Bio chapter 3

How many liters of water does an average human replace each day by consuming food?

3

Which components form the structure of the plasma membrane?

A double layer of lipids with proteins embedded in it

What high energy molecule is converted from food energy in the mitochondria and used to power cellular reactions?

ATP

What building blocks make up proteins?

Amino acids

Which molecule requires the most ATP to be used for moving across a plasma membrane?

An ion moving against a concentration ingredient

What are the protein pores in the plasma membrane that allow water to enter cells?

Aquaporins

Which food has many branching chains of sugar subunits?

Beans

Which food would contain all essential amino acids?

Beef

Use the figure to answer the following question. Which substance uses a transport protein to pass through a plasma membrane?

Calcium ions

Which group of nutrients includes milk sugar (lactose)?

Carbohydrates

Which macronutrient is the major source of energy for cells?

Carbohydrates

Which cell component has barrel-shaped rings of microtubules to anchor structures and move chromosomes during animal cell division?

Centrioles

Which organelle is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

Chloroplasts

Which organelle performs photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts

What protein fibers help form the framework of structural support for cells?

Cytoskeleton

Inside a eukaryotic cell, what is the watery matrix where the organelles are found?

Cytosol

If sports drinks have a higher solute concentration than blood, what condition may result when you drink them?

Dehydration

What is a deficiency of water in the body?

Dehydration

How would the permeability of the phospholipid bilayer of plasma membranes be described?

Differentially permeable

During diffusion, how do the solute molecules move?

Down a concentration gradient of solute molecules

Extremely small viruses are still too large to enter cells by passive transport. What process brings viruses into a host cell?

Endocytosis

Phagocytic white blood cells digest many of the invasive bacteria that enter the human body. How could a bacterial cell enter a white blood cell to be digested?

Endocytosis

Which type of amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body?

Essential

What type of fatty acids include omega-3 and omega-6?

Essential fatty acids

Which process fuses vesicles with the plasma membrane to move substances out of a cell?

Exocytosis

How would amino acids and calcium ions from the bloodstream move across a plasma membrane?

Facilitated diffusion

Which antioxidant is naturally found in cocoa?

Flavonoid

Why are monosaccharides used by body cells?

For energy production

Imagine a balloon is made from a membrane that's permeable to water but not sugar molecules. How would the balloon be affected if it is filled with a 50% sugar solution and then placed in a beaker of water?

Gets larger as it gains water

Which organelle is a stack of membranous sacs that modifies and sends proteins to proper destinations?

Golgi Apparatus

What function do vitamins have as coenzymes?

Helps it go faster, it helps form the shape of the enzyme, so it will work better

What characteristic applies to the interior of a phospholipid bilayer?

Hydrophobic

Which process does not involve molecules moving across cell membranes?

Induced fit

What happens when the concentration of a solute is equal on both sides of a plasma membrane?

Isotonic, nothing happens at all, net movement in general will stop because its equal on both sides

What happens to excess protein in the body?

It is stored by fat

Why is fiber important for a healthy diet?

It may decrease the risk of certain types of cancers

Imagine a balloon is made from a membrane that's permeable to water but not sugar molecules. How would the concentration of sugar inside the balloon be affected if the balloon is filled with a 50% sugar solution and then placed in a beaker of water?

It will become less concentrated

If a drop of purple dye is added to a water-filled vase of white flowers, how will the purple dye move through the water?

It will move from an area of high concentration of red-colored molecules to an area of low concentration

What is the function of the plasma membrane in a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell?

Its holding it together, isolates the cells content from the external environment

Which organelle contains digestive enzymes that degrade macromolecules?

Lysosomes

What are nutrients that the human body requires in large quantities?

Macronutrients

Why do commercial food manufacturers hydrogenate foods?

Makes an unsaturated fat for saturated

Why are minerals necessary micronutrients?

Minerals provide with growth, bone health, fluid balance and more, we excrete them, our body cannot make it on their own

Which organelle performs cellular respiration?

Mitochondria

Which item has not been tested by the Food and Drug Administration for safety and effectiveness?

Multivitamin

Which problem might result from decreases in a body's normal water level?

Muscle cramps

In which eukaryotic cell structure are ribosomes made?

Nucleolus

What is the compartment in a eukaryotic cell where DNA is stored as chromatin?

Nucleus

What substances provide raw materials or energy needed for growth, maintenance, or repair?

Nutrients, minerals and proteins

If Erin wants to use an unsaturated fat to make a stir fry, which fat should Sam suggest?

Olive oil

What is the type of diffusion in which water moves down a concentration gradient?

Osmosis

How are large substances moved during exocytosis?

Out of the cell

Which process involves the movement of molecules or atoms down a concentration gradient across plasma membranes?

Passive transport

Which food is rich in complex carbohydrates?

Pasta

Cells contain proteins that help transport substances from the exterior to the interior of the cell. Where are these proteins found?

Plasma Membrane

Some antibiotics disrupt bacterial phospholipids. Which cell component would be affected by such antibiotics?

Plasma membrane

What cell structure defines the outer boundary of all cells, separating the cell's contents from its environment?

Plasma membrane

What is a fat with many unsaturated carbons called?

Polyunsaturated

Which essential mineral is provided by a diet rich in whole grains?

Potassium

Why are whole foods better for your health than processed foods?

Processed food does not contain all the vitamins and minerals found in whole foods

What two-word term describes food that has been stripped of most of its nutrients?

Processed foods

What type of molecules, embedded in phospholipid bilayers, transport hydrophilic molecules into or out of the cell?

Proteins

What are the "workbenches" where cell proteins are assembled?

Ribosomes

Which organelle is a network of membranes involved in the production of proteins?

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

What characteristic of a plasma membrane allows certain molecules to pass through while preventing the passage of other molecules?

Semipermeable

Tanya eats a vegan diet, which means that she does not eat any animal products. What would be a good source of calcium for Tanya?

Spinach

What is the liquid interior of the chloroplast called?

Stroma

Carbohydrates provide energy for the body. Why would carbohydrates from an apple be healthier than those from a slice of apple pie?

The apple is healthier because it contains more vitamins, minerals and fiber

Elodea is a freshwater aquatic plant that is often used as aquarium vegetation. How would an Elodea plant be affected by immersion in a saltwater aquarium?

The cells of the plant would shrink as water from the plant moved into the aquarium

Why are unsaturated fats in a liquid state at room temperature?

The molecules tend to be kinked, slide over each other and become a liquid

What is diffusion?

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

In most cases, how does tap water compare with bottled water?

They are both equally clean

What is the purpose of vitamins in the human body?

They help enzymes function properly

Why should you be concerned about the trans-fatty acids common in fast foods?

They increase the incidence of clogged arteries

What is a function of antioxidants?

To decrease damage done to cells by free radicals

How are trans fats different from regular saturated fats?

Trans fats have flattened fatty acids

What membrane-bound structures fuse with plasma membranes during exocytosis or endocytosis?

Vesicles

Which substance is a micronutrient?

Vitamin C

Which vitamin is water soluble and cannot be synthesized by the body?

Vitamin C

Which substance can be synthesized by cells using sunlight?

Vitamin D

Which vitamin could accumulate in the body and become toxic?

Vitamin D

What is a saturated fat?

a high proportion of fatty acid molecules without double bonds, also a solid, considered to be less healthy in the diet than unsaturated fat