Bio Chapter 12 Homework

What provides variation in a population?

Random Mutations

In the process of natural selection, what is selection?

The environmental change that eliminates the less fit individuals

How do bacterial mutations make bacteria resistant to antibiotics?

The mutation either disables or counteracts the antibiotic so the bacteria can live in the presence of antibiotics.

What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps?

The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.

In the video, what does the UK's Chief Medical Officer suggest for promoting the development of new antibiotics?

encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development

On average, how much larger was bill depth in this population in 1978 compared to 1976?

0.7 mm

In the high-alcohol environment, individual flies who carried the fast-processing allele had higher fitness than those who did not carry it. What does that mean?

Flies with the fast-processing allele were more likely to survive and reproduce than the flies without the allele.

Why is combination drug therapy used to treat certain diseases?

A greater number of genetic changes are required for resistance to develop if a greater number of drugs are used.

No two species of anoles lizards living in the same geographical location have dewlaps of the same size, shape or color. Why?

-Dewlap color is under strong selection. Dew laps that contrast with a lizard's environment are more effective for communication. -Female anole lizards distinguish males of their own species from males of other species by their dewlaps. -Male anole lizards use dewlaps to court females. -Differences in dewlaps keep different anole species reproductively isolated, even when they live together.

Which of the following statements are supported by the data in this graph?

-Natural Selection resulted in a change in average bill depth in this population between 1976 and 1978. -The population size after the drought was less than 1414 of the population size before the drought. -In this population, the finches with larger bills had greater fitness than those with smaller bills.

What observations and evidence have Jonathan Losos and his colleagues gathered to support the theory of natural selection?

-On each of the four large Caribbean islands, Losos observed the same distribution of anole lizard body types. -DNA evidence suggests that the different lizard body types (twig, grass, etc.) evolved independently on each of the four large Caribbean islands. -When Losos and colleagues transplanted tree-dwelling anoles to small, hurricane-scrubbed islands without trees, the lizards evolved to have shorter legs after only a few generations.

Jonathan Losos and colleagues conducted experiments on small, hurricane-swept islands as "natural laboratories." Which of the following statements is true?

-There are many small islands with similar environments, meaning that researchers can repeat their experiments and observations in several locations. -Natural selection can lead to rapid changes. The average leg length of lizard populations decreased within a few generations. -Islands scrubbed by hurricanes allow researchers to introduce new lizard populations and observe their evolution.

Which situation could lead to evolution in a plant population?

A drought

In the projected video showing the growth of bacteria, why did the bacteria grow up to the edge of the area with antibiotics, pause, then continue to grow across the area with antibiotics?

A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present.

What situation ensures that natural selection will change a population significantly?

A large number of individuals who are not fit must be eliminated from the population without reproducing.

Why have public health officials once again become very concerned about tuberculosis in the 21stcentury?

Antibiotic-resistant strains of tuberculosis are on the rise.

Which of the following correctly describes what the video referred to as a "microbial cure"?

Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person

Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection?

Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.

Snakes are reptiles. Most reptiles have limbs. What relationship probably exists between snakes and limbed reptiles?

Being legless offered an advantage in one environment that allowed snakes to evolve from limbed reptiles.

When Darwin was developing his ideas about natural selection, in what area did he have a limited understanding?

Darwin lacked an understanding about how variation was passed on to offspring.

DNA evidence suggests that anole lizard species from the four largest Caribbean islands are related as shown in the figure. Which statement is true?

Different body types evolved repeatedly and independently on each island.

What is the most important characteristic of anole lizard species that keeps members of one species from mating with members of another species?

Different species living in the same habitat have different dewlaps.

What type of selection would occur if pollinators preferred red flowers over pink or white flowers?

Directional selection

Why are misunderstandings of how natural selection works so common?

Incorrect analogies are used in business or social situations.

Which of the following is an example of an adaptation in anole lizards?

Long legs in the anole lizards that live primarily on the ground and tree trucks.

Evolution of shorter legs in anole lizards placed on small, hurricane-scrubbed islands is an example of which type of evolution?

Microevolution

A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic?

Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.

Small lizards have difficulty defending their territory, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which type of selection would act on body size in these lizards under these conditions?

Stabilizing selection

How would evolutionary biologists define the fitness of an organism?

The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce

Which scientific procedures would provide the best evidence for the theory of natural selection?

By comparing a bacterial population exposed to a factor that kills most organisms over many generations with an unexposed population

In a species of snail, dark-shelled individuals are better hidden from bird predators in the shady forest, while light-shelled individuals are better hidden in well-lit brushy edge areas. If there were no areas of intermediate brightness in this habitat,which type of selection would act on shell color in these snails?

Disruptive selection

What mechanism explains the increase in the proportion of flies carrying the allele that increases the rate of alcohol metabolism?

Evolution by natural selection

What is artificial selection?

Selection caused by humans

Which of the following contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance?

taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor