Bio - Chapter 1-4 Evolution

What is Relative/Biological Fitness?

# of viable offspring an organism has during its lifetime

Types of Species Interactions 1. Intraspecific 2. Interspecific

***See Activity Chart in Chapter 7 Notes 1. Intraspecific: among members of the same species 2. Interspecific: between members of a different species

What is the goal of science?

- Biology: Study of living organisms and their environments - Scientific Process Explore, Hypothesis, prediction, experiment, testing, conclusion

Themes of Biology: - Organization - Information -Energy and Matter - Interactions - Evolution

- Organization: Hierarchy, Structure and Function, Systems Biology, Form=Function Ex. strong, sharp teeth of a wolf are well suited to grasping and dismembering its prey - Information: DNA, Reproduction Genetic information: growth and behavior of organisms are activated through expression of genetic information Ex. Human eye color is determined by the combination of genes inherited from the two parents - Energy and Matter: All life transforms matter & energy Chemical transformation pathways: outside sources of matter & energy Ex. grass, absorbs energy from the sun and transforms it into molecules that act as stored fuel - Interactions: Across all levels of hierarchy - molecular thru ecosystems (Homeostasis) Ex. When your stomach is full, it signals your brain to decrease your appetite. - Evolution: Unity and diversity of life, Decent with modification, common ancestor Ex. All plants have chloroplasts, descent from a common ancestor.

Predict Human Effects on the Carbon Cycle:

- Warmer ocean temps: ocean level rise and return of CO2 form ocean reservoirs to atmosphere - Accelerating release of CO2 from fossil fuels into atmosphere (50% of human CO2 emissions absorbed by ocean) making the Ocean pH more acidic Changing land use, (deforestation) Using limestone to make concrete all transfer significant quantities of carbon into the atmosphere Urbanisation

- Hypothesis -Theory - Fact

- proposed explanation for an observation 1. Quantifiable/testable 2. Falsifiable 3. Deal with the natural world Theory: explanation based on evidence from experiments/ observations Data/Fact: Objectively true statement based on current evidence

Match each scenario below to the correct broad category of evolutionary evidence 1. Studies of shared dental and skeletal characteristics indicate that domestic cats and lions are more closely related to each other than they are to horses. 2. Human and chimpanzee insulin proteins are much more similar (about 98% identical) than human and chicken insulin proteins (about 64% identical), reflecting that humans and chimpanzees are more closely related than humans and chickens. 3. A group of three freshwater fish in the family Galaxiidae are found in regions separated by wide stretches of open ocean. None can survive in salt water. Genetic analysis indicates the evolutionary lineage diverged ~55 MYA, when southern Pangaea was breaking apart. 4. The Basilosaurus sp. is a prehistoric ancestor of the modern baleen whale. A comparison of the skeletons of the Basilosaurus sp. and the baleen reveals evidence of a hind leg on the Basilosaurus sp. that is not found in the skeleton of a baleen whale. 5. The formation of goose bumps in humans under stress is a reflex and its function in human ancestors was to raise the body's hair, making the ancestor appear larger and scaring off predators. The arrector pili muscle is a band of smooth muscle that contracts and creates the goose bumps on skin.

1.

Accumulation of Greenhouse Gases _____________: first time atmospheric CO2 levels surpassed _______ppm Typically, the uptake of CO2 by _______________ roughly equals the release of CO2 by ____________________ However, extensive _________________ has significantly decreased the incorporation of CO2 into organic material, and CO2 is flooding into the atmosphere

1. 2017, 400 ppm 2. Photosynthesis, cellular respiration 3. Combustion of Fossil fuels, deforestation,

Anatomical homologies: Embryonic homologies: Vestigial structures: Molecular homologies: What does it mean, "Universal Genetic Code?"

1. Anatomical Same core elements, different function (Natural selection acts on what already exists) Ex. Even though adapted for different functions, the forelimbs of all mammals are constructed from the same skeletal elements 2. Embryological Similar early development (Vertebrate embryos) Chick vs Human embryo both have a post anal tail 3. Vestigial Anatomical structures of organisms lost their original function through evolution Ex. Wisdom teeth, tail bone 4. Molecular All life shares universal characteristics DNA and RNA Universal Genetic Code ATP for energy Over 500 genes similar for all living organisms

Limitations of BSC:

1. Applies to organisms that reproduce sexually 2. Usually limited to living species we can observe Asexually reproducing organisms can be grouped byBSC & Difficult to determine species of fossils using BSC

4 Mechanisms of Evolution: 1. Genetic Drift: 2. Founder Effect 3. Bottleneck 4. What are 4 key points about genetic drift?

1. Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations, due to random chance 2. Founder Effect: Newly founded population has different allele frequencies than original population 3. Bottleneck: Random events that drastically reduce a population, thereby changing allele frequencies (ex. Natural disasters) 4. Key Points - Small population - Cause allele frequencies to change at random - Loss of genetic variation within Pop. - Cause harmful allele to become fixed

Nitrogen Cycling 1. Nitrogen is a component of ___________________, _____________, and __________________. 2. The _______________ is the main nitrogen reservoir 3. ______ must be converted to ______ or _____ for uptake by plants, via ______________________ _________________ by bacteria 4. _________________ can only use _____________ nitrogen compounds

1. Component of amino acids, protein, nucleic acids 2. Atmosphere is main nitrogen (N2) reservoir 3. N2 must be converted to NH4 or NO3 for uptake by plants, via nitrogen fixation by bacteria 4. Animals can only use organic nitrogen compounds, Bacteria can use NO2

1. What impact can climate change have on life cycles of plants and animals? 2. Impact of Climate change

1. Decrease reproduction rates because there are longer hot seasons than cold months 2. Habitat loss: Rising temperatures affect vegetation, food sources, access to water and much more - Warm air holds more moisture, which results in more extreme precipitation events - Massive global permafrost melt underway (Increase emission of CO2, methane, nitrous oxide)

Identify which are dependent & independent of population density.

1. Dependent - Limiting factor: any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence of organisms in a specific environment - Density dependent factors are limiting only when population density reaches a certain level - Does not affect small, scattered populations - Example: Examples: Intrinsic factors, territoriality, predation, disease, competition for resources, toxic wastes 2. Factors that affect populations regardless of population size - Examples (tend to push growth into exponential model) - Unusual weather (draught, hurricanes) - Season cycles - Human activities (damming rivers, forest cutting)

Three outcomes of natural selections

1. Directional Selection: Shifts the overall makeup of a population by favoring of 1 specific phenotype (Dark grey mice) 2. Disruptive Selection: Leads to a balance between 2 or more contrasting phenotypes in a population (White and Dark Grey mice) 3. Stabilizing Selection: Fairs intermediate phenotypes (Light Grey mice)

List factors that would affect population size 1. Exponential Growth 2. Logistic Growth S-shaped growth curve - Carrying Capacity

1. Exponential Growth (J shape curve): Genetically determine maximum population growth under ideal environmental; conditions - sufficient food supply, no predators, and a lack of disease 2. Carrying Capacity: maximum population size that the environment can sustain - # of individuals a habitat can sustain and is set by density dependent limiting factors - Why can't all populations grow exponentially? Limiting factor (nearest minimum) - Growth rate decreases as population size approaches carrying capacity

4 Mechanisms of Evolution: 1. Natural Selection 2. What three Tenets required for natural selection to occur? 3. Sexual Selection 4. Artificial Selection

1. Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving & reproducing will leave more offspring than other individuals 2. Tenets of Natural Selection: - Individuals don't evolve, populations do - Genetic variation exits in population (heritable) - Variation causes differential survival and reproduction in individuals (favorable at one place/time, may be useless in another) 3. Sexual Selection - High quality males: non random mating favors certain alleles = shift in population allele frequencies - Low quality males: Choosy mates. Mate sooner but Killed by humans 4. Artificial (Selective Breeding, when man makes selection) - Crops/Agriculture - Domestic animals

What is the relationship between life histories and survivorship curves?

1. Opportunistic life history - Take advantage of favorable conditions - Short maturation time - Short lifespan - R-selection strategy 2. Equilibrial life history - Develop and reach sexual maturity slowly - K-selection strategy - Typically larger bodied and longer lived

Carbon Cycling 1. Plants/bacteria remove CO2 from the atmosphere via ______________________ and incorporate it into organic molecules (carb, lipid, proteins, nucleic acids) 2. During _________________________, animals breathe in O2 and break down organic molecules, returning CO2 to the atmosphere 3. When plants/animals die, ___________________ break down organic molecules and return carbon to the atmosphere and soil 4. What reservoir is the major biotic sink (storage location) for atmospheric CO2? ___________________ 5. Primary abiotic sinks (reservoirs) for the carbon cycle______________________

1. Photosynthesis 2. Cellular respiration 3. decomposition 4. The ocean 5. Carbon Cycles - Fast: primarily carbon moving between atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere - Slow: deep storage moving on timescales

Consumer-Resource Interactions: 1. Which modes of feeding kill the victim? ____________ has many victims per consumer Which modes of feeding usually do NOT kill the victim? 2. while ______________ has one victim per consumer. Which modes of feeding usually do NOT kill the victim? 3. Parasite 4. Parasitoid

1. Predator has many victims per consumer while - Grazer, Browser, Lickers, Suckers 2. Parasitoid have on victim per consumer - Parasite and pathogens 3.Parasite: organism that lives in or on another species (host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the others expense, resulting in death of the host 4. Parasitoid: Insect whose larvae live as parasites that eventually kill their hosts (typically other insects)

Hypotheses must have three characteristics for science to be able to evaluate it

1. Quantifiable/testable 2. Falsifiable 3. Deal with the natural world

List and Describe the Reproductive Strategies in terms of Number of Offspring versus (How Often an organism reproduces?) 1. Semelparity 2. Iteeroparity 3. Examples

1. Semelparity One Shot pattern: Single massive reproductive opportunity before death 2. Iteroparity Repeated reproduction: multiple opportunities over lifespan Examples: - Leaves of the agave plant are visible at the base of the giant flowering stalk, which is produced only at the end of the agave's life (Semelparity) - One bur oak tree can produce thousands of acorns per year over many decades (Iteroparity)

Mutual or sexual Reproduction 1. Shuffles existing alleles 2. Creates new alleles 3. Ultimate source of variation 4. Variation results from meiosis 5. Variation increases due to fertilization

1. Sexual 2. Mutation 3. Mutation 4. Sexual 5. Sexual

Energy pyramids usually do not have more than _________ levels. Why? What would happen to ecosystems without a continuous input of energy? Why does it take the same amount of photosynthetic productivity to produce 10 kg of corn as 1 kg of bacon?

1. There are no more than four trophic levels because energy and biomass decrease from lower to higher levels 2. Energy is not recycled in ecosystems and each ecosystem requires a continuous input of energy to sustain it. There is some energy transformed at each level of the food chain. Theres continual loss of energy due to metabolic activity puts limits on how much energy is available to higher trophic levels 3. The photosynthetic productivity to produce 10 kilograms of corn (Autotroph) would lose energy when consumed by a pig (Heterotroph). Resulting in the same energy producing less in the form of 1 kilogram of bacon

Critical abiotic factors that affect the distribution of life include:

Air, temperature, salinity, soil, water, light, minerals, pH, humidity

Allopatric Speciation - Examples

Allopatric Speciation: geographic barrier separates two populations which then evolve on separate paths over time Chimpanzee Pan, Bonobo Pan separated by congo river

Types of Polyploidy - Allopolyploids

Allopolyploids: Two different species sexually reproduce and the hybrid offspring undergo asexual reproduction and form a new species - Have more than two sets of chromosomes, derived from different species - Chromosomes from different species do not pair during meiosis resulting in hybrid sterility (Sterile cant reproduce asexually) - Formed if chromosome number doubles in subsequent generations (cant interbreed with parent species, the diploid number of the new allopolyploid species equals sun of the diploid number of both parents)

Distinguish between homologous and analogous characteristics and their correlation to divergent versus convergent evolution

Analogous Structures Different core structure, similar functions Features that perform similar functions, but are not derived from the same structures and do not share close common ancestry Homologous Same Core elements, different function Both Have common ancestor; organisms with analogous structures are much more distantly related than those with homologous structures

What are biodiversity Hotspots?

Areas with a large number of endangered and threatened species and a high concentration of endemic species Primary focus of conservation and restoration biology

How does an ecosystem's carrying capacity affect the growth model that a population follows?

As the population gets larger and approaches the environment's carrying capacity, resources become more scarce and the growth rate slows. This leads to the logistic growth model's characteristic S-shaped curve - increasing most rapidly at 50% carrying capacity

Types of Polyploidy - Autopolyploids

Autopolyploids: new spaces arise through meiotic error that forms polyploidy gametes that asexually reproduce - Have more than two sets of chromosomes, all derived from single species - Mitotic Errors: tetraploid (4n) cell from diploid (2n) cell - OR Fertile offsprings (4n) can be produced through self-relaxation/mating with tetraploids

Domains of Life (3)

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Biotic Factors

Bacteria, fungi, plants, archaea, animals, protists

Explain Biogeography and how the formation and breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea is consistent with the fossil record and modern species dispersion

Biogeography - geographic distributions of species by continental drift Pangaea: Species in nearby geographic areas resemble each other - Formed at end of Paleozoic Era & Destroyed habitat, Brought species together (competition) Broke up during Mid-Mesozoic Era - Geographic isolation - Different environmental pressures = new species

Carbon Source Carbon Sink

Carbon Source - Processes that release CO2 to the atmosphere• Carbon Sink - anything that absorbs more carbon than it releases as carbon dioxide

Draw and label the two general types of growth models (worksheet)

Chapter 6

Define Community:

Communities are gatherings of different populations that live together in a defined area - Facilitates interactions

Controlled Experiment Control Group Experimental Group Dependent Variable Independent Variable Deductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning

Controlled Experiment: all variables other than the independent variable are controlled and don't effect independent variable Control Group: Group separated from the rest of the experiment, where the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results Experimental Group: group that receives the variable being tested in an experiment Dependent Variable: the variable being tested in a scientific experiment Independent Variable: variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment Deductive Reasoning: process of using logic to draw conclusions from given facts, definitions and properties. Inductive Reasoning: process of reasoning that a rule or statement is true because specific cases are true (Specific observation -> generalization)

Predict Human Effects on the Water Cycle

Deforestation: decreased transpiration by trees -> decreased water vapor in air Pumping ground water for irrigation: increased evaporation over land and depleted ground water Global warming: increased ocean temperatures ->> increased evaporation -> more extreme weather patterns

How can we use population ecology principles to manage natural resources?

Ecological footprint - Aggregate land and water area required by each person, city, or nation to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb all the waste ot generates

A biologist studying the availability of nitrogen for plants that grow in the Serengeti plains is an example of which level of ecology?________________________________

Ecosystem

A species is _____________________ if it is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. A species is _____________________ if it is likely to become _____________________ within the foreseeable future.

Endangered Threatened; endangered

______________________ flow(s) primarily in one direction through an ecosystem, while ______________________ is/are recycled in the ecosystem and/or the biosphere.

Energy Flows Nitrogen, carbon, and energy

Major sources of greenhouse gas emissions

Ex. Water, CO2, methane, N2O, O3 Human activities including land use change, (agriculture, deforestation), fossil fuel use (coil, oil, natural gas), and cement production are known to release CO2 and GHG

Describe the fossil record - Radiometric dating - Carbon dating - K-Ar Dating

Fossils: Direct line of evidence Shows patterns of change that are consistent worldwide, oldest to newest Radiometric Dating Age of ash is determined by radioactive decay: Radioactive elements decay into other elements at a constant rate Carbon Dating: Measures ratios of carbon-12 and carbon-14 in the fossils Used for relatively young fossils 75 thousand years K-Ar Dating Measures fossil age by dating layers of volcanic rock above and below sedimentary layer containing the fossil Indirect and inferential Decay Half Life: 1.25 Million Years

Endemic Species

Found in certain geographic location and nowhere else Ex. Marine iguanas in Galapagos

Briefly describe the Greenhouse Effect Role of CO2 as a greenhouse gas

GHG presence provides insulation Some sunlight that hits earth is reflected and some becomes heat. CO2 and other gases in atmosphere trap the heat which keeps the earth warm

List the Properties of Life

Genus and Species

Gross vs Net production

Gross includes total consumption Net is only what converted to biomass and it therefore available to the next trophic level

Biological Species Concept (BSC)

Group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring Gene flow between populations holds a species together genetically

There are 8 reproductive barriers (5 prezygotic, 3 postzygotic) Prezygotic Barriers: - Habitat - Temporal - Behavioral - Mechanical - Gametic

Habitat Isolation: organisms occupy different habitat and do not encounter each other - Red legged frogs breed in fast moving streams. Bullfrogs breed in still water ponds Temporal Isolation: Different breeding seasons/times - Orchids release pollen at different times Behavioral Isolation: Courtship rituals enable mate recognition - Female Fireflies only respond to male fireflies who flash a certain pattern of light Mechanical Isolation: Morphological differences prevent successful copulation (part A does not fit in Part B) Gametic Isolation: egg and sperm are not chemically compatible or chromosome numbers are different

Describe heterozygous advantage:

Higher relative Fitness Example: (Sickle Cell trait gives advantage) Sickle Cell Allele: under stressed state, hemoglobin cause red blood cells to take a sickled shape

How can we use population ecology principles to save endangered species?

Hunting, deforestation, elephant tusks

What is the difference between punctuated vs gradual models of speciation?

In the gradual speciation model, species diverge gradually over time in small steps. In the punctuated equilibrium model, a new species changes quickly from the parent species and then remains largely unchanged for long periods of time afterward

What are the Tenets of Natural Selection? (3)

Individuals do not evolve - populations do Genetic variation exists in a population, variation is heritable Variation causes differential survival and reproduction in individuals, variation that is favorable in one place and time may be useless in another time

Levels of Ecology

Levels of Ecology Organismal: how organisms structure, physiology, and behavior meet environmental challenges Population: factors affecting population size over time Community: effect of interspecific interactions on community structure and organization Ecosystem: energy flow and chemical cycling between organism and the environment Landscape: exchanges of energy materials and organism across ecosystems Global: influences of energy and materials on organisms across biosphere

What is "Descent with Modification" and how does this relate to the Unity and Diversity of Life?

Life changed over time mostly by process and natural selection

Ch.2 List the key points of evolution seen through Direct Observation

Life span has to be significantly shorter than humans 1. Natural Selection is a process of editing 2. In species that produce new generations in short periods of time, evolution by natural selection can occur rapidly 3. Natural Selection depends on time and place

Identify characteristics of the two life history patterns using the table below Opportunistic OR Equilibrial - Life history pattern - Time to maturation - Life Span - Number of offspring - Timing of first reproduction - Amount of parental care

Look at graph chapter 6 Opportunistic: - Short, short, many, early, little to none Equilibrial - Long, long, few, later, extensive

Ch. 3 Microevolution Macroevolution

Microevolution: Small changes (alleles) Macroevolution: Large changes (speciation)

4 Mechanisms of Evolution: 1. Gene Flow

Movement of genes between populations, Migration

Why is variation important in a population? - Mutation (3) - Binary Fission - Asexual reproduction - Sexual Reproduction (Meiosis) (4)

Mutation: spontaneous change in DNA - Creates new alleles - Ultimate source of all genetic variation - Rapid Reproduction Rates Binary Fission: Cell division in prokaryotic cells Asexual reproduction: one cell divides into two identical daughter cells Sexual Reproduction (Meiosis) - Shuffles alleles already present in population - Crossing over - Independent assortment - Fertilization

List the five conditions necessary for a population to remain in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

No mutations: gene pool is modified, or entire genes get deleted/duplicated Random Mating (Sexual Selection) No natural selection Extremely Large population sizes: In small population allele frequencies fluctuate by chance over time (genetic drift) No gene flow ( by moving alleles into or out of populations fe can alter allele frequencies)

Define Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium:

Non-evolving population that is in genetic equilibrium Allele frequencies remain Constant

Ch. 7 What is population density? What is Population Ecology?

Number of individuals of a species per unit area volume of the habitat Concerned with changes in population size and the factors that regular populations over time

Describe convergent evolution and the evidence that supports it

Occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar (analogous) adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages Ex. Sugar Glider vs Flying Squirrel

1. List the taxonomic units for naming organisms in order from most to least inclusive: 2. Cladistics is a way of grouping organisms by _______________________ 3. A Clade is an ancestral species and all its _________________________ 4. A Phylogenetic Tree:

Phylogenetic Trees: Depict hypotheses about a species evolutionary history using cladistics Branching diagram shows evolutionary history of group of organisms Cladistics: Group organisms by common ancestry Clade: Group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all descendant of that ancestor

Sympatric Speciation Polyploidy

Polyploidy - Accidents during cell division cause polyploidy, presence of extra sets of chromosomes - Can form a new species within a single generation without geographic separation - Common in plants, rare in animals

A ____________________ is the smallest unit of evolution. Why? How do you define this unit?

Population Group of individuals, same species, live in same area, and interbreed Evolves over time as adaptive traits become more common in the group

- Population density determined by? - Clumped? - Uniform? - Random?

Population density determined by: - Number of individuals per unit - Usually impossible to simply count entire populations - Various sampling techniques to make estimates (most accurate by sampling plots, homogenous habitats) Clumped: Individuals aggregate in patches. Most common pattern - Influenced by: Resource availability, mating behavior, group defense against predators Uniform: Evenly spaced patterns - Result from direct interactions between individuals - Includes territoriality Random: lack of strong attractions or repulsions

Why is it important to look at population growth rates?

Population is determined by intrinsic rate of natural increase r Intrinsic rate of natural increase - (Instantaneous per capita birth rate, b, minus the Instantaneous per capita death rate, d)

Water Cycle Globally, the greatest amount of water movement occurs via ___________________ over the oceans On land, the amount of precipitation exceeds the amount of ____________________, the process by which plants carry water from soil to their leaves, where a portion evaporates Surface water and ground water return to the _________________, completing the cycle How do plants remove water from the water cycle?

Precipitation over the oceans the amount of precipitation exceeds the amount of Evapotranspiration land surface, into rivers, and into the oceans Transpiration occurs when plants take up liquid water from the soil and release water vapor into the air from their leaves

Postzygotic Barriers:

Reduced Hybrid Viability: Hybrids don't survive long enough to reproduce - Hybrid: offspring of two different species Reduced Hybrid Fertility: Hybrids are sterile (cant reproduce) - Donkey + Horse = Mule Hybrid Breakdown: Hybrids can reproduce, but their offspring cant

What are the components of biodiversity?

Refers to the variety ad variability of life of earth Sum total of genetic, functional, taxonomic, phylogenetic, and ecological diversity found in that area (habitat, legion, continent, biosphere)

What is r-selection vs K-selection?

Reproductive Strategies: Variation in number of offspring R-selection: species tat produce many "cheap" offspring and live in unstable environments K-selection: species that produce few "expensive" offspring and live in stable environments

(2) Why does biodiversity matter?

Resiliency Healthy ecosystems provide resources, such as water, wood, food services Ecosystem Services: nutrient recycling, erosion prevention, pest control, crop pollination

Define Homology:

Same core elements, different function (natural selection acts on what already exists) Example: Even though adapted for different functions, the forelimbs of all mammals are constructed from the same basic skeletal elements

sympatric speciation - sexual Selection - Meiotic Errors - Habitat Differentiation

Sexual Selection: Gender based competition selects for certain traits Ex. male breeding coloration Meiotic Errors: Speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area Habitat Differentiation: Exploitation of new habitats Flies mate on host plant leading to habitat Apple feeding flies develop faster leaving to temporal isolation

What is a Hybrid Zone?

Speciation - Preventing Gene Flow Region in which members of different species meet and mate, producing at least some offspring of mixed ancestry Leads to morphologically an ecological distinct species

1. Species Diversity 2. Components - 3. Species Richness - 4. Species Evenness

Species diversity is a measure of the number and abundance of each species living in a particular area Components 1. Species richness: Number of different species represented in an ecological community, landscape or region 2. Species Evenness (Relative Abundance): Measure of the relative abundance of the different species making up the richness of an area

What impact can climate change have on species distribution and interaction?

Species sensitive to temperature change move or disappear as a result of increasing temperature Impacts on disease transmission

What makes a species follow a certain type of survivorship curve? Provide an example of a species for each curve. Type I: Type II: Type III:

Survivorship Curves plot the percentage of individuals still that are likely to survive to a given age Type 1: most individuals survive to older age intervals Type 2: Similar death rates at all ages Type 3: low survivorship at early age intervals

Sympatric Speciation: Factors that reduce Gene Flow in Sympatric Speciation

Sympatric Speciation - Meiotic Errors: Speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area Less common that allopatric Occurs if gene flow is reduced by: polyploidy, sexual selection, habitat differentiation

Explain how the Tilt of the Earth and its rotations around its axis and the sun cause Earth's climates:

TILT of earth determines how much solar energy and area receives Hotter at low latitudes Tilt and rotation of the earth determine terrestrial climate patterns macroclimates

How are systematics, phylogeny and taxonomy related?

Taxonomy: (Classification) Identification, Naming, & Classification of Biological organisms Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum: Most Inclusive Kingdom Domain Systematics: Classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships Phylogeny (Evolutionary history)

Define "transitional fossils" and identify examples

Transitional Species: Transition between fish and land vertebrates Cetaceans once walked on legs, closely related to even toed ungulates

In what ways does population ecology combat extinction? (3)

Used to determine status and therefore provide protection under the US endanger species act Used to determine best methods of protection Used to determine sustainable harvesting rates

What is mountain effect?

When air reaches the mountains, it is forced to rise over this barrier. As the air moves up the windward side of a mountain, it cools, and the volume decreases. As a result, humidity increases and orographic clouds and precipitation can develop

What is the gene pool?

all the alleles for all genes in all members of a population Diploid species: 2 alleles for a gene (homozygous/heterozygous)

What is the Tentative Nature of Science?

although reliable and durable, scientific knowledge is neither static nor definitive. Rather it is subject to change in the light of new evidence or interpretation of existing evidence.

Create Phylogenetic tree This is great review exercise to reinforce your understanding of the categories of evolution. We will not accomplish in class. While watching the video, Evolution of the Stickleback Fish, identify and write down an example of each category of evolutionary evidence. https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=hhmi+stickleback+fish+evolution&qpvt=hhmi+stickleback+fish+evolution&view=detail&mid=5F2BD5846A8EF3C4728D5F2BD5846A8EF3C4728D&&FORM=VRDGAR

ch 2 activity

Why do we see a different distribution of vegetation on the north vs. south slopes?

due to the different ecological adaptation of plant species on these contrasting slopes.

Organisms with ___ genetic diversity and ______ lifespans are likely to suffer the most in a rapidly changing climate. Why?

low..long This is because if a species can't adapt to the environment in a short amount of time the species will suffer and not be able to survive.

Generally, what is required for a species to diverge into 2 separate species?

occur by natural selection or by random chance (i.e., genetic drift), and in both cases result in reproductive isolation.

List one biotic and one abiotic factor in the scenario above: Biotic___________________ Abiotic__________________

plants Nitrogen

Speciation

process by which one species splits into two or more species

Define the following examples as directional, disruptive, or stabilizing selection: Tiger cubs usually weigh 2-3 lbs. at birth Two butterflies of the same species with different colored wings are both distasteful to birds Brightly colored birds mate more frequently than drab birds of the same species Fossil evidence of horse size increasing over time

stabilizing Disruptive Sexual Selection Directional