
ALL a drinking glass used by a patient bandages from an infected wound soiled bed linens all of the above
Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor of disease?
ALL lifestyle genetic background climate occupation All of these are predisposing factors of disease.
Which of the following describes a cytotoxic autoimmune reaction?
Antibodies react to cell-surface antigens.
Yeast infections are caused by _________.
Candida albicans
The structures illustrated in figure below are composed of (d represents a helical structure):
Capsomeres
Use the dichotomous key in Table below to identify a gram-negative cell that ferments lactose and uses citric acid as its sole carbon source.
Citrobacter
Which of the following statements if FALSE?
Coagulase destroys blood clots.
During a six-month period, 239 cases of pneumonia occurred in a town of 300 people. A clinical case was defined as fever ≥ 39°C lasting >2 days with three or more symptoms (i.e., chills, sweats, severe headache, cough, aching muscles/joints, fatigue, or feeling ill). A laboratory-confirmed case was defined as a positive result for antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Before the outbreak, 2000 sheep were kept northwest of the town. Of the 20 sheep tested from the flock, 15 were positive for C. burnetii antibodies. Wind blew from the northwest, and rainfall was 0.5 cm compared with 7 to 10 cm during each of the previous three years. The etiologic agent of the disease in situation described above is _____.
Coxiella burnetti
Microorganisms are unable to live in the colon owing to the lack of oxygen there.
False
No microorganisms are able to live in the stomach because of the extremely low pH of the stomach contents.
False
Which of the following statements is TRUE? All three types of interferons have the same effect on the body. Alpha interferon promotes phagocytosis. Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages. Alpha interferon acts against specific viruses. Beta interferon attacks invading viruses.
Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages.
You have isolated a prokaryotic cell. The first step in identification is a(n) ______.
Gram Stain
All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT ______.
HCI
Viruses that utilize reverse transcriptase belong to the virus families _______.
Hepadnaviridae and Retroviridae
The antibodies found in mucus, saliva, and tears are _______.
IgA
The antibodies that bind to large parasites are _______.
IgE
Anaphylaxis is the term for reactions cause when certain antigens combine with___________.
IgE antibodies
The most abundant class of antibodies in serum is __________.
IgG
Large antibodies that agglutinate antigens are ______.
IgM
Which of the following statements is NOT true of lysogeny?
It causes lysis of host cells.
What is the outstanding characteristic of Kingdom Fungi?
Members absorb dissolved organic matter.
Which of the following statements regarding fungi is FALSE?
Most fungi are pathogenic for humans.
Which of the following lacks a cell wall?
Mycoplasma
Which of the following pairs is mismatched? malaria-vector salmonellosis- vehicle transmission syphilis- direct contact influenza- droplet infection
None of the pairs is mismatched.
______were first identified in cancer-causing viruses and can induce _______ in infected cells.
Oncogenes; transformation
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
Pseudomonas- gram positive
All of the following organisms produce exotoxins EXCEPT _____.
Salmonella typhi
Which of the following is NOT a verified exception in the use of Koch's postulates?
Some diseases are noncommunicable.
Which one of the following Gram-positive bacteria is most likely to be the cause of a nosocomial infection?
Staphylococcus aureus
Which of the following bacteria are responsible for more infections as well as different kinds of infections?
Streptococcus
HIV spikes attach to CD4+ receptors found on ______.
T helper cells, macrophages & dendritic cells
Emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT ______.
The emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of these.
Organism A has 70 moles % G+C , and organism B has 40 moles % G+C. Which of the following can be concluded from this data?
The two organisms are unrelated.
A lytic virus has infected a patient. Which of the following would best describe what is happening inside the patient?
The virus is causing the death of the infected cells in the patient.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
There are at least thirty complement proteins.
Which of the following statements provides the most significant support for the idea that viruses are non-living chemicals?
They cannot reproduce themselves outside a host.
Which of the following statements about archaea is FALSE?
They evolved before bacteria.
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of live attenuated vaccine agents?
They occasionally revert to virulent forms.
A superinfection with Clostridium difficile could lead to diseases such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis.
True
Gonorrhea is considered to be a communicable disease, but not a contagious disease.
True
Influenza is an example of a contagious disease.
True
Many of the members of our indigenous microflora have the potential to cause disease.
True
Most relationships between humans and microbes are beneficial rather than harmful.
True
One of the major factors contributing to nosocomial infections is the failure of healthcare personnel to follow infection control guidelines.
True
Plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis are stages of the fungal sexual life cycle.
True
The sporozoite, merozoite, gametocyte, and ring stages are all part of the Plasmodium life cycle.
True
There could be as many as 100 trillion microorganisms that live on us and in us.
True
Which of the following statements is a reason for NOT classifying viruses in one of the three domains of life (Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya) rather than a fourth separate domain?
Viruses are not composed of cells.
Which of the following is the best definition of antigen?
a chemical that elicits an antibody response and can combine with these antibodies
A nosomial infection is one that _______.
a patient develops during hospitalization or erupts within 14 days of hospital discharge
Which of the following best defines a strain in microbiological terms?
a pure culture that is not totally identical to other cultures of the same species
All of the following pertain to fever EXCEPT that it _______.
accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract
Margination refers to ______.
adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels
A definitive host harbors which stages of a parasite?
adult
A symbiont could be a(n) __________.
all of the above
Which of the following are considered reservoirs of infection?
all of the above
All of the following are generally used in vaccines EXCEPT________.
antibodies
Serological testing is based on the fact that _______.
antibodies react specifically with an antigen
Toxoid vaccines, such as the vaccines against diptheria and tetanus, elicit a(n) _____.
antibody response against these bacterial toxins
The ability of some microbes, such as Trypanosoma or Giardia to alter their surface molecules and evade destruction by the host's antibodies is called ________.
antigenic variation
What type of immunity results from vaccination?
artificially acquired active immunity
What type of immunity results from transfer of antibodies from one individual to a susceptible individual by means of injection?
artificially acquired passive immunity
Live weakened polio virus can be used directly in a(n) ________.
attenuated whole-agent vaccine
In figure below, which structure is a complex virus?
b
Bacteriophages and animal viruses do NOT differ significantly in which one of the following steps?
biosynthesis
Which of the following sites of the human body does not have indigenous microflora?
bloodstream
In which of the following patterns of disease does the patient experience no signs or symptoms?
both incubation and convalescence
Assume a patient has influenza. During which time on the graph in figure below would the patient show the symptoms of the illness?
c
In the figure below, which letter on the graph indicates that patient's secondary response to a repeated exposure with the identical antigen?
c
Seventeen patients in ten hospitals had cutaneous infections caused by Rhizopus. In all seventeen patients, Elastoplast bandages were placed over sterile gauze pads to cover wounds. Fourteen of the patients had surgical wounds, two had venous line insertion sites, and one had a bite wound. Lesions present when the bandages were removed ranged from vesiculopustular eruptions to ulcerations and skin necrosis requiring debridement. Fungi are more likely than bacteria to contaminate bandages because they ______.
can tolerate low moisture environments
A biochemical test, in the microbiology world, is used to determine __________.
capability of a microbe to perform a specific enzymatic activity
Which of the following is mismatched? diapedesis - movement of leukocytes between capillary walls out of blood and into tissue chemotaxis - chemical degradation inside of a phagolysosome abcess - a cavity created by tissue damage and filled with pus pus - tissue debris and dead phagocytes in a white or yellow fluid scab - dried blood clot over injured tissue
chemotaxis - chemical degradation inside of a phagolysosome
Which of the following would be present in highest numbers in the indigenous microflora of the skin?
coagulase-negative staphylococci
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
coenocytic hyphae- hyphae with cross walls
The greatest number and variety of indigenous microflora of the human body live in or on the _______.
colon
Which of the following is found normally in serum?
complement
Haemophilus capsule polysaccharide plus diptheria toxoid is a(n) _______.
conjugated vaccine
Which of the following is NOT utilized to culture viruses?
culture media
The figure below shows the incidence of influenza during a typical year. Which letter on the graph indicates the endemic level?
d
The table below shows that ID50 for Staphylococcus aureus in wounds with and without the administration of ampicillin before surgery. Based on the data, the administration of ampicillin before surgery _______.
decreases the risk of staphylococcal infection
In mid-December, a woman with insulin-dependent diabetes who had been on prednisone fell and received an abrasion on the dorsal side of her right hand. She was placed on penicillin. By the end of January, the ulcer had not healed, and she was referred to a plastic surgeon. On January 30, a swab of the wound was cultured at 35°C on blood agar. On the same day, a smear was made for Gram staining. The Gram stain showed large (10 μm) cells. Brownish, waxy colonies grew on the blood agar. Slide cultures set up on February 1 and incubated at 25°C showed septate hyphae and single conidia. The most likely cause of the infection is a ____________.
dimorphic fungus
Assume a patient had chickenpox (human herpesvirus 3) as a child. Which line on the graph in figure below would show the number of viruses present in this person as a 60 year old with shingles (human herpesvirus 3)?
e
In the figure below, which letter on the graph indicates the highest antibody titer during the patient's response to a second and distinct/different antigen?
e
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of spirochetes?
easily observed with bright field microscopy
Which of the following is involved in resistance to parasitic helminths?
eosinophils
The graph below show the incidence of polio in the United States. The period between 1945 and 1955 indicates a(n) ___________.
epidemic level
Twenty-five people developed symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea three to six hours after attending a church picnic where they ate a ham and green bean casserole with cream sauce. The most likely cause of this case of food intoxication is ________.
erythrogenic toxin
If two organisms have similar rRNA sequences, you can conclude that they _______.
evolved from a common ancestor
Which of the following are found primarily in the intestines of humans?
facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods
Each of the following provides protection from phagocytic digestion EXCEPT _______.
formation of phat-lysosomes
Helminthic diseases are usually transmitted to humans by ________.
gastrointestinal route
A clone is _________.
genetically identical cells derived from a single cell
Antibiotics can lead to septic shock if used to treat ______.
gram-negative bacterial infections
Which of the following pairs is mismatched? dinoflagellates-paralytic shellfish poisoning brown algae- algin red algae- agar diatoms- petroleum green algae- prokaryotic
green algae- prokaryotic
Three weeks after a river rafting trip, three family members experienced symptoms of coughing, fever, and chest pain. During the rafting trip, the family had consumed crayfish that they caught along the river banks. An examination of the patients' sputum revealed helminth eggs, and serum samples were positive for antibodies to Paragonimus. All of the family members recovered following treatment with praziquantel. In the Paragonimus life cycle, _______.
humans are the definitive host and crayfish are the intermediate host
Which of the following is a fomite?
hypodermic needle
Lysogeny can result in all of the following EXCEPT _______.
immunity to reinfection by any phage
Dead Bordetella pertussis can be used in a(n) ______.
inactivated whole-agent vaccine
Which of the following is an effect of opsonization?
increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms
A viroid is a(n) ______.
infectious piece of RNA without a capsid
CD4+ T cells are activated by ________.
interaction between CD4+ and MHC II
Each of the following is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT ______.
interference with viral replication
In the malaria parasite life cycle, humans are the ______ host, while mosquitos are the _____ host as well as the vector.
intermediate; definitive
Biological transmission differs from mechanical transmission in that biological transmission _________.
involves reproduction of a pathogen in an arthropod vector prior to transmission
Siderophores are bacterial proteins that compete with host's ______.
iron-transport proteins
Innate immunity ______.
is nonspecific and present at birth
All of the following are true of hypersensitivity EXCEPT _______.
it occurs when an individual is exposed to an allergen for the first time
Giardia and Trichomonas are unusual eukaryotes because they ________.
lack mitochondria
A disease in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time before producing symptoms is referred to as ________.
latent
Phagocytes utilize all of the following to optimize interaction with (getting to and getting hold of) microorganisms EXCEPT ________.
lysozyme
All of the following increase blood vessel permeability EXCEPT ______.
lysozymes
Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity?
macrophages
All of the following are methods of avoiding host antibodies EXCEPT _______.
membrane-disrupting toxins
The major significance of Robert Koch's work is that _________.
microorganisms cause disease
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
mosquito - Pneumocystitis
The most frequently used portal of entry for pathogens is the _______.
mucous membranes of the respiratory tract
What type of immunity results from recovery from mumps?
naturally acquired active immunity
When an antibody binds to a toxin, the resulting action is referred to as ______.
neutralization
Endotoxins are _________.
part of the gram-negative cell wall
A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participated in eliminating contaminating microbes?
phagocytosis in the inflammatory response
A virus's ability to infect an animal cell depends primarily upon the __________.
presence of receptor sites on the cell membrane
An infectious protein is a _____.
prion
All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT _____.
production of antibodies
Which of the following tends to be more complex in a parasitic helminth than in a free living helminth?
reproductive system
Rickettsias differ from chlamydias in that rickettsias ________.
require an arthropod for transmission
All of the following are iron-binding proteins found in humans EXCEPT ________.
siderophorin
Which of the following is the best definition of epitope?
specific regions on antigens that interact with antibodies
A vaccine against HIV proteins made by a genetically-engineered vaccinia virus that has infected a eukaryotic cell line is a(n) ______.
subunit virus
A persistent infection is one in which _________.
the disease process occurs gradually over a long period
In the figure below, the region marked as (c) indicates ______.
the secondary response
The specificity of an antibody is due to _________.
the variable portions of the H & L chains
All of the following are true regarding NK cells EXCEPT ______.
they destroy infected body cells by phagocytosis
Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT _______.
they produce lysozyme
Symptoms of protozoan and helminthic diseases are due to ______.
tissue damage due to the growth of the parasite on the tissues, waste products excreted by the parasite, and products released from damaged tissues
All of the following contribute to a pathogen's invasiveness EXCEPT _________.
toxins
The function of the "ciliary escalator" is to ________.
trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucus and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract
________ infections are the most common type of nosocomial infections.
urinary tract
The rise in herd immunity amongst a population can be directly attributed to _______.
vaccinations
All of the following occur during inflammation. What is the first step?
vasodilation
During a six-month period, 239 cases of pneumonia occurred in a town of 300 people. A clinical case was defined as fever ≥ 39°C lasting >2 days with three or more symptoms (i.e., chills, sweats, severe headache, cough, aching muscles/joints, fatigue, or feeling ill). A laboratory-confirmed case was defined as a positive result for antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Before the outbreak, 2000 sheep were kept northwest of the town. Of the 20 sheep tested from the flock, 15 were positive for C. burnetii antibodies. Wind blew from the northwest, and rainfall was 0.5 cm compared with 7 to 10 cm during each of the previous three years. The method of transmission of the disease in situation above is __________.
vehicle
During a six-month period, 239 cases of pneumonia occurred in a town of 300 people. A clinical case was defined as fever ≥ 39°C lasting >2 days with three or more symptoms (i.e., chills, sweats, severe headache, cough, aching muscles/joints, fatigue, or feeling ill). A laboratory-confirmed case was defined as a positive result for antibodies against Coxiella burnetii. Before the outbreak, 2000 sheep were kept northwest of the town. Of the 20 sheep tested from the flock, 15 were positive for C. burnetii antibodies. Wind blew from the northwest, and rainfall was 0.5 cm compared with 7 to 10 cm during each of the previous three years. The described situation is an example of __________.
zoonosis