Bio ch 5
The amount of dietary Calories in one hard-boiled egg could raise the temperature of ________.
1,000 grams of water by 75 degrees Celsius
Ten kilocalories are equivalent to ________ calories.
10,000 calories
You have a 2-kg bottle of liquid water at 0°C. About how many Calories are needed to heat up the water to 100°C?
200 Calories
Humans convert approximately ________ of the energy stored in food to useful work.
34%
Which one of the following is TRUE?
A) An enzyme's function depends on its three-dimensional shape.
What compound directly provides energy for cellular work?
ATP
Active transport ________.
All of the above
On a lab bench, there are four balloons filled with identical volumes of different salt solutions: 0% (balloon A), 5% (balloon B), 10% (balloon C), and 15% (balloon D). There are also four beakers each filled with identical volumes of a 10% salt solution. The balloons are semi-permeable; that is, only water can enter and exit the balloon. All four balloons are placed in separate beakers at the same time and are allowed to come to equilibrium. Which is the correct order of balloon volumes at equilibrium, from largest to smallest?
D > C > B > A
What molecules are scientists currently trying to use to power nanotechnology devices, such as microscopic robots?
Enzymes
Which one of the following is TRUE?
Enzymes catalyze specific reactions.
Which statement best describes enzyme function?
Enzymes speed chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.
Facilitated diffusion is not a type of passive transport
False
Osmosis requires ATP
False
When ATP releases some energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. What happens to the inorganic phosphate in the cell?
It may be transferred onto other molecules in the cell to activate them.
Diffusion is an example of ________.
Passive transport
What is energy?
The capacity to cause change
A patient was involved a serious accident and lost a large quantity of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water—equal to the volume of blood lost—is added to the blood directly via one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion?
The patient's red blood cells will swell and possibly burst because the blood has become hypotonic compared to the cells.
A balloon permeable to water but not to glucose contains a 10% glucose solution. A beaker contains a 5% glucose solution. Which of the following is TRUE?
The solution in the balloon is hypertonic relative to the solution in the beaker.
A balloon permeable to water but not to glucose contains a 10% glucose solution. A beaker contains a 5% glucose solution. What will happen when the balloon is submerged in the beaker?
The volume of water in the beaker will decrease.
When plant cells are placed in a hypotonic solution, they undergo plasmolysis.
True
Simple diffusion requires:
a concentration gradient no energy
The force driving simple diffusion is ________, while the energy source for active transport is ________.
a concentration gradient; ATP hydrolysis
Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy?
a molecule of glucose
The region of an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called the ________ site.
active
A process that requires energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called:
active transport
Movement of sodium ions across a plasma membrane requires a concentration gradient and a membrane transport protein. Which type of membrane transport is used to transport these sodium ions?
active transport
Which of the following processes could result in the net movement of a substance into a cell, if the substance is more concentrated in the cell than in the surroundings?
active transport
Which of the following statements correctly describes the normal tonicity conditions for typical plant and animal cells? The animal cell is in ________.
an isotonic solution, and the plant cell is in a hypotonic solution
In a hypotonic solution, a plant cell will ________.
become turgid
Glucose molecules provide energy to power the swimming motion of sperm. In this example, the sperm are changing ________.
chemical energy into kinetic energy
The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed is known as ________.
conservation of energy
Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by ________.
decreasing activation energy
Running burns approximately 600 Calories per hour. If you ate four hard-boiled eggs, how long would you have to run to burn them off?
egg=75 calories 30 minutes
When a person cries, tears are exported from cells through the process of ________.
endocytosis
Which of the following pairs of processes are functionally opposite?
endocytosis and exocytosis
Which of the following is a measure of randomness in a system?
entropy
Substances that plug up an enzyme's active site are ________.
enzyme inhibitors
When two solutions that differ in solute concentration are placed on either side of a selectively permeable membrane, and osmosis is allowed to take place, the water will ________.
exhibit a net movement to the side with lower water concentration
Certain cells that line the stomach synthesize a digestive enzyme and secrete it into the stomach. Which of the following processes could be responsible for its secretion?
exocytosis
If a person eats one hard-boiled egg and digests the egg fully, cellular respiration will convert most of this energy into ________.
heat
Cellular swelling is likely to occur when blood cells are immersed in:
hypotonic solutions.
Some protozoans have special organelles called contractile vacuoles that continually eliminate excess water from the cell. The presence of these organelles tells you that the environment ________.
is hypotonic to the protozoan
A cell that neither gains nor loses a net amount of water at equilibrium when it is immersed in a solution is ________.
isotonic to its environment
You are riding on your bike and stop pedaling, coasting along the road. Eventually, your bike slows down and stops. What happened to the energy of your motion when your bike stopped?
it was released as heat
Which one of the following is most similar to the mechanism of an enzyme inhibitor?
keeping someone from parking by parking in their designated spot
An object at rest has no ________ energy, but it may have ________ energy resulting from its location or structure.
kinetic, potential
The sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in organisms is called ________.
metabolism
Passive membrane transport processes include ________.
movement of a substance down its concentration gradient
The sodium-potassium pump ________.
moves sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into a cell using energy from ATP
A cell engulfing a relatively large particle will likely utilize ________.
phagocytosis
The act of a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is ________.
phagocytosis
Which of the following molecules spontaneously form membranes when mixed in water and most likely were one of the first organic compounds formed on Earth?
phospholipids
A rock on the top of a mountain contains ________ energy.
potential
Diffusion ________.
proceeds until equilibrium is reached
Usually, enzymes are ________.
proteins
Active transport processes:
require cells to expend energy (ATP)
Anything that prevents ATP formation will most likely ________.
result in cell death
An enzyme's function is most dependent on its ________.
shape
What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?
small and hydrophobic
Which component of the following reaction is the enzyme? sucrose + sucrase + water → sucrase + glucose + fructose
sucrase
Which component of the following reaction is the substrate? sucrose + sucrase + water → sucrase + glucose + fructose
sucrose
The energy stored in an ATP molecule is located in the ________ part of the molecule.
terminal phosphate group
When a plant cell is submerged in a hypertonic solution, what is likely to occur?
the cell will become turgid
Osmosis can be defined as ________.
the diffusion of water
If placed in tap water, an animal cell will undergo lysis, whereas a plant cell will not. What accounts for this difference?
the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall
A substance moves by facilitated diffusion into a cell. What is required for its transport?
transport protein
Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires ________ and moves a substance ________ its concentration gradient.
transport proteins... down
What is transported across a membrane during osmosis?
water