Bio 3 Exam 4

After eating at the new restaurant in town, you develop a mild case of food poisoning. Consequently, you never go back to that restaurant again. This is an example of: A) trial-and-error learning. B) innate behavior. C) operant conditioning. D) habituation. E) insight learning.

A) trial-and-error learning.

The amount of energy lost as it passes from one trophic level to another is approximately: A) 90%. B) 50%. C) 99%. D) 63%. E) 75%.

A) 90%.

What happens to 99% of the energy that reaches Earth's atmosphere? A) It is reflected or absorbed by the atmosphere, clouds, and Earth's surface. B) It is captured by plants and used in photosynthesis. C) It is used as heat by animals. D) It is absorbed by rocks on Earth's crust. E) It is destroyed by the atmosphere.

A) It is reflected or absorbed by the atmosphere, clouds, and Earth's surface.

The dominant animal in a social hierarchy, such as a wolf pack, is called: A) alpha. B) general. C) master. D) king. E) predator.

A) alpha.

An ecological niche: A) cannot be shared by two species. B) depends on the weather. C) is the same thing as a habitat. D) is formed by the physical environment only. E) is a constantly changing place.

A) cannot be shared by two species.

Over the course of their evolutionary histories, the timing of flowering, the spacing of plants, and the nectar rewards of flowering plants have influenced the foraging behavior of bees, which in turn has influenced the morphology of flowers. This process is an example of: A) coevolution. B) niche partitioning. C) competitive exclusion. D) adaptive radiation. E) convergent evolution.

A) coevolution.

A(n)________ is an area that is very dry because the air in that region has passed over a mountain and lost most of its moisture. A) rain shadow B) chaparral C) adiabat D) tropical desert E) basin

A) rain shadow

After a forested area such as a national forest is clear-cut, what type of succession occurs? A) secondary B) subclimax C) climax D) primary E) biome

A) secondary

If a fox eats a rodent that ate a smaller insect that ate a plant, the fox is a(n): A) tertiary consumer. B) primary consumer. C) secondary consumer. D) primary producer. E) autotroph.

A) tertiary consumer.

Which of the following components is NOT involved in the phosphorus cycle? A) the atmosphere B) some rocks and soil C) producers D) decomposers E) consumers

A) the atmosphere

Which level of the energy pyramid has the greatest biomass? A) secondary consumers B) producers C) primary consumers D) carnivores E) heterotrophs

B) producers

A population grows exponentially when: A) the death rate equals the birth rate and immigration is equal to emigration. B) emigration exceeds immigration and the birth rate equals the death rate. C) the carrying capacity is exceeded. D) the birth rate exceeds the death rate and immigration exceeds emigration. E) the birth rate and the death rate are equal.

D) the birth rate exceeds the death rate and immigration exceeds emigration.

An effective, bright, and very distinct color pattern that a prey species can display suddenly to scare a predator is called: A) aggressive mimicry. B) camouflage. C) mimicry. D) modeling. E) startle coloration.

E) startle coloration.

Which factor does NOT influence the size a population reaches over time? A) distance traveled by migrants B) number of deaths C) number of individuals migrating D) number of births E) age of females at reproduction

A) distance traveled by migrants

The protist Stentor contracts when it is touched for the first time but gradually stops retracting if the touching is continued. This behavior is called: A) habituation. B) a sensitive period. C) insight learning. D) imprinting. E) operant conditioning.

A) habituation.

Plants help reduce flooding by: A) increasing the soil's ability to hold water. B) breaking down the soil. C) increasing CO2 levels. D) decreasing the amount of water returned to the air. E) removing soil.

A) increasing the soil's ability to hold water.

A________ species is fundamentally essential to an ecosystem; its loss changes the structure of the entire community. A) keystone B) rivet C) redundant D) baseline E) footprint

A) keystone

An adaptive change in behavior that results from experience is called: A) learned behavior. B) instinctive behavior. C) random behavior. D) innate behavior.

A) learned behavior.

An introduced species is "invasive" if it: A) outcompetes native species in its new habitat. B) cannot successfully maintain a population in the new habitat. C) is a threat to humans. D) survives in its new habitat and forms mutually beneficial relationships with native species. E) does not cause significant harm to native species.

A) outcompetes native species in its new habitat.

Fleas feed on the blood of dogs, cats, and people. What is this ecological relationship called? A) parasitism B) predation C) mutualism D) competition E) resource partitioning

A) parasitism

Which nutrient cycle lacks an atmospheric reservoir? A) phosphorus B) oxygen C) nitrogen D) carbon E) water

A) phosphorus

The photosynthetic bacteria that form the basis of the food chain in Great Salt Lake are classified as: A) primary producers. B) herbivores. C) secondary consumers. D) carnivores. E) omnivores.

A) primary producers.

Tapeworms in the human gut are an example of: A) prey. B) parasites. C) predators. D) hosts. E) mutualists.

B) parasites.

Two cats getting ready to fight puff up their fur to make themselves look larger. This is an example of: A) altruism. B) aggressive behavior. C) imprinting. D) pheromones. E) minimized competition.

B) aggressive behavior.

In the Australian outback, emus feeding in the open brush lands resemble the bushes. This is an example of: A) mimicry. B) camouflage. C) interspecies competition. D) coevolution. E) warning coloration.

B) camouflage.

Trees often produce secondary chemicals to deter herbivores from feeding on their leaves; in turn, many herbivores have developed ways of avoiding or detoxifying these chemicals. This is an example of: A) predatory avoidance. B) coevolution. C) parasitic evolution. D) competitive exclusion. E) parasite predation.

B) coevolution.

The different species within an ecosystem that interact in various ways make up a(n): A) aggregation. B) community. C) population. D) ecotone. E) trophic level.

B) community.

Two species that have a high degree of niche overlap will: A) speciate. B) compete intensely. C) interbreed. D) coexist peacefully. E) be in a predator -prey relationship.

B) compete intensely.

In________, the interaction between two species harms both of them. A) coevolution B) competition C) symbiosis D) parasitism E) mutualism

B) competition

A biologist who investigates how organisms interact with one another and with their nonliving environment is studying: A) physiology. B) ecology. C) genetics. D) anatomy. E) morphology.

B) ecology.

What is the dominant vegetation of the savanna? A) lichens and scrub willows B) grasses C) trees with waxy needles D) trees that lose their leaves E) cocoa

B) grasses

A species that is a mimic may: A) produce chemicals that deter predators. B) have behavior similar to that of another species. C) produce "smoke screens." D) use bright colors to warn that they are harmful. E) resemble their surroundings.

B) have behavior similar to that of another species.

Organisms that must rely on complex, high-energy molecules produced by other organisms for survival are: A) cyanobacteria. B) heterotrophs. C) producers. D) autotrophs. E) denitrifying bacteria.

B) heterotrophs.

Competition between the members of two species is: A) least intense between similar species and is referred to as interspecific. B) most intense when the species are most similar and is referred to as interspecific. C) always very intense and is referred to as intraspecific. D) unusual and is referred to as interspecific. E) very common and is referred to as intraspecific.

B) most intense when the species are most similar and is referred to as interspecific.

Birds follow animal herds to catch insects that are disturbed as the large herbivores like water buffalo walk through the grass. The birds fly into the air and make warning calls when large predators like lions are near. What is the ecological relationship between the birds and the herbivores called? A) resource partitioning B) mutualism C) parasitism D) competition E) predation

B) mutualism

Earthworms live in many grass and forest ecosystems, and they aerate the soil as they burrow. They also may mix soil layers as they ingest organic matter and travel between layers. These traits, taken collectively, make up the of the earthworm. A) habitat B) niche C) community profile D) resource partition profile E) ecosystem profile

B) niche

If you teach your dog to sit by giving him a treat for every correct response, this is an example of: A) innate behavior. B) operant conditioning. C) trial-and-error learning. D) habituation. E) insight learning.

B) operant conditioning.

A snake that eats a small rabbit that feeds on grass is classified as a(n): A) primary producer. B) secondary consumer. C) autotroph. D) tertiary consumer. E) primary consumer.

B) secondary consumer.

Defense of an area that contains important resources for survival is termed: A) passive behavior. B) territoriality. C) aggression. D) kinesis. E) appeasement.

B) territoriality.

The vast treeless region near the Arctic Ocean is the: A) grassland. B) tundra. C) savanna. D) taiga. E) permafrost.

B) tundra.

Earth's ozone layer is extremely important because it: A) maintains high carbon dioxide concentrations so that photosynthesis can occur. B) traps heat so that Earth's temperature does not fall too much. C) blocks incoming UV radiation, which is damaging to animals and reduces photosynthesis in plants and algae. D) traps harmful infrared rays. E) blocks incoming visible light to protect Earth against the greenhouse effect.

C) blocks incoming UV radiation, which is damaging to animals and reduces photosynthesis in plants and algae.

The process by which two interacting species act as agents of natural selection on one another is called: A) parasitism. B) mimicry. C) coevolution D) symbiosis. E) mutualism.

C) coevolution

A caterpillar develops toxic spikes to deter the bird that preys on it. Over time the bird develops a digestive enzyme that neutralizes the toxin. This is an example of: A) parasitism. B) mutualism. C) coevolution. D) an invasive species. E) mimicry.

C) coevolution.

In the interactions among the tree-dwelling black ants, the roundworms, and the birds, the roundworms are the: A) predators. B) mutualists. C) parasites. D) prey. E) hosts.

C) parasites.

Certain bacteria and fungi that are important in nutrient recycling because they release nutrients from dead organisms back into the ecosystem are: A) carnivores. B) detritus feeders. C) decomposers. D) autotrophs. E) recyclers.

C) decomposers.

The atoms that make up the molecules in our bodies: A) cannot be rearranged to make different molecules under any circumstances. B) traveled to Earth as electromagnetic waves. C) have nearly all been on Earth throughout its entire history. D) will be lost back to space soon after we die. E) were all formed recently by nuclear fusion on the sun.

C) have nearly all been on Earth throughout its entire history.

A deer that gets its energy from eating plants is a(n): A) carnivore. B) omnivore. C) herbivore. D) tertiary consumer. E) primary producer.

C) herbivore.

If an insect eats the lettuce seedlings in your yard, it is acting most like a(n): A) mutualist. B) omnivore. C) herbivore. D) host. E) carnivore.

C) herbivore.

Which of the following is a disadvantage for animals living in groups? A) reduced chance of finding a mate B) lower efficiency in finding food C) increased chance of being spotted by predators D) decreased risk of disease

C) increased chance of being spotted by predators

The first community that forms on bare rock often has organisms such as: A) grasses and weeds. B) broad-leaf trees and conifers. C) lichens and mosses. D) herbs and conifers. E) woody shrubs and conifers.

C) lichens and mosses.

Environmental resistance is: A) limits imposed on population growth by only the nonliving environment. B) a factor that decreases both death rates and birth rates. C) limits imposed on population growth by both the living and nonliving environments. D) limits imposed on population growth by only the living environment (such as predators or competitors). E) a factor that increases both death rates and birth rates.

C) limits imposed on population growth by both the living and nonliving environments.

If the plants in a community produce 500 grams of organic matter per square meter per year that is available for animals in the community to eat, this amount of energy is known as the: A) secondary productivity of the community. B) trophic factor of the community. C) net primary productivity of the community. D) consumership of the community. E) availability factor of the community.

C) net primary productivity of the community.

The amount of life that an ecosystem can support is determined primarily by the: A) efficiency of the consumers B) number of chemoautotrophs. C) number of producers and their efficiency D) efficiency of the heterotrophs. E) number of heterotrophs.

C) number of producers and their efficiency

The three major reservoirs of carbon are: A) fossil fuels, legumes, and micronutrients. B) rocks, the atmosphere, and guano. C) oceans, the atmosphere, and fossil fuels. D) acid precipitation, carbon-fixing bacteria, and oceans. E) soil, water, and the atmosphere.

C) oceans, the atmosphere, and fossil fuels.

The major goal of conservation biology is to: A) make the biosphere more habitable for humanity. B) repair the damage to ecosystems done by introduced species. C) preserve the diversity of living organisms. D) restore the biosphere to its previously unspoiled condition. E) increase the population sizes of all species.

C) preserve the diversity of living organisms.

A carnivore is usually a(n): A) autotroph. B) secondary producer. C) secondary consumer. D) primary producer. E) primary consumer.

C) secondary consumer.

The majority of the energy on Earth originates from: A) volcanoes. B) oil. C) the sun. D) nuclear sources. E) coal.

C) the sun.

How much of the energy that reaches Earth's outer atmosphere from the sun is available for photosynthesis in plants at Earth's surface? A) 25% B) 21% C) 14% D) 1% E) 5%

D) 1%

What is the role of the ozone layer? A) It increases the gyres. B) It increases photosynthesis in Antarctic phytoplankton. C) It increases the amount of sunlight that reaches the poles. D) It reduces the amount of UV light that reaches Earth's surface. E) It increases the levels of CFCs in the upper atmosphere.

D) It reduces the amount of UV light that reaches Earth's surface.

Harmless king snakes mimic the color patterns of venomous coral snakes, which serve as models. If avoidance were based solely on prior predator experience with the model, what do you predict would happen in areas where coral snakes were never present? A) Predators would avoid king snakes. B) No predictions can be made based on the information given. C) Predators would initially avoid king snakes but soon learn to attack and eat them. D) Predators would attack and eat king snakes. E) Predators would initially attack and eat king snakes but soon learn to avoid them.

D) Predators would attack and eat king snakes.

A population of rabbits introduced into an island grew rapidly for a few years and then the growth slowed down. Why did the population become stable? A) Environmental resistance declined. B) A bust cycle was about to begin. C) The value of r decreased. D) The carrying capacity was reached. E) The rate of immigration declined.

D) The carrying capacity was reached.

Oceans, the atmosphere, and fossil fuels are large reservoirs of: A) oxygen. B) water. C) nitrogen. D) carbon. E) phosphorus.

D) carbon.

In the process called________, species act as agents of natural selection on one another. A) mutualism B) competition C) succession D) coevolution E) symbiosis

D) coevolution

Some predators feed preferentially on the most abundant prey. This is an example of________ predation. A) exponential B) competitive C) density-independent D) density-dependent E) cyclical

D) density-dependent

Floods and fires are examples of________, which can dramatically and unpredictably reduce populations. A) demographic factors B) logistic growth factors C) density-dependent factors D) environmental resistance E) biotic factors

D) environmental resistance

Some biologists believe that life on Earth is in the midst of a sixth major mass extinction event caused by: A) loss of genetic diversity due to inbreeding. B) a gradual increase in global temperature. C) rapid climate change. D) human activity. E) coevolution of predator and prey species.

D) human activity.

A random population distribution: A) is found only in plants. B) is an advantage in avoiding predators. C) occurs when resources are evenly spaced. D) is rare. E) allows predators to hunt more effectively.

D) is rare.

Tropical rain forests provide all of the following EXCEPT: A) traditional medicines. B) wood used for cooking by local residents. C) prescription medicines. D) large supplies of fossil fuels. E) hardwoods for consumers worldwide.

D) large supplies of fossil fuels.

An example of________ is when birds feed on parasitic insects they pick off the skin of large animals such as elephants or bison. A) competition B) predation C) parasitism D) mutualism E) resource partitioning

D) mutualism

Mosquitoes are: A) prey. B) hosts. C) mutualists. D) parasites. E) predators.

D) parasites.

Predation is similar to________ in that both types of relationship benefit one of the interacting species while harming the other. A) symbiosis B) coevolution C) competition D) parasitism E) mutualism

D) parasitism

Succession that begins on bare rock after glaciers have passed, or on newly formed volcanic islands, is: A) autogenic. B) secondary. C) pioneer. D) primary. E) allogenic.

D) primary.

If a bird eats an insect that ate a plant, the bird is considered a(n): A) primary producer. B) primary consumer. C) tertiary consumer. D) secondary consumer. E) autotroph.

D) secondary consumer.

To communicate across hundreds of miles whales use: A) wave motions. B) sight. C) pheromones. D) sound. E) touch.

D) sound.

The number of different types of organisms?plants, animals, microbes, and fungi?living in an area is the________ of a community. A) ecosystem services. B) conservation biology. C) genetic diversity. D) species diversity. E) ecosystem diversity.

D) species diversity.

Autotrophs gain energy from: A) primary producers. B) secondary producers. C) secondary consumers. D) the sun and inorganic nutrients. E) omnivores.

D) the sun and inorganic nutrients.

Why is the African elephant considered a keystone species? A) Elephants live in large cooperative herds that dominate other smaller groups within the community. B) It is the largest organism in its community. C) Elephant populations are larger than the populations of any other organisms in their community. D) Elephants eat more food than any other species in their community. E) The removal of elephants from their community would result in drastic changes in the ecological structure of the community.

E) The removal of elephants from their community would result in drastic changes in the ecological structure of the community.

A species that plays a major role in determining the structure of its ecological community is: A) the most abundant species in the community. B) a predator. C) the species with the largest size. D) a dominator species. E) a keystone species.

E) a keystone species.

A bird flashing white patches underneath its wings is an example of________ communication. A) physical contact B) passive visual C) sound D) chemical E) active visual

E) active visual

In areas that have a stable population, the number of children born in a period of time is: A) higher than the number of adults. B) decreasing. C) lower than the number of adults. D) increasing. E) approximately equal to the number of adults.

E) approximately equal to the number of adults.

Micronutrients: A) are smaller molecules than macronutrients. B) benefit organisms if they are present but are not essential. C) include water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. D) are rarely found in the environment. E) are needed in smaller quantities than macronutrients but are just as essential.

E) are needed in smaller quantities than macronutrients but are just as essential.

In countries that have large numbers of children under age 15, the population is: A) becoming smaller. B) able to expand its carrying capacity. C) staying the same. D) hard to predict. E) becoming larger.

E) becoming larger.

A rain shadow is caused by: A) warm, moist air that cools as it moves down over a mountain, releasing moisture. B) ocean currents that heat and cool more slowly than do air or landmasses. C) ocean currents that heat and cool more quickly than do air or landmasses. D) large mountain masses in the center of continents that restrict air flow. E) cool, dry air that warms as it moves down over a mountain, picking up moisture.

E) cool, dry air that warms as it moves down over a mountain, picking up moisture.

Failure to respond to harmless, repetitive stimulation is an example of: A) operant conditioning. B) insight learning. C) trial-and-error learning. D) imprinting. E) habituation.

E) habituation.

Net primary production is: A) heterotrophic production minus autotrophic production per unit of land per unit of time. B) energy that photosynthetic organisms make available to other organisms over a given period of time. C) energy stored by secondary consumers from primary biomass. D) energy made by autotrophs minus energy consumed by heterotrophs, and measured as biomass. E) heterotrophic production per unit of land per unit of time.

E) heterotrophic production per unit of land per unit of time.

Environmental resistance may limit the size of populations by: A) decreasing death rates and/or increasing birth rates. B) decreasing both birth and death rates. C) increasing both birth and death rates. D) changing the biotic potential. E) increasing death rates and/or decreasing birth rates.

E) increasing death rates and/or decreasing birth rates.

Innate behavior is: A) not under genetic control. B) based on habituation. C) nonadaptive. D) learned. E) instinctive.

E) instinctive.

What is the function of the dominance hierarchy within a group of animals? A) increase fighting among members of a population B) limit the size of the population C) eliminate competition D) increase competition E) minimize aggression

E) minimize aggression

Sap-feeding insects that feed on plants without consuming them completely may be classified as: A) prey. B) predators. C) hosts. D) mutualists. E) parasites.

E) parasites.

The shape, size, or color of an animal: A) does not communicate information. B) plays a role in active visual communication. C) relates to the pheromones the animal produces. D) is used to mark the boundaries of territories. E) plays a role in passive visual communication.

E) plays a role in passive visual communication.

All members of a species that reside within an ecosystem make up a(n): A) aggregation. B) trophic level. C) ecotone. D) community. E) population.

E) population.

The temperatures at the equator remain warm year-round because: A) there are large oceans near the equator that absorb large amounts of heat. B) Earth's natural curvature places the equator nearer the sun. C) Earth's rotation on a tilted axis creates more atmospheric friction at the equator. D) the sun shines over the equator more hours in the day. E) sunlight strikes the equator relatively directly with little seasonal variation.

E) sunlight strikes the equator relatively directly with

In a deciduous oak forest, which of these are nonliving? A) the smaller plants living under the oak trees. B) animals such as deer that migrate through the forest but do not eat in the forest. C) nematodes in the soil that feed on dead organic matter. D) nematodes in the soil that feed on plant roots. E) sunlight that filters through the canopy.

E) sunlight that filters through the canopy.

When a population has inhabited an area for a long time and the population size has stabilized because of space and food limitations: A) predation decreases. B) density-independent factors are involved. C) density dependence is clearly not involved in the population growth. D) the environmental resistance declines. E) the carrying capacity of the area has been reached.

E) the carrying capacity of the area has been reached.

Which of the following is an important density-independent factor limiting population size? A) competition B) predation C) environmental resistance D) quantity of food E) weather

E) weather