Bio chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

Match the monomer with the appropriate macromolecule.

Nucleic acid 1, protein 2, lipid 3, carbohydrates 4

If you have any questions or clarifications regarding the course,

post in the course questions & answers forum

Is the number of mitochondria (energy producers of the cell) in muscle cells of Bar-headed geese larger than those of other species of geese that have less demanding migration routes?

cell Biology

If you run into technical difficulties with Moodle..

contact the e-Learning and Instructional Support office, that's what they're created for.

Changes in ________ represent the predominant cause for biological evolution.

genetic makeup

Our species is called Homo sapiens. The first word refers to which taxonomical grouping?

genus

How does a macrophage (immune cell) consume a bacteria?

phagocytosis

For each substance determine if it would cross a membrane by simple or facilitated diffusion.

simple diffusion - gases - ethanol - small nonpolar molecule Facilitied diffusion - sugar - salts - protein

Two "magic" solutions are sold by a research supply company. "Magic Solution A" promises to extract all proteins, including integral membrane proteins, from the plasma membrane. "Magic Solution B" promises to simply extract all peripherally associated membrane proteins. What is the likely composition of "Magic Solution A" and "Magic Solution B"?

"Solution A" is a membrane solubilizing detergent, "Solution B" is a high salt buffer that disrupts hydrogen bonds and ionic interactions.

Sucrose concentration is higher in the cytoplasm than in the extracellular environment. Na+ concentration is higher in the extracellular environment than in the cytoplasm. Animal cells can take up sucrose against its concentration gradient using a Na+/sucrose symporter. Indicate if the following statements are true or false.

-A. In the Na+/sucrose symporter, Na+ is also moving against its concentration gradient. False - B. For the symporter to work, the cell must first establish a Na+ concentration gradient. True - C. A symporter works by making the phospholipid bilayer more permeable to ions and sucrose. False - D. Moving sucrose against its concentration gradient is a form of active transport. True - E. A Na+/sucrose antiporter would be capable of moving sucrose into the cell while moving Na+ out of the cell. False - F. Since the Na+/sucrose symporter exchanges a single sucrose for a single Na+, it can also be considered a uniporter. False

Identify the statements that are true of cells.

-Cells routinely form from non-living molecules. -Cells are the smallest living thing, the basic units of organization of all organisms. -All living organisms derive from two cells and use metabolism in the cell to sustain life.

Place the name of the functional group next the correct structure.

1. Amino 2. Carbonyl (ketone) 3. Carbonyl (aldehyde) 4.carboxyl 5. Hydroxyl 6. Methyl 7. Phosphate 8. Sulfate 9. sulfhydryl

Place the steps of the scientific method in the correct order.

1. Make an observation 2. form a hypothesis 3. perform experiment 4.Analyze data 5.Form a conclusion

Label the DNA molecule.

1. Nitrogenous base 2. Phosphate 3.hydrogen base 5.sugar 6. Covalent bond

Label the parts of the atom

1. Nucleus 2. electrons 3. Protons 4. neutrons

Label the different types of isomers shown in the figure.

1. Structural isomers 2. cis-butene 3. trans-butene 4. enantiomers 5. Stereoisomers

Decide which example best describes each property of water.

1. Water is less dense at 0°C compared to 4°C.Ice floats Correct2. Water provides structural support due to its inability to be compressed.Turgid pressure in plants Correct3. The charged ends of a water molecule allow it to surround a solute in solution.Solvent Correct4. The temperature of water rises slowly due to its high specific heat; requiring a lot of energy to convert liquid water to water vapor.Evaporative cooling Correct5. While hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking and reforming, a large percentage of the hydrogen bonds between water molecules exist at all times.Cohesive force Correct6. Due to hydrogen bonding, water tends to adhere to surfaces, such as the lining of the digestive tract.Lubricant Correct7. The addition of water can break apart molecules into two smaller molecules.Hydrolysis Correct8. Water is formed when two molecules come together to form a large molecule.Dehydration Reaction Correct

Rank the following levels of biological organization from the lowest level of complexity to the highest level of complexity.

1. oxygen, 2. DNA molecule, 3. Nerve cell, 4. Nervous tissue, 5. brain, 6. fish, 7. school of fish, 8. Group of dolphins, fish, and algae, 9. Pacific ocean and its inhabitants, 10. planet earth.

The formulation of a hypothesis is based on observations and refined by available information from past observations or research. Place the following statements in the appropriate sequence showing the progression from an observation to a testable hypothesis

1. you notice that bread you left on the counter has more mold on it than the rolls that you left in the refrigerator. 2. does temperature affect the growth of mold or is the difference in mold growth related to differences between the bread and the rolls. 3. colder temperatures impede the growth of mold. 4. bread placed in warmer temperatures should develop mold faster and more extensively than bread placed in colder temperatures.

As a course participant you are expected to regularly access and read your @oakland.edu email and respond to emails within _________ days.

2 days

Living organisms share a number of characteristics. These unifying characteristics separate them from nonliving things. For each of the following statements, check the statements that correctly distinguish living things from nonliving things.

2. Only living organisms are complex.

Carbon 12, 13, and 14 are isotopes of the same element. They share the same place on the periodic table but possess varying numbers of neutrons. If carbon 12 has 6 protons, how many neutrons will carbon 14 have?

8

Mark the following statements about carbon as true or false.

A carbon atom can form up to four covalent bonds. True CorrectA carbon atom has six electrons in its outermost shell. False CorrectThe bond between a carbon and hydrogen atom is a polar bond. False CorrectOxygen and nitrogen have a stronger electronegativity than carbon (e.g., a strong pull on a shared electron). True CorrectBonds between carbon and other atoms are relatively unstable and readily dissociate, resulting in the formation of new molecules. False CorrectThe carbon backbone of a molecule is made up of a string of carbon atoms held together with either single or double bonds. True CorrectThe carbon backbone of a molecule comes in a variety of shapes: linear, ring-like, or highly branched. True CorrectCarbon is a relatively large atom allowing it to bind to more atoms than smaller atoms would, thereby making it more versatile. False

Indicate if the following statements about membrane proteins are true or false.

A. They can aid in the transportation of molecules across membranes. True B. They are used in DNA replication. False C. They can act as cell surface receptors. True D. They are totally water soluble. False E. They can be enzymes. True

For each chemical reaction indicate whether the first reactant on the left side of the equation is an acid or a base.

Acid --> HCL- Na++OH-, H2CO3->H+HCO3- Base--> NaOh->+OH- NH3+->NH4++OH-

Why is it REQUIRED to have a technology back-up plan?

All the answers are correct

How do the circulatory and respiratory systems meet the demands of increased oxygen consumption in the face of oxygen-poor air?

Anatomy and physiology

The phenomenon through which populations of organisms change over several generations is termed

Biological evolution

The most hydrophobic molecule is 18

C2H6.

Students in need of accommodations should ___

Contact the Disability Resource Services (DRS) then tell your instructor.

For each statement indicate which type of bond is being described.

Covalent Bond -Strong chemical bond due to the sharing of electrons - Bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms within a water molecule Iconic Bonds - Electrons are transferred between two atoms creating positively and negatively charged atoms, which are then attracted to one another - Na⁺ + Cl⁻ → NaCl Hydrogen Bonds - Bonds between charged molecules or portions of a molecule - Weak attraction between slightly charged parts of molecules, which are readily broken and reformed - Bonds between water molecules

Compare DNA and RNA by indicating which statement applies to which molecule.

DNA - Double -stranded - Housed within the nucleus of an animal cell - Nitrogenous bases A, T, G, C RNA - Single -stranded- Nitrogenous bases A, U, G, C - Ribose sugar within backbone

Collecting data without a specific hypothesis in mind is called

Discovery bases science

What environmental cues and landmarks do the geese use to determine the timing and direction of their migration over the mountains? How do they find their way?

Ecology

There are no office hours for this course. Online meeting with the instructor is strictly by appointment. Group starts

False

Weekly quizzes, Smartbook Assignments and LearnSmart labs will be completed on Moodle

False

Clownfish are protandrous hermaphrodites. Determine whether the following features are encoded by the clownfish genome or are influenced by the proteome in response to the environment.

Genome encoded-- The juvenille clownfish has both male and female immature reproductive organs. Clownfish are able to produce both testosterone and 17-estradiol. Proteome influenced-- Increased testosterone levels lead to increased levels of proteins that cause male sex organs to develop. Increased estradiol levels lead to increased levels of proteins that promote the growth of female sex organs

The element found in most abundance in living organisms is

Hydrogen

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word or value.

Hydrogen has a total of 1 electron(s), 1 are in the valence shell, and 0 lie in the p orbitals. Carbon has a total of 6 electron(s), 4 are in the valence shell, and 2 are in the 1s orbital. Nitrogen has a total of 7 electron(s), 5 are in the valence shell, and 3 lie in the p orbitals. Oxygen has a total of 8 electrons, 6 are in the valence shell, and 4 are in the p orbitals.

When H2O is added to a compound in a chemical equation, a new compound can be formed via what type of reaction?

Hydrolysis

Match each description with the correct organelle.

Mitochondria - metabolize sugar to generate atp - generate heat in brown fat cells both organelles - contaon two membrane - contain dna - arose by endosymbiosis Chloroplast - use light to generate atp - site of photosynthesis

What DNA sequences from the Bar-headed geese are similar to sequences in other species that are capable of surviving in oxygen-poor environments, such as penguins?

Molecular biology

For each of the carbohydrates indicate whether it is a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, or a polysaccharide.

Monosaccharide - Glucose- Fructose- C₆H₁₂O₆ Disaccharide - Sucrose -Maltose - Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Polysaccharide - Cellulose - Starch- Glycogen

Which of the following is true of the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure?

Proteins can easily move laterally through membranes.

Which of the following is NOT a grading criteria for discussion forums?

Respond to every discussion post.

Indicate whether the statements describe a saturated fatty acid or an unsaturated fatty acid.

Saturated fatty acid- -No double bonds within carbon backbone- Solid at room temperature- Comes primarily from animals and animal products Unsaturated fatty acid- Liquid at room temperature- Oil- Found primarily in plants and plant products- Double bonds within carbon backbone- Trans fats are a synthetic form that has a higher melting point

Describe the main components of a biological membrane by filling in the missing terms.

Small amphipathic phospholipids are the most abundant molecules in a membrane. Larger proteins make up half of the mass of a membrane. Polar carbohydrates are typically found attached to the outside of a membrane.

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word choice.

Starch is a polysaccharide that is found primarily in plant cells as a form of energy storage. It is moderately branched and as a result, it is not very soluble in water. Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is stored in muscle tissue. It is highly branched allowing hydroxyl side groups to be readily exposed to water in the surrounding tissue, for easy hydrolysis. Cellulose is unbranched and most organisms lack the necessary enzyme to hydrolyze the beta-D glucose monomers. It is used primarily for structural support in plants.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light → C6H12O6 + O2 is an example of a chemical reaction. What is occurring during this reaction?

Substances are changed into other substances by the making or breaking of chemical bonds.

Each week's activities (Quizzes, Discussion Forums) are due by

Sunday, 11:59pm

Mark the following statements as true or false.

The bonds between water molecules are stable. False CorrectAs temperature drops the bonds between water molecules are less likely to break. True CorrectIce is denser than liquid water at all temperatures. False CorrectThe polar covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms within a water molecule create slight positively and negatively charged ends to the molecule. True CorrectThe fluid nature of water is due to hydrogen bonds continually breaking and reforming. True CorrectA hydrogen atom of one water molecule binds via a hydrogen bond to a hydrogen atom of another water molecule. False CorrectBonds between water molecules are stronger than the bonds between the atoms within a water molecule. False Correct

Which of the following is true of N-linked protein glycosylation?

The carbohydrates are first attached to a lipid in the ER membrane.

What process(es) are required for phospholipids to flip-flop across the lipid bilayer?

The process requires energy and the flippase enzyme.

Complete the sentences describing the properties of water that contribute to its role as a solvent in living organisms.

The unequal sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms within a water molecule makes water a polar molecule. As a result of the electron configuration of a water molecule, water is a great solvent because water can break up and surround a solute, as long as it is not nonpolar, dissolving it into solution. The reason water behaves in this manner is because the positive charge on the hydrogen end of the water molecule is attracted to the negative charge of a polar molecule, while the negative charge of the oxygen end of the water molecule is attracted to the positive side of a polar molecule.

Classify the following statements as a theory (a broad, well-supported explanation encompassing all living things), a hypothesis (a proposed explanation that applies to a specific phenomenon or observation), or neither (a statement that is not scientifically testable or can vary based on opinion).

Theory- All living organism contain DNA, which encodes the genes that determine what the organisms look like and how it interacts with the environment- All living organisms are made up of one or more cells- The diversity of organism alive today is due to evolution. Hypothesis- Plants drop their leaves in the fall due to cold temperatures- The thick shell of lobster protects it from predation- Coneflowers use animals as vectors for pollination rather than passive wind-blown pollination- Bacteria secret antibiotics in the presence of other bacteria in times of food stress. Neither- God introduced a soul into humans, setting humans apart from all other living organisms- College students are the luckiest people on earth

Use the correct terms to complete the sentences about mitochondria and chloroplasts.

These semiautonomous organelles can grow and divide to reproduce themselves. But they are not completely autonomous because they depend on other parts of the cell for their internal components. The mitochondria replicate within all eukaryotic cells and are involved in producing ATP from glucose. The chloroplasts replicate within plant cells and are involved in producing sugars by photosynthesis.

Which of the following is NOT a technical skill required for this course?

Using Skype or Zoom to set up a meeting with the course facilitator

The cytoskeleton of a cell is much like the skeleton of the body in that it helps to form a structure to which other components adhere. Match each component of the cytoskeleton with its description.

actin filaments - Microfilaments that are the smallest cytoskeletal filaments but are important in cell shape and strength. microtubules - 25nm in diameter and composed of alpha and beta tubulin proteins. They exhibit polarity with a positive and negative end. intermediate filaments - Tension-bearing fibers that are stable. Keratins provide mechanical strength in skin. flagella - This is not part of the cytoskeleton. It is a component that facilitates movement of a cell.

Functional groups help define the properties of macromolecules. The _____ functional group(s) is/are found within amino acids, while carbohydrates contain the _____ functional group(s).

amino and carboxyl; hydroxyl

The best understanding of how mitochondria and chloroplasts arose is

bacteria were engulfed and not digested.

A polar covalent bond is created when

bonded atoms have unequal pull on the shared electron, so that the electron spends more time around one atom than the other.

The first, innermost energy shell of an atom

can have a maximum of 2 electrons.

Which molecule passes through a lipid bilayer most readily?

carbon dioxide

A community of organisms interacting with their physical environment is a(n)

ecosystem.

The hormone insulin is a protein produced in the pancreas and then secreted into the blood stream after a meal to increase glucose uptake by tissues. Which of the following mechanisms would be used to secrete insulin from the pancreas?

exocytosis

Aquaporin allows water molecules to move very rapidly across a plasma membrane. What would be the best definition of this process?

facilitated diffusion using a channel

The final exam in BIO 1200 is cumulative and will cover material from every chapter.

false

You have many attempts and as long as you wish to complete the weekly quizzes.

false

in the process of biological evolution, new species may evolve through exchange of genes from one species to another. This process is called

horizontal gene transfer.

The plasma membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer, with the _____________ of the phospholipids_____________.

hydrophilic heads; sticking out toward the interior and exterior of the cell

A dehydration reaction

is used to form polymers.

When grouping organisms, which classification is most general for a particular type of organism?

kingdom

Cotranslational sorting occurs when

mRNA to proteins occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and then moves to other organelles.

Based on the information contained in the periodic table, which compound would have the greatest molecular mass?

mgcl2

The suggested schedule, assignment details, and grading rubrics can be found on the course _________ page.

moodle

Match the organelle with its function.

nstructions for protein synthesis and cell reproduction; contains genetic information Nucleus - Intracellular compartment forms transport vesicles; participates in lipid synthesis and synthesis of membrane or secreted proteins Endoplasmic reticulum -Packages proteins for export from cell; forms secretory vesicle Golgi apparatus - Digest worn-out organelles and cell debris; digest material taken up by endocytosis Lysosomes - "Power plants" of the cell; sites of oxidative metabolism Mitochondria CorrectSites of photosynthesis Chloroplasts - Regulates water levels in plant cells Vacuole CorrectUsed in break down of fats and contains the enzyme catalase Peroxisome

Match the descriptions with the correct membrane component.

protein - can be attached to the surface of a membrane - can span both leaflets of membrane - can aanchor to the cytoskeleton inside the cell Phospholipids - small and amphipathic - only span are leaflets of the membrane

Ribosomes are the site of

protein synthesis.

The nucleus of an atom is composed of

protons and neutrons

Lipoproteins like LDL and HDL transport lipids and proteins through the blood stream. Receptors on cells can bind to the lipoproteins and remove them from the blood, using the lipids for energy and to produce membranes. Which of the following mechanisms would be used to move a lipoprotein into a cell?

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Determine if each statement applies to facilitated diffusion, active transport, or both.

see phone

Explain the process by which mitochondrial proteins end up inside the mitochondrion by putting the descriptions in the correct locations on the figure.

see phone

Fill the table with the polar molecules, matching up the diagrams with the correct description in the first column.

see phone

For each characteristic, identify if the characteristic is present in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or all cells.

see phone

Label each protein by its type of attachment.

see phone

Mark the flow of water with an arrow for cells that have been placed in solutions of differing tonicity. Indicate what will happen to a plant and animal cell under each of these conditions.

see phone

Match each description with the correct structures in the figure.

see phone

Match each label with the correct structure in the figure.

see phone

The fastest and easiest way to contact the course instructor is

send an email through the Quickmail utility on Moodle

Placing celery sticks in fresh water will make them more turgid and harder. This is because

the celery is hypertonic to fresh water.

The atomic number of an atom is

the number of protons in the atom

An explanation for a biological process that is substantiated by a large body of evidence is called a

theory

In multicellular organisms, cells of the same type can associate with each other to form

tissue

The function of the nucleus is

to store genetic information.

The proteome, rather than genome, is most directly responsible for the structure, function, and appearance of organisms.

true

You have to create an account on ProctorU, an online proctoring service at least 48 hours before your exam starts. Group starts

true

A variety of finch species within the Hawaiian Islands have acquired different types of beaks needed for utilizing specific food resources. What is the likely process by which these different species of finches came about?

vertical descent with mutation

The functional group that forms covalent bonds between R groups within a polypeptide and that stabilizes tertiary structure is

−SH