Bio exam 2
Cell types:
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
The rough ER is the site of the production of: - Lipids - Proteins to be exported from the cell - Microtubules - Enzymes to be used in the cytoplasm
Proteins
In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized. - lactate ... NADH - lactate ... ethanol - pyruvate ... NADH - NADH ... lactate - NAD+ ... pyruvate
Pyruvate, NADH; The pyruvate from glycolysis is reduced to either lactate or ethanol, and NADH is oxidized to NAD+.
A spontaneous reactions occurring at 200K and with a 250j (joule) increase in enthalpy can have the following change in entropy? -1.5j -0.5j 0.5j 1.0j 1.5j 2.5j **
****
Other membrane bound structures
**Note that the filaments, microtubules, and ribosomes aren't made of the membrane, which are really just made of protein molecules **These structures coming up are membrane bound but aren't attached through the flow of membrane
Which of the following reactions will always be spontaneous? Enpathy increases, entropy decreases Enthalpy decreases, entropy decreases Enthalpy increases, entropy decreases Enthalpy decreases, entropy increases
*Since this is a spontaneous reaction, the change in free energy will always be negative. DeltaG = DeltaH - TDeltaS + = + -=- *This is what we need. We need delta H to be a neg. = -TDeltaS We know that deltaS needs to be a positive change so it would be -(+) instead of -(-). A reaction in which your enthalpy decreases and entropy increases will always be spontaneous.
Beginning with 1 moleucle of glucose, in the presence of Oxygen , and assuming a normal mitochondrion how many molecules of ATP would be expected to be produced via oxidative level phosphorylation. I am looking for total production, not net production. - 16 - 24 - 34 - 40
- 34
Golgi apparatus
- A series of flattened membrane sacs - Important for packaging and manufacturing of materials that are leaving the cell.
Active permeases; What is it? How does it move molecules? What does it involve? Is it selective?
- Active transport - Moves molecules against their free energy (concentration gradient). They're gonna move from low free energy to high free energy. Or from low concentration to high concentration - Involves Protein carrier - Selective and requires energy (usually ATP)
Cell membrane models
- All cells have a thin outer covering - All cell membranes are alike, ex plasma membrane and cell membrane are the same.
Eukaryotic cells
- All organisms except bacteria and archaea - Feature membrane bound organelles
Enzymes are
- Almost all are proteins - Large globular proteins
What do mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common?
- Both composed of multiple membranes (inner and outer) - Contain DNA and ribosomes - Not part of the general flow of membrane within a cell.
Where do most of the NADH + H+ and all of the FADH2 molecules come from? - Electron transport Chain - Oxygen - Citric Acid Cycle - Glycolysis
- Citric acid cycle
Cell walls: - composed of -How they are a part of the cell
- Composed of carbohydrates - Is a separate entity from the cell; you can remove the contents from the cell and cell membrane and still have a cell wall.
Endocytosis- Exocytosis-
- Endocytosis- Moves material into a cell - Exocytosis- Moves material outside the cell **This is not movement through a membrane, the molecules involved don't have to actually pass through a phospholipid bilayer to be moved into our out of the cell.
Free energy
- Energy that is free and available to do work - The amount of energy that is either released when reactions occur or required for a process or reaction to occur
Which of the following reactions will always be non-spontaneous? - Enthalpy decreases, entropy decreases - Enthaply increases, entropy increases - Enthalpy decreases, entropy increases - Enthaply increases, entropy decreases
- Entropy decreases, enthalpy increasing- If they both increase or decrease, then the magnitude becomes important and we start looking at which one is bigger
How do living systems accomplish this?
- External energy source - Organic catalysts (enzymes)
For FAD, its oxidized form is _________ with no _________. If we add two hydrogens to it, we get_________. The reduced forms at the end both contain _________ energy than the oxidized forms. What does this look like in an equation?
- FAD - Charge -FADH2 -FADH2 -FAD + 2H <---------> FADH2 ( OX <-----------> RE)
Passive; what is it? What does it involve? How does it move molecules? (hint: gradient)
- Facilitated diffusion -Moves molecules down their free energy gradient or down their concentration gradient. From high free energy to low free energy or high concentration to low concentration -Involves some sort of protein carrier or protein channel.
cellular respiration glucose and oxygen formula
- Glucose + O2 ---> CO2 +H2O + energy -When we convert glucose and oxygen into CO2 and water, and that releases energy, it releases about -686 kcal/mol -**Note that there's a tremendous amount of energy here that's being released and we're trying to capture that in a relatively small for of energy, in the form of ATP. If we did this all in one big step it would release all this energy and it would be very hard to capture it. So we break down the molecule slowly and release energy in small bits so we can capture it.
Which molecule is metabolized in a cell to produce energy "currency" in the form of ATP? - Glucose - ADP - Phosphate - Carbon dioxide
- Glucose; glucose is used to produce high-energy ATP in a cell.
If the flow of electrons along the ETC releases the energy that is used to pump (active transport) hydrogen ions is the flow from one cytochrome to another energetically uphill or downhill? - Uphill - Downhill
- Has to be downhill bc that's the only way they can be releasing energy to do something else. - Look at picture of this. You'll see that it's a constant downhill for each step
Terminology of solutions: Hypertonic: Isotonic: Hypotonic:
- Hypertonic: More concentrated - Isotonic: Equal concentration - Hypotonic: Less concentrated *Remember that all these terms are relative; a hypertonic solution can only be hypertonic in comparison to something else. These are not absolute terms.
Where does hydrogen ion gradient come from?
- It comes from active transport of hydrogen ions powered by the flow of electrons along the ETC (electron transport chain) - This is an active transport mechanism, we're moving H ions from the matrix back into the space b/w the two membranes, which is low concentration to high or low free energy to high free energy, so we must have energy for that and that comes from the electrons flowing through electron transport chain - Involves redox reactions. The electron transport chain is really just a long chain of redox reactions
Cellular respiration
- It's the breakdown of glucose that's going to release energy and we're going to capture that energy in the form of ATP -ADP + P + energy --> ATP (To convert ADP and phosphate into ATP, that requires energy, about 7.3 kcal/mol)
Functional properties of osmosis:
- Maintain concentrations of molecules and ions - Create free energy gradients - Orient molecules into functional complexes.
Functional properties of membranes
- Maintain concentrations of molecules and ions. This means that the membrane allows things inside the cell to stay inside, prevents things on the outside from coming in, and sometimes even used to concentrate things - Create free energy gradients - Orient molecules into functional complexes - Membrane permeability
- Permeases def: - Categorized by energy use; 2 types:
- Membrane bound proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the membrane - Passive; use no energy - Active; use energy
Exocytosis
- Membrane bound vesicles fuse with cell membrane and expel contents outside the cell - SWEAT
In a respiring mitochondrion the lowest hydrogen ion concentration would be expected to be found in the: - Mitochondiral membrane space - Mitochondrial matrix
- Mitochondrion matrix
Permeases: What molecules use this?
- Molecules that are not permeable or that move very slowly. Some transport molecule will have to help them move. - Large and charged molecules
The redox reactions that we're really going to be concerned about when we talk about cellular respiration are the ones that involve _____________ and _______
- NAD - FAD
NAD in its oxidized form is ________ and if we add two hydrogens to it, we get NADH + a proton that is _________. What does this look like in an equation?
- NAD^+ -NADH + H^+. -NAD^+ + 2H <---> NADH + H^+ ( OX <-----------> RE)
Endoplasmic reticulum
- Network of membrane within the cytoplasm. - Rough ER, with ribosomes. The membrane has ribosomes - Smooth ER; the membrane has no ribosomes associated with it
A molecule which is bound to a site other than the active site of an enzyme and causes a decrease in the rate of the reaction would be best described as a - Co-factor - Competitive inhibitor - Co-enzyme - Allosteric activator - Non-competitive inhibitor
- Non-competative inhibitor
A spontaneous reaction occurring at 100k and with a 250Kcal increase in enthalpy must have the following charge in entropy? -2.5 Kcal -0.5 Kcal 1.0 Kcal 2.0 Kcal 3.5 Kcal
- Note that this is a spontaneous reactions, so we know that the delta G in the end will be negative. The change in enthalpy is pos (+250). - = 250-(100xChange in entropy) - We can rule out the first few because they're negative. - 250-(100xChange in entropy), look at options and plug them in - Try 3rd, 1. 1x100 = 100 and 250 -100 is 150, its still a pos number so it cant be this. Same for 2, it would be 250 -200 = pos 50 so that can't work. Must be the last one. - 250-350 =-100, BINGO! It's the last
Redox reactions
- One important set of reactions in the energy transformations that take place, both when we talk about cellular respiration and when we talk about photosynthesis are redox reactions
Enzyme Function
- Organic catalysts - Speed up the reaction but are not used up during the reaction - They're highly specific. A particular enzyme molecule will only catalyze a specific reaction
What does rough ER do? What is produced there?
- Produces proteins that are going to be exported from the cell -Area where new membrane is produced
Prokaryotic cells; Eukaryotic cells;
- Prokaryotic cells; cells which don't have a true nucleus. No membrane bound organelles - Eukaryotic cells; Cells with a true nucleus. Has membrane bound organelles
Enzymes: Almost all are______ Exception is:
- Proteins - Catalytic RNAS ribozymes (not proteins)
What does reduction do? Oxidation?
- Reduction adds energy to the molecule - oxidation reduces energy. **These two must occur together! So they were given a single name
Where does the energy required for ATP synthesis come from?
- Remember that the synthesis of ATP that is converting ADP and Phosphate into ATP, this process is endergonic. It requires 7.3 k/cal per mole and in order for this reaction to happen, we must have an energy source - The energy comes from hydrogen ions or protons as they're passing through the membrane. They're going from a place of high concentration and so therefore high free energy into an area with lower free energy. So the protons are giving off the difference in energy, and this is what's used to make ATP
Chloroplasts: - Site of one type of has what for storage ____fruits and flowers
- Site of photosynthesis - Are one type of plastid - Leucoplasts; storage - Chromoplasts, fruits and flowers
Membrane permeability; what does it depend on?
- Size and shape of molecules - Solubility in lipids. Since the basic component of cell membrane is phospholipid bilayer, molecules that are soluble in lipids are soluble through cell membrane and those which are not lipid soluble are not permeable to the cell membrane - Net electric charge; charged molecules tend to not move through cell membrane. Non polar molecules tend to be permeable - Other chemical properties *Remember that water is always freely permeable
Why do we have membranes? Structure; Function;
- Structure; to keep all the organelles inside - Function; it controls a lot of things that happen in the cell
Fluid Mosaic model
- The most up to date model we have of cell membrane structure - There is a phospholipid bilayer with a mosaic of associated proteins **Look on paper
How many molecules of ATP are you getting per one molecule of Glucose in the presence of oxygen?
40, I think. He took a really long time to get there. IDK took pic of it
Osmosis
- The net movement of water across or through a semi-permeable membrane -Notice how it says net movement. We have to have more water molecules moving in one direction than I have moving in another. Remember, water molecules are always freely permeable and therefore are always moving across the membrane. The real question is, do I have more going one way than I have going the other. The second part is that the membrane through which they're passing must be semipermeable; permeable some things, but not to others. It must be permeable to one or more of the solutes, or at least to something else. **On paper
Ribosomes
- The sites of protein synthesis - Free in the cytoplasm or loosely attached to the ER
Induced fit model
- The substrate binds to the active site - This alters the shape of the enzyme - Creating a fit that promotes the reaction
Cell adhesion: Animals - Tight junctions, - Gap junctions;
- Tight junctions, intermediary junctions, desmosomes - Gap junctions; Similar to plasmodesmata (cytoplasmic connections)
You introduce cyanide to an actively respiring mitochondrion. Cyanide blocks the transfer of electrons from the last cytochrome in the ETC to Oxygen. Based on your understanding of cellular respiration would the following statements be true or false? The pumping of Hydrogen ions from the matrix to the space between the mitochondrial membranes would decrease. - True - False
- True
Oxidative level phosphorylation. What does it do? What does it involve? What is the other name for this process?
- Uses the exergonic flow of electrons from food (glucose) to oxygen to drive the endergonic synthesis of ATP - Involves the ETC and ATP synthase - We're actually using the flow of electrons to provide energy to pump the hydrogen ions from the matrix into the inter-membrane space, and then use the protons going from the inter-membrane space back into the matrix to provide the energy to drive the endergonic synthesis of ATP - The other name for this process is chemiosmosis
Filaments and microtubules
- Very important for movement and structure - Gross movement: cytokinesis - Internal movement: chromosomes, vesicles - Responsible for determining the shape of the cell, through the cytoskeleton - Cilia/flagella: *In E cells, not P. The P cilia and flagella have completely different structure
Lysosome
- Vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes; enzymes that are involved in hydrolysis reactions; the reactions that break down the large organic molecules - Digest macromolecules
Which of the following will be non-spontaneous? ?? didn't have question, but have logic
- We know that the delta G for this has to be positive, so we're looking for pos change in free energy. - DeltaG = DeltaH-TDeltaS If change in enthalpy is pos, change in free energy would also be positive. + = + =-(TDeltaS). In order for this whole number to be positive, the change in free energy needs to be a negative b/c a neg times a neg is positive. So we need enthalpy to increase and entropy to decrease.
Where and how is most of the ATP produced in your cells?
- Where: In mitochondrion ATP synthase (an enzyme. We know this cause of the -ase) - How: Chemiosmosis or phosphorylation
The synthesis of ATP is _________ What is the immediate source of this energy? - Glucose - Flow of electrons in ETC - Facilitated Diffusion of Hydrogen ions - Oxygen
- endergonic (requires energy). -Facilitated diffusion of hydrogen ions. Think about what's immediately close to the ATP synthase. Look at image of it
Prokaryotic structures include
- nucleoid; this is the region where bacterial or Archaean chromosome was located. No membrane around it, it's just wherever the chromosome is found - Ribosomes - Mesosome - Flagella * Note that there are no structures in the cell that are surrounded by membrane, what we refer to as membrane bound organelles. Prok cells lack all these, which are found in Euk. Cells. Although this may make the P cells seem quite simple, they're actually capable of carrying out almost all the same functions as an E cell.
NAD and FAD both exist in an ________ form and also exist in a________ form
- oxidized - reduced
Are these structures for structure or function - Cell walls - Cell adhesinos - Cell junctions (like a screw holding membranes together)
- structure - structure - Structure and function. Structure (desmosomomes, tight junctions..) Functional (plasmodesmata, gap junctions). There are cytoplasmatic connections and the cytoplasm can flow freely between the two, and even large molecules are able to diffuse across
Reduction = Oxidation =
- the addition of electrons or hydrogen to a molecule - the removal of electrons or hydrogen from a molecule
Diffusion- What does it move?
- used by molecules that are permeable to the membrane - Small molecules, Lipid soluble molecules
Which of the following reactions will always be spontaneous? Enthalpy decreases, entropy decreases Enthaply increases, entropy increases Enthalpy decreases, entropy increases Enthaply increases, entropy decreases
-Delta G = Delta H = - = - -Anytime there is a decrease in enthalpy and increase in entropy, it will be spontaneous
Substrate level phosphorylation
-We have the direct transfer of phosphate to ADP from an inorganic molecule that already had a high energy phosphate bond, and both a phosphate group and the energy to attach it to ADP to make ATP is coming from that inorganic molecule -We call it substrate level because that organic molecule is one of the substrates to an enzyme that's catalyzing, which is shown below
Based on size and charge which of the following would likely move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly? - Glucose - An amino acid - Starch - Carbon Dioxide - Insulin (a protein)
Carbon dioxide
Cell coat function:
Cell- cell recognition
A cell containing the following structures, ribosomes, plasma membrane and flagella, but without a nucleus, ER, or mitochnodria could be? - Prokaryotic - Eukaryotic - Either procaryotic or eukaryotic
Either
Which stage of glucose metabolism produces the most ATP? - Fermentation of pyruvate to lactate - Glycolysis - Electron transport and chemiosmosis - Krebs cycle
Electron transport and chemiosmosis (oxidative phosphorylation) can yield around 26 molecules of ATP.
Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis? - FADH2 -NADH - pyruvate - ATP
FADH2 is a product of the citric acid cycle.
A reaction involving an increase in Enthalpy and an increase in Entropy will always be? - Spontaneous - Non-Spontaneous - It can be either depending on the exact values
It can be either
White blood cells known as macrophages, consume and digest foreign cells. The organelle involved in digesting the foreign cells is? - ER - Peroxisome - Lysosme - Nucleus - Ribosomes
Lysosome
Where is the majority of a cell's ATP produced? - Nucleus - Cytoplasm - Mitochondria - Ribosomes - Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondria
Other movement into a cell: Vesicle-mediated transport
Moves material into our out of a cell by putting it into a vesicle
Which molecule/s donate electrons to the ETC? (redox reactions) - ATP - ADP - NADH + H+ - Glucose
NADH + H^+
What do the following have in common? - Roundup (weed killer) - Anti bacterial cleaner - Viagra - Aleve
All functionally work by inhibiting the enzymes. If you can figure out how to limit a specific enzyme and nothing else, you will make lots of money
What is fermentation
An alternative to most of the cellular respiration pathway
The ultimate acceptor of all electrons flowing down the electron transport chain is: - Oxygen - Glucose - NADH + H+ - ATP - ADP - Water
Oxygen
To continue to pump Hydrogen ions there must be a continuous flow of electrons along the ETC. What happens to the electrons when they reach the end of the ETC? - They combine with water - They combine with Oxygen - They combine with NAD+ - They combine with ATP
Oxygen. This is the only process in your body that really needs oxygen to do one thig; pull the electrons off the chain
Cell adhesion (glues) - Plants
Pectin (ripe fruit) Lectin
The most abundant lipids in most membranes are - cholesterol - phospholipids - sterols - glycolipids - triglycerides
Phospholipids
What are Prokaryotic cells
Bacteria and archaea
Diffusion:
-Physical property of matter - Individual molecules move randomly, but the net effect is non-random
Non-Spontaneous (regarding energy)
Require free energy (endergonic)
Mitochondria:
Site of cellular respiration
Types of chemical reactions:
Spontaneous Non-spontaneous
Nucleus - surrounded by - contains role
Surrounded by a double membrane w/ pores Contains the chromosomes Central role in cell reproduction
Identify all correct statements about the basic function of fermentation. Select all that apply. - The basic function of fermentation is the production of ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. - The basic function of fermentation is the regeneration of NAD+, which allows continued ATP production by glycolysis. - The basic function of fermentation is the production of additional ATP by further oxidation of the products of glycolysis.
The basic function of fermentation is the regeneration of NAD+, which allows continued ATP production by glycolysis. Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen and does not yeild as much ATP. Read about fermentation
What happens to the electrons at the end of the ETC?
The electrons combine with oxygen and hydrogen ions and make water.**Look at 10:20-11:23
Chemical reactions:
Typically add heat to speed reaction up because it makes the molecules move faster
Substrate is another word for
reactants
**Note that in Redox reactions, every time you oxidize something, something else has to be _______**
reduced
A spontaneous reactions occurring at 200K and with a 250j (joule) increase in enthalpy can have the following change in entropy? -1.5j -0.5j 0.5j 1.0j 1.5j 2.5j **
1.5 and 2.5
Beginning with 10 molecules of pyruvic acid, in the presence of Oxygen , and assuming a normal mitochondrion how many molecules of ATP would be expected to be produced via substrate level phosphorylation. I am looking for total production, not net production. - 1 - 5 - 10 - 20 - 40 - 100
10
chemical reactions are governed by two laws:
1st Law of Thermodynamics- Energy can neither be created nor destroyed only converted from one form to another 2nd Law of Thermodynamics- when converting energy from one form to another, the amount of useful energy decreases Ex: body heat
In cellular respiration, a series of molecules forming an electron transport chain alternately accepts and then donates electrons. What is the advantage of such an electron transport chain? - The advantage of the respiratory electron transport chain is that oxygen is the final electron acceptor. - The advantage of an electron transport chain is that a small amount of energy is released with the transfer of an electron between each pair of intermediates. - The advantage of an electron transport chain is the production of a large number of reduced, high-energy intermediates.
2nd; As the electrons "fall" down the electron transport chain, the energy released is used to actively transport protons into the inner-membrane space. Read about the respiratory electron transport chain.
Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true? - Electrons gain energy as they move down the chain. - NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons to the chain. - The electron transport chain is the first step in cellular respiration. - Water is the last electron acceptor.
2nd; The electrons lose energy as they move down the chain, and this energy is used to create a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP.
Based on your knowledge of cellular respiration, which is the correct ranking the following molecules from highest to lowest in terms of the amount of energy that they contain. Hint: think about the fact that all the reactions in cellular respiration are spontaneous. - Glucose, NADH + H+, ATP, Acetyl-CoA, Pyruvic Acid - Pyruvic Acid, NADH + H+, ATP, Acetyl-CoA, Glucose - Glucose, Pyruvic Acid , Acetyl-CoA, NADH + H+, ATP - ATP, NADH + H+, Acetyl-CoA, Pyruvic Acid, Glucose
3rd
Five dialysis bags, with membranes impermeable to sucrose, were filled with various concentrations of sucrose as follows: Bag #1 = 0.1 M sucrose Bag #2 =0.2 M sucrose Bag #3 = 0.3 M sucrose Bag #4 = 0.4 M sucrose Bag #5 = 0.5 M sucrose The bags were all weighed and then placed in separate beakers each containing an initial concentration of 0.6 M sucrose solution. After 30-minute the bags were removed weighed again and the percent change in mass of each bag was calculated. Which of the following statements would correctly reflect the outcome of this experiment? - All the bags weighed more because they gained sucrose. - All the bags weighed more because they gained water. - All the bags weighed less because they lost water. - All the bags weighed less because they lost sucrose. - All the bags weighed the same as at the start of the experiment.
3rd
Which of the following clues would tell you if a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic? - whether or not the cell contains DNA - the presence or absence of a rigid cell wall - whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes - whether or not the cell carries out cellular metabolism the presence or absence of ribosomes
3rd; Prokaryotic cells lack any internal membranous compartmentalization.
Which one of the following statements about the endomembrane system is correct? - Most of the phospholipids of the endomembrane system are synthesized in the mitochondria. - The endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane. - Mitochondria function in the modification and sorting of lipids and proteins. - Proteins that will be secreted from the cell are likely to be found in closed spaces bounded by membranes of the endomembrane system. - Ribosomes move lipids and proteins among the different organelles of the endomembrane system.
4th
Which statement correctly describes the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell? - The nuclear envelope is a single membrane, consisting of a phospholipid bilayer. - Plasmadesmosomes in the nuclear envelope permit the exchange of macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. - All of the proteins of the cell are synthesized on ribosomes bound on the nuclear envelope. - The nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. - The outer layer of the nuclear envelope is coated with laminin.
4th
Based on the First law of Thermodynamics, in a chemcial reaction if the reactants contain 10 joules of free energy and the products 5 joules, how much energy is released? - 10 joules - 5 - 0 joules - energy is required not released
5! Can't destroy energy, but can give it away
A spontaneous reaction occuring at 250K and with a 2.0Kcal decrease in entropy can have which of the following changes in enthalpy? -600Kcal -250Kcal -100 Kcal
600
Where does the Acetyl-CoA come from? The breakdown of Pyruvic Acid Substrate-level Phosphorylation Fermentation
A! Breakdown of pyruvic acid
During glycolysis alone which of the following molecules is/are required? - ATP - NADH + H+ - Pyruvic Acid - FAD - Acetyl-CoA - ATP
ATP
Where in the mitochondrion is majority of the ATP produced? - Electron Transport Chain - Citric Acid Cycle - ATP Synthase - Matrix - Inter-membrane Space
ATP synthase. Synthesizes ATP—pretty straightforward
Glycolysis results in the production of - NADH + H+ - Pyruvic Acid - ATP and NADH + H+ - NADH + H+ and Pyruvic Acid
ATP, NADH + H+ and Pyruvic Acid Last
In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation? - FADH2 - hexokinase - ATP - ADP - NADPH
ATP; Some ATP energy is used to start the process of glucose oxidation.
After Pyruvic Acid enters the mitochondrion it is converted into _____ prior to entering the Citric Aciod Cycle - FADH2 - Lactic Acid - Acetyl-CoA - Water - ATP
Acaetyl CoA
Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle? - FADH2 - ATP - NADH + H+ - CO2 - acetyl CoA
Acetyl; Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle.
Which of these enters the citric acid cycle? - glucose - NADH + H+ - acetyl CoA - G3P - pyruvate
Acetyl; Acetyl CoA is a reactant in the citric acid cycle.
How can one increase the rate of a chemical reaction? - add a catalyst - increase the entropy of reactants - cool the reactants - decrease the concentration of reactants
Add a catalyst
Active transport moves molecules ____________ their concentration gradients and ____________ energy. - with, uses - with, uses no - against, uses - against, uses no - none of the above
Against, uses
What property of dishwashing liquid (detergent) makes it useful to wash grease from pans? - Amphipathic nature - Hydrophobic nature - Solubility in water - Permeability
Amphipathic nature: Detergents form micelles around the grease, which are then washed away because the polar head groups facing outward on the micelle are water-soluble
Non-spontaneous-
Can occur only with outside help (energy
Which of the following molecules represent outputs from the Citric Acid Cycle (alone)? - NAD+ - FAD - ADP - Carbon Dioxide - more than one of the above
Carbon dioxide
Into which molecule are all the carbon atoms in glucose ultimately incorporated during cellular respiration? - ATP - NADH - Carbon dioxide - Water
Carbon dioxide; All of the carbon atoms in glucose are incorporated into carbon dioxide: Two molecules are formed as pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, and four molecules are formed during the Krebs cycle.
Endocytosis
Cell engulfs object, becomes membrane bound vesicle
Energy transformations:
Cellular respiration Photosynthesis
Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function? - ribosome ... manufacture of lipids - central vacuole ... storage - lysosome ... movement - mitochondrion ... photosynthesis - nucleus ... cellular respiration
Central vacuole; But remember, plant cells have a central vacuole, whereas most animal cells have several smaller vacuoles located throughout the cytoplasm
Redox reaction examples: Na + Cl --> Na^+ Cl^-
Chlorine gains an electron and becomes a chloride ion, so it's being reduced. Sodium is losing an electron and so it's being oxidized
Cell adhesion (glues) - Animals
Collagen
In a direct sense where does the energy for the synthesis of ATP come from? - The active transport of hydrogen ions releases energy - The movement of hydrogen ions from high concentration to low concentration - The movement of electrons along the ETC from NADH + H+ to Oxygen - The reduction of NAD+ to NADH + H+ - Other
Correct answer is B. C isn't the most direct and A is wrong because, while hydrogen ions are being actively transported, this does not release energy. It requires energy. D isn't even on there
The movement of glucose into a cell against a concentration gradient is most likely to be accomplished by which of the following? - movement of glucose into the cell through a glucose channel - cotransport of the glucose with a proton or sodium ion that was pumped across the membrane using the energy of ATP hydrolysis - passive diffusion of the glucose through the lipid bilayer - facilitated diffusion of the glucose using a carrier protein - receptor-mediated endocytosis
Cotransport of the glucose...; Movement of most solutes against their concentration gradient couples the movement of one solute down its concentration gradient to the movement of another (glucose in this case) against its concentration gradient
Beginning with 1 molecule of glucose, in the presence of Oxygen , and assuming a mitochondrion with two fewer hydrogen ion pumps in the electron transport chain what would happen to the oxidative level phosphorylation production - Stay the same - Decrease - Increase
Decrease
If the number of Hydrogen ion pumps in the ETC is decreased what impact will this have on ATP production? - No Impact - Decrease - Increase
Decrease. These pumps are critical for maintaining gradient. If there are fewer pumps then we're gonna move fewer H ions and moving fewer H ions will produce less ATP
Changes in free energy:
Delta G = Delta H-TDeltaS
ADP + P ----> ATP
Delta G equals 7.3 kcal/mol Endergonic- going uphill energetically Synthesizing: ADP + P <----ATP Exergonic; releasing energy **Check these 2 Says synthesis of ATP is endergonic? Needs energy?
Movement of substances other than water: (2 mechanisms)
Diffusion Permeases
What are the 2 types of vesicle mediated transport?
Endocytosis Exocytosis
What is entropy measured in?
Entropy is a measure of disorder, so the greater the disorder the greater the entropy.
As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme _____. - permanently alters its shape. - loses energy - is unchanged - is used up - loses a phosphate group
Enzymes are not changed as a result of their participation in a reaction.
An enzyme _____. - increases the EA of a reaction - is a source of energy for endergonic reactions - is a inorganic catalyst - can bind to nearly any molecule - is an organic catalyst
Enzymes are proteins that behave as catalysts
In general, enzymes are what kinds of molecules? - lipids - minerals - carbohydrates - nucleic acids - proteins
Enzymes are proteins.
Enzymes work by _____ - adding energy to a reaction - adding a phosphate group to a reactant - decreasing the potential energy difference between reactant and product - increasing the potential energy difference between reactant and product - reducing EA
Enzymes work by reducing the energy of activation.
Neurons store neurotransmitters in vesicles in the synaptic terminal. Action potentials cause these neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft (space between the neurons). This is an example of: - phagocytosis - exocytosis - pinocytosis - receptor-mediated endocytosis
Exocytosis
What other molecule/s donate electrons to the ETC? - FAD - FADH2 - Acetyl-CoA - Pyruvic Acid
FADH2
Carrier proteins and channel proteins are both involved in? - Phagocytosis - Osmosis - Receptor-mediated endocytosis - Exocytosis - Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated
In Cystic Fibrosis the chloride ion channel normally transports Cl- from an area of high concentration (cytoplasm) to an area of lower concentration (extracellular fluid). This type of transport is: - Facilitated Diffusion - Active Transport - Could be either, not enough information
Facilitated diffusion. Being moved down their concentration gradient, so it's passive. And there is also a transport protein
Glucose diffuses slowly through artificial phospholipid bilayers. The cells lining the small intestine, however, rapidly move large quantities of glucose from the glucose-rich food into their glucose-poor cytoplasm. Using this information, which transport mechanism is most probably functioning in the intestinal cells? - Exocytosis - Simple Diffusion - Active transport - Facilitated Diffusion - none of the above
Facilitated diffusion. It is moving from high concentration to low (from glucose rich to glucose poor).
Based on the observations of the chemical reaction in the question above indicate whether the following statement is true or false. The products would be contain less heat energy than the reactant.
False
Based on the observations of the chemical reaction in the question above indicate whether the following statement is true or false. This reaction will be spontaneous.
False
If the dialysis tubing segment containing solution A was placed in a sucrose solution whose concentration was equal to that of solution B the net movement of water would be out of the dialysis tubing segment. True False
False
The amount of ATP produced via substrate level phosphorylation would be expected to increase. True False
False
The free energy of the water molecules in solution B is greater than the free energy of the water molecules in the sucrose solution. True False
False
The hydrogen ion concentration in the space between the mitochondrial membranes would be expected to increase. - True - False
False
Which process is not part of the cellular respiration pathway that produces large amounts of ATP in a cell? - Krebs cycle - Glycolysis - Electron transport chain - Fermentation
Fermentation is an alternate pathway used when oxygen levels are low.
Identify all correct statements about the basic function of fermentation. Select all that apply. - The basic function of fermentation is the production of ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. - The basic function of fermentation is the regeneration of NAD+, which allows continued ATP production by glycolysis. - The basic function of fermentation is the production of additional ATP by further oxidation of the products of glycolysis.
Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen and does not yeild as much ATP. Read about fermentation.
What happens if there is no oxygen present?
Fermentation:
Which molecule contains more energy? - Glucose - ATP
Glucose. You break glucose down into energy that is used to make ATP. It's a very energetic molecule, although you can't use that energy directly
Cell coat composition:
Glycolipids and Glycoproteins
Which step of the cellular respiration pathway can take place in the absence of oxygen? - Glycolysis - Krebs cycle - Electron transport chain - Fermentation
Glycolysis can take place in the absence of oxygen; its product, pyruvate, enters the cellular respiration pathway or undergoes fermentation depending on the availability of oxygen.
Membrane which is part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum may later be found as part of the ____ ? - Nuclear Envelope - Golgi Apparatus - Lysosomes - Cell Membrane - Mitochondrion - none of the above
Golgi, nuclear envelope, lysosomes, cell membrane. Obviously the Golgi, then could break off into a lysosome and could then fuse with the cell membrane or nuclear envelope
Integral proteins (those embedded in the membrane) would be expected to: - have hydrophobic regions - have no known functions in membranes - lack tertiary structure - be loosely bound to the bilayer - exit and re-enter the membrane
Have hydrophobic regions
Which of the following are common traits of chloroplasts and mitochondria? - Both are found in plant and animal cells. - Both are surrounded by a single membrane. - Both reproduce by meiosis. - Both have their own DNA. - Proteins for both are synthesized on ribosomes in the rough ER.
Have their own DNA; Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
Living systems
Highly organized High energy Fast **It takes energy to get to higher levels of organization and higher levels of energy. Ultimately for almost all systems that energy comes from the sun. The speed of chemical reactions is due to the presence of enzymes
The oxidized form of FAD is reduced by adding - neutrons - protons - Oxygen - Hydrogen - none of the above
Hydrogen
If a red blood cell is placed in a salt solution and bursts, what is the tonicity of the solution relative to the interior of the cell? - Osmotic - Isotonic - Hypertonic - Hypotonic
Hypotonic: The salt concentration in the solution is lower than it is in the cell, so water enters the cell, causing it to burst.
The electron transport chain is part of the - chloroplast membrane - thylakoid membrane - inner mitochnodrial membrane - outer mitochnodrial membrane
Inner
If the movement of H+ from the space between the membranes to the matrix releases energy that is used for ATP production where would you expect to find the highest H+concentration? - Intra-mitochondrial membrane space - Mitochondrial matrix
Intermembrane space ***Look on notes for pic
In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP. - 4 - 3 - 1 - 2 - 5
It takes 2 ATP to produce 4 ATP.
In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____. - pyruvate - carbon dioxide, ethanol, NADH, and ATP - carbon dioxide, ethanol, and NAD+ - lactate, NADH, and ATP - lactate and NAD+
Lactate and NAD+; These are the products of fermentation as it occurs in muscle cells.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of a metabolic pathway involved in cellular respiration? - The function of the citric acid cycle is the transfer of electrons from pyruvate to NADH to O2. - The function of the bonding of acetic acid to the carrier molecule CoA to form acetyl CoA is the reduction of glucose to acetyl CoA. - The function of glycolysis is to begin catabolism by breaking glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, with a net yield of two ATP.
Last: Glycolysis is the first stage in cellular respiration and does not depend on the presence of oxygen.
Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells? - determining the shape of animal cells - the contraction of muscle cells in animals - maintaining the position of the nucleus in the cell - the beating of cilia or flagella - Movement of RNA molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Last; RNA molecules exit the nucleus via nuclear pores.
Living vs non living systems Non living: (3)
Less organized Lower energy Very slow (reactions)
Based on the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics, in a chemical reaction if the reactants contain 10 joules of free energy and the products 5 joules, how much energy is released in a useable form? - 10 joules - 5 joules - less than 5 joules - energy is required not released
Less than 5 Joules. - A +B becomes C. In chemical reactions, your reactants become your products. - 10 J-->5 J. Energy is going down, so they are giving energy off 2nd law says that when you transform energy from one form to another then the amount of usable energy has to go down. So 5 joules are released, but something less than that is usable.
How can a lipid be distinguished from a sugar? - Lipids are mostly saturated. - Lipids are mostly nonpolar. - A lipid dissolves in water. - A lipid is made up of only hydrocarbons.
Lipids are mostly nonpolar; Lipids are nonpolar molecules, whereas sugars are polar.
Vesicles and vacuoles
Membrane enclosed, fluid filled structures
What does smooth ER do
Metabolic activity, synthesis of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, drug detox
Which of the following organelles contains DNA? - Vesicle - Golgi Apparatus - Lysosomes - Cell Membrane - Mitochondrion - More than one of the above - None of the above
Mitochondria (*Remember that chloroplasts also contain their own DNA). If on the exam nucleus is a choice, look at all the others and make sure none of the others have DNA before just going with Nucleus
The cells in your leg muscles would be expected to contain a large quantity of? - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Lysosomes - Cell Membrane - Mitochondria - Chloroplasts
Mitochondria. The mitochondria is THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL and so cells that need lots of energy need lots of mitochondria
Which of the following organelles would be expected to contain DNA? - Lysosome - Intermediate filament - Mitochondrion - Peroxisome - Flagellum
Mitochondrion
Notice that at the start of the electron transport chain, we require either electrons from NADH + H+ or FADH2. Again, in order to keep this process moving in a continuous manner we have to have a continuous supply of these two. So, - Where do the reduced NADH + H+ and FADH2 come from?
Most of the NADH + H+ and all od the FADH2 come from the Krebs or citric acid cycle. Those names mean the same thing.
Does passive diffusion let anything and everything through?
No because it is selective. For every kind of molecule you're moving, you have a different protein carrier or channel
Based on the First law of Thermodynamics, in a chemical reaction if the reactants contain 5 joules of free energy and the products 10 joules, how much energy is released? - 10 joules - 5 joules - 0 joules - energy is required not released
No energy will be released, this one requires an input of energy
Is the material inside a vacuole or vesicle free inside the cytoplasm? - Yes - No - Maybe
No. Duh
Chemical reactions
Occur anytime two or more atoms, ions, or molecules collide in such a way that they produce a new substance
Which process makes the majority of ATP? (think substrate level)
Oxidatively
Which of the following particles could diffuse easily through a cell membrane? - Glucose - Hydrogen ion (H+) - Sodium ion (Na+) - Oxygen (O2)
Oxygen; Small nonpolar molecules such as oxygen can diffuse across cell membranes.
What are the 3 types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis- Large objects Pinocytosis- Small objects (liquid mostly) Receptor- Mediated endocytosi
Some of your white blood cells (macrophages) engulf bacteria. This is an example of: - Phagocytosis - Receptor mediated endocytosis - Exocytosis
Phagocytosis. This is about engulfing large things
Cell adhesion (junctions) Plants
Plasmodesmata
Iron is transported in the blood complexed to a protein called transferrin. Cells have receptors for transferrin on their surface. When these receptors encounter a molecule of transferrin, they bind tightly to it. The complex of transferrin and its receptor is then engulfed by the cell. This is an example of: - phagocytosis - exocytosis - pinocytosis (bringing in liquid basically) - receptor-mediated endocytosis
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Spontaneous (regarding energy)
Release free energy (exergonic)
Spontaneous (symbols)
Release free energy (exergonic) Delta G = -
Free energy and chemical reactions Spontaneous
Release free energy (exergonic) Triangle(Delta) G = -
How does the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain provide energy to pump hydrogen ions?
Remember this pumping of H ions is active transport. There must be a source of energy, so the energy is made because as we transfer the electrons from one cytochrome to another in the membrane, they're being transferred downhill energetically. SO as they go from one cytochrome to another they're moving downhill energetically
Non-spontaneous (symbols)
Require free energy (endergonic) Delta G = +
Free energy and chemical reactions Non-spontaneous
Require free energy (endergonic) Triangle (Delta) G = +
Many eucarytoic organelles are connected via a flow of membrane. Which of the organelles listed below is not part of this membrane flow? - nucleus - ribosome - lysosome - golgi complex - ER
Ribosome
Which of the following is usually NOT true about active transport? - The movement of material is from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. - The molecules being moved can cross the phospholipid bilayer easily. - The movement of material requires cellular energy. - The process of phagocytosis is not a form of active transport.
Second
Active and passive transport of solutes across a membrane typically differ in which of the following ways? - Active transport is usually down the concentration gradient of the solute, whereas passive transport is always against the concentration gradient of the solute. - Active transport always involves the utilization of cellular energy, whereas passive transport does not require cellular energy. - Active transport is always faster than passive transport. - Active transport uses protein carriers, whereas passive transport uses carbohydrate carriers. - Active transport is used for ions, passive transport is used for uncharged solutes.
Second one; Active and passive transport can be distinguished by whether or not they use cellular energy.
What are membranes permeable to?
Small things Things that are soluble in lipids No net electric charge
In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____. - oxidative phosphorylation - substrate-level phosphorylation - photophosphorylation - photosynthesis - cellular respiration
Substrate level ; A phosphate group is transferred from glyceraldehyde phosphate to ADP.
In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____. - substrate-level phosphorylation - oxidative phosphorylation - photophosphorylation - photosynthesis - cellular respiration
Sybstrate level.; .A phosphate group is transferred from GTP to ADP
How do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion differ? - The direction of transport, with the concentration (free energy) gradient - The types of molecules that can be transported - The degree of spcificity for the molecules transported - The requirement for energy for the process to occur
The answer is B and C. Transport proteins will be used, and they will usually transport just one specific thing at a time. They are very selective. A doesn't distinguish between them because they are both passive, require no energy, so will always be moving molecules down their concentration gradient. So the direction of transport will be the same.
If the concentration of phosphate in the cytosol is 2.0 mM and the concentration of phosphate in the surrounding fluid is 0.1 mM, how could the cell increase the concentration of phosphate in the cytosol? - passive transport - diffusion - active transport - osmosis - facilitated diffusion
The answer is active transport. For the cell to accumulate phosphate, it must move calcium against the concentration gradient. This process requires energy.
The cells in your pancreas, which produce enzymes that digest food in your small intestine, would be expected to contain a large quantity of? - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Lysosomes - Cell Membrane - Mitochondria - Chloroplasts
The answer is not lysosomes 🙂 **Remember that enzymes are proteins, and these enzymes are being used somewhere else, in the small intestine. The answer is rough ER. We're producing something that is being exported from the cell, the rough ER has ribosomes on them which are proteins. I think lysosomes are only used for things inside the cell
Where does the pyruvic acid come from?
The breakdown of glucose (6 carbon molecule, so we're gonna break this in half into 2 3 carbon molecule known as pyruvic acid, cause p acid is a 3 carbon molecule) which is known as GLYCOLOSIS
Prokaryotic cells can not perform endocytosis because they lack which of the following cell structures? - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Lysosomes - microtubules - Mitochondria - Chloroplasts
The cell has to be able to extend itself and change shape in order to bring things into the cell, so the answer is..? Microtublules?
How do passive transport processes differ from active transport processes? - passive processes are less selective - passive processes use no energy - passive processes do not utlize transport proteins - passive processes can transport molecules against their concentration (free energy) gradient
The correct answer is B. A is wrong because selectivity involves whether or not we have a transport protein involved, not whether it requires energy to do the diffusion. D is wrong because you can only move molecules against their concentration gradient by adding energy. Passive processes dint require energy and s are always moving molecules across/with their concentration gradient.
In allosteric regulation: - A. the inhibitor binds to the active site - B. the enzyme naturally alternates between the active and inactive forms even without an inhibitor being present - C. the enzyme can also be stabilized in the active form - D. the substrate binds to a location other than the active site
The enzyme naturally alternates between the active... and the enzyme can also be stabilized in the active form
Cells:
The minimum organization of living matter
Which of the following factors does not affect membrane permeability? - The polarity of membrane phospholipids - The amount of cholesterol in the membrane - The saturation of hydrocarbon tails in membrane phospholipids - Temperature
The polarity of the membrane phospholipids; Phospholipids contain both a polar head and a nonpolar hydrocarbon tail, both of which are necessary for their ability to form membrane bilayers.
During a chemical reaction you observe that there is an increase in enthalpy and a decrease in the entropy. Based on these observations please indicate whether the following statement about this reaction is true or false. The products of this reaction are more organized than the reactants.
True
Three segments of dialysis tubing (artificial membrane) are filled with three NaCl solutions of unknown concentration. The segments are weighed and then placed in a 0.35M sucrose solution. After 24 hours the segments are removed from the sucrose solution and re-weighed. Based on the information in the table below and assuming that neither NaCl nor sucrose is membrane premeable indicate whether the following statement is True or False. Solution A is more concentrated than solution C
True
True or false? Osmosis is a type of diffusion.
True: Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
True or false? The reactions that generate the largest amounts of ATP during cellular respiration take place in the mitochondria.
True; Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm, whereas the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain, which generate the largest amounts of ATP during cellular respiration, take place in the mitochondria.
True or false? The water-soluble portion of a phospholipid is the polar head, which generally consists of a glycerol molecule linked to a phosphate group.
True; The hydrophilic, or water-loving, portion of a phospholipid is the polar head, whereas the hydrophobic portion is the nonpolar tail.
True or false? The potential energy in an ATP molecule is derived mainly from its three phosphate groups. True False
True; The three phosphate groups in an ATP molecule carry negative charges that strongly repel each other and give ATP a large amount of potential energy.
In the absence of oxygen, what is the net gain of ATP for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis? - two ATP - none, because in the absence of oxygen, no ATP can be made - up to 30 ATP - four ATP - none, because all of the available energy remains in either lactate or ethanol
Two ATP; Four ATP are made, but two ATP are consumed to start the process of glycolysis.
How many NADH are produced by glycolysis? - 2 - 4 - 5 - 1 - 3
Two NADH molecules are produced by glycolysis.
Which of the following best describes the structure of a biological membrane? - a fluid structure in which phospholipids and proteins move freely between sides of the membrane - a mixture of covalently linked phospholipids and proteins that determines which solutes can cross the membrane and which cannot - two layers of phospholipids with proteins embedded between the two layers - two layers of phospholipids (with opposite orientations of the phospholipids in each layer) with each layer covered on the outside with proteins - two layers of phospholipids with proteins either crossing the layers or on the surface of the layers
Two layers of proteins either cro
What's the difference b/w vesicles and vacuoles?
Vesicles are small and vacuoles are large
A non spontaneous reaction occurring at 200K with a 150 Kcal decrease in enthalpy has which of the following changes in entropy? -1.0 Kcal -0.5 Kcal 0.0 Kcal 0.5 Kcal 1.0 Kcal
We're given a non-spontaneous reaction which means that delta G has to be positive. We know there is a 150Kcal decrease in enthalpy = -15- -(200xchange in entropy). We need change in free energy to be positive number, so **HE DIDN'T FINISH *****
Redox reaction examples CH4 + 2O2 ---> CO2 + 2H2O
When these two are converted into carbon dioxide and water, the oxygen is gaining hydrogen. Remember, we can reduce something by either adding electrons or Hydrogen. The carbon and the methane are losing hydrogen, so it's being oxidized. Remember if we're doing a reduction we must also be doing an oxidation.
Where and how is most of the ATP produced in your cells?
Where: in Mitochondrion ATP synthase How: Chemiosmosis or oxidative phosphorylation
Spontaneous-
can occur without oustide help (energy)
- Cell walls in plants are made of_______ - Cell walls are also in _____: they're made of cellulose or chitin (amino sugars) - Bacteria cell walls of bacteria are made of_____ - All cell walls have a large quantity of_________
cellulose fungi Peptidoglycans (amino sugars, amino acids) carbohydrates
Enzyme activity:
enzyme + substrate
These two will come together and form__________. Forming this will _______ the activation energy and so the substrate will be converted into your product and you will have _____________. The product has set of chemical properties__________ from substrate or reactants, so it doesn't wanna be with enzyme molecule anymore, so they separate, and you get________ Note that the enzyme can be__________
enzyme-substrate complex. lower Enzyme-Product complex different Enzyme + product. Reused
G = H = T = S=
free energy Enthalpy (heat energy of the compound) Temperature (K) Entropy
We can break down the process of making ATP into steps; what are they
glycolysis, the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. The citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
The solutions in the two arms of this U-tube are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water and glucose but not to sucrose. Side A is filled with a solution of 1 M sucrose and 1 M glucose. Side B is filled with 1 M sucrose and 2 M glucose. After the system reaches equilibrium, what changes are observed? - The molarity of sucrose is increased inside A. - The water level is higher in side A than in side B. - The molarity of sucrose equals the molarity of glucose on both sides. - The molarity of glucose is higher in side A than inside B. - The water level is unchanged
last
Redox stands for _______ so we can describe these two parts _________
oxidation reduction separately.
There are several different ways to make ATP. What are they?
substrate level oxidatively
What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction? - active sites - EA - products - substrate - reactors
substrate: This is the name given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction.