BIO Chapter 36

Seasonal changes can be important to reproduction because __________.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following statements about luteinizing hormone (LH) in the female reproductive system is correct?

It promotes the release of the secondary oocyte from the ovary.

The __________ is/are the site of testosterone production in the testis.

Leydig cells

Which of the following structures is incorrectly paired with its function?

Seminiferous tubule - adds fluid containing mucus, fructose, and prostaglandins to semen

Which of the following is the correct path that sperm travel in leaving the body of a human male?

Seminiferous tubule - epididymis - vas deferens - ejaculatory duct - urethra

Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in the development of sperm in the process of spermatogenesis

Spermatogonial stem cell - spermatogonium - primary spermocyte - secondary spermocyte - early spermatid - sperm cell

How does a zygote differ from an ovum?

A zygote has more chromosomes.

Which of the following is a means of sexual reproduction?

Fusion of egg and sperm

During the development of most animals, cleavage leads to __________.

a multicelled blastula

Where do developing sperm cells undergo meiosis?

in the seminiferous tubules

Menstruation results in the discharge of __________

the endometrium

What is the embryonic origin of the lining of the digestive tube?

endoderm

Which part of the male reproductive tract stores sperm as they mature until they exit from the male's body?

epididymis

Which of the following choices correctly lists the four phases of the sexual response cycle in their proper sequence?

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

In spermatogenesis, each primary spermatocyte gives rise to __________ haploid sperm.

four

Pheromones are __________.

generally effective at very low concentrations

The amount of cytoplasm found in an animal egg cell is __________ that found in polar bodies.

greater than

Pregnancy tests detect a hormone in a woman's urine that is present only when an embryo is developing in her uterus. This hormone is secreted by _________

the embryo

The "twofold cost" of sex refers to __________.

the fewer reproductive offspring produced by individuals of species that have two sexes

One difference between the blastula and gastrula stages of development is that __

there is an opening from the cavity inside the gastrula to the outside

Which structure is part of the excretory and reproductive systems in males?

urethra

In the human ovarian cycle, ovulation is triggered by a sharp rise in luteinizing hormone (LH). What is the cause of this sharp rise?

A rise in estradiol from the follicle

How do egg cells enter the oviduct after ovulation?

Ciliary currents bring fluid inside, carrying the egg cell along.

What is an advantage of internal fertilization?

Internal fertilization can occur outside of aquatic or marine habitats.

What is the relationship between Leydig cells and Sertoli cells?

Leydig cells stimulate the production of sperm cells, and Sertoli cells nourish developing sperm.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about sexual reproduction?

Most animals produce offspring by sexual reproduction

Which of the following is a difference between reproduction of humans (and other primates) and all other mammals?

Only humans (and other primates) have menstrual cycles.

In which location does fertilization usually take place in a human female?

Oviduct

After ovulation occurs, the empty follicle __________

changes into the corpus luteum and makes hormones

Which of the following is MISMATCHED?

external fertilization: terrestrial environments

Examples of birth control methods that prevent the production or release of gametes are __________.

hormonal contraception and sterilization

The human female's external reproductive structures are __________.

the clitoris, two sets of labia, and vaginal opening

If a woman wants to become pregnant, what is the optimal day on which to have sexual intercourse?

the day of ovulation, approximately mid-cycle

Certain maternal diseases, drugs, alcohol, and radiation are most dangerous to embryonic development during ___________.

the first three months, when organogenesis is occurring

Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning mating behavior in asexually reproducing species?

Mating behavior is a stimulus that can help to bring about ovulation in asexually reproducing species

Which of the following statements correctly describes how the production of human sperm and eggs differs?

Meiosis is an uninterrupted process in males, whereas in females it resumes when a follicle matures and is only completed when a sperm penetrates the egg.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about parthenogenesis?

Parthenogenesis appears rare in vertebrates.

Which of the following hormones is incorrectly paired with its function?

Prolactin - stimulates breast development at puberty

Which of the following statements about oogenesis and spermatogenesis is correct?

The principal sex hormones in both males and females are steroid hormones.

Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning the cleavage stage of early development?

There is no increase in mass.

Birth control pills contain synthetic estrogen and progesterone. How do these hormones prevent pregnancy

They inhibit the pituitary from secreting FSH and LH, preventing ovulation.

What is the most likely trigger of egg activation?

a rise in Ca2+ concentration

At what point does the secondary oocyte complete meiosis?

after species-specific proteins of sperm and ovum combine

From a single cell, oogenesis in a mammal will produce ______

an egg and two or three polar bodies

A hermaphrodite is __________.

an individual with both male and female reproductive systems

Cell divisions called __________ proceed so rapidly in the developing embryo that there is no growth of the cells between divisions.

cleavage

The development of a zygote into a blastula is called _________

cleavage

The secretory phase of the uterine cycle ___________.

coincides with the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

Which of the following is the best way to reduce the chances of conception and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases?

condom

A hermaphrodite is an animal that __________

contains both male and female reproductive systems in its body

In general, what is the ploidy (n) state of human cells?

diploid except for gametes

An ovarian follicle undergoes several changes during the human female's menstrual cycle. Beginning with the oocyte, which of the following sequences is correct?

follicle development, ovulation, corpus luteum development

Which hormone is produced by the human embryo during the first trimester and is necessary for maintaining a pregnancy?

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

Which part of the human sperm carries a haploid set of chromosomes?

head

Which of the following is NOT a form of asexual reproduction?

hermaphroditism

Which reproductive method is the most prevalent in mammals?

internal fertilization

The ectoderm germ layer gives rise to the __________.

jaws, teeth, and epidermis of the skin

Which stage of development is common in amphibians but not seen in mammals?

metamorphosis

As an animal develops, organs form and the body transforms into a shape typical of the species, in a process called __________.

morphogenesis

During cleavage the single large zygote is converted into a __________

multicellular embryo consisting of smaller cells called blastomeres

In mammals, meiosis to produce the female egg cell is initiated in the __________

ovary

On its way to fertilize a human egg, a sperm cell does not have to pass through which of the following?

ovary

Immediately after ovulation into the coelom, an egg is collected into the __________.

oviduct

After a sperm penetrates an egg, a fertilization envelope forms. This envelope __________

prevents more than one sperm from entering the egg

Individuals clustered in the same area that release their gametes into the water at the same time are engaging in __________.

spawning

In many mammals, the testes are located outside the abdominal cavity within the scrotum because __________

sperm are unable to mature properly at the higher temperatures found within the abdominal cavity

In males, FSH __________

stimulates development of sperm cells in the testes

Concentrations of which hormone stimulate the hypothalamus to increase or decrease hormones that stimulate sperm production in the testes?

testosterone

A sea urchin sperm penetrates the jelly coat of an egg and adheres to receptor proteins on the egg's surface as a result of __________.

the acrosomal reaction