Bio Exam 2

The age of the Earth according to modern estimations is about rev: 02_12_2014_QC_45114 Multiple Choice -3.5 billion years. -1.5 billion years. -a few thousand years. -4.6 billion years. -8 billion years.

-4.6 billion years.

What would result for global climate from a massive drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide? Multiple Choice -Increased rock weathering -A decrease in free oxygen content -Increased nitrogen availability -An increase in ocean temperature -A decrease in surface temperature

-A decrease in surface temperature

Chloroplasts have their own chromosome, are about the size of a bacterium, and reproduce separately from the nucleus of a plant cell. Determine which statement(s) are true. CHECK ALL THAT APPLY -Chloroplasts are free living organisms. -Chloroplasts are cyanobacteria. -Chloroplasts are likely descendents of photosynthetic bacteria. -Organisms lacking chloroplasts are incapable of photosynthesis. -Chloroplasts likely have an endosymbiotic origin.

-Chloroplasts are likely descendents of photosynthetic bacteria. -Chloroplasts likely have an endosymbiotic origin.

The Australian mammal fauna consists of numerous marsupial species that are not found on any other continents. On the other continents the marsupials have largely been replaced by placental mammals. What is the most likely explanation for the diversity of marsupials found in Australia? -Marsupial reproduction is particularly suited to the Australian climate. -Marsupials evolved in Australia, and have been trapped there ever since. -Due to Australia's tectonic isolation few placental mammals were able to colonize Australia. -Early hominids were late arrivals to Australia, so did not hunt the marsupials to extinction.

-Due to Australia's tectonic isolation few placental mammals were able to colonize Australia.

What is the advantage of having cyanobacteria living inside a cell? -Intracellular production of glucose -Allows the cell to manufacture ATP -Enhanced protection of DNA -Much more efficient protein synthesis

-Intracellular production of glucose

Which of the following was produced in experiments on primitive Earth conditions conducted by Miller-Urey and others? -ammonia and water -CO2 and H2O -ammonia and hydrogen sulfide -methane and oxygen -amino acids

-amino acids

True multicellularity is a major characteristic of -eukaryotes only. -animals and plants only. -prokaryotes and protists. -protists, plants, and animals. -all eukaryotes and a few prokaryotes.

-eukaryotes only.

An experimental test of the hypothesis to explain the origin of the first organic compounds on Earth might include all of the following sequential steps except -assembling an atmosphere with H2, CH4, NH3, and H2S. -providing energy with electrical spark discharges. -increasing the temperature of the gases. -inoculating with a few bacteria to get the process started. -placing this atmosphere over liquid water.

-inoculating with a few bacteria to get the process started.

All of the following were produced in experiments on primitive Earth conditions conducted by Miller-Urey and others, except for -organic molecules. -amino acids. -prokaryotes. -hydrogen cyanide. -urea.

-prokaryotes.

The Miller-Urey experiment showed: CHECK ALL THAT APPLY

-the essential biological molecules associated with living organisms could be generated in an "abiotic" environment. -conditions in the "primitive Earth environment" could have generated complex molecules.

Why is the term "fungal cell mitosis" not technically accurate? All of the mycelium undergoes mitosis at the same time. The septa between nuclei form prior to mitosis. All stages of mitosis occur within the nucleus. The mitotic spindle spans across the perforations of the septa.

All stages of mitosis occur within the nucleus.

Based on the number of species, the most successful extant phylum of plants is the Anthophyta. Coniferophyta. Pterophyta. Gnetophyta. Charophyta. Hepaticophyta.

Anthophyta

Deep sea thermal vents are characterized by extreme pressures, very high water temp (exceeding 100 celsius) and very high concentrations of minerals. What type of prokaryotic organisms are most likely to be found there and why? Archaea; tetraethers are more thermally stable. Bacteria; they use the energy from the minerals to power their chloroplasts. Bacteria; the peptidoglycans in the cell walls keep them from overheating. Archaea; the partial membranes surrounding the DNA provide more protection.

Archaea; tetraethers are more thermally stable.

Which is the most accurate description of the tree of life? Archaea and Bacteria are more closely related because they are both prokaryotes. Bacteria and Archaea are more closely related than either is to Eukarya. The three domains are polyphyletic. Bacteria are on a separate branch of the tree of life than Archaea and Eukarya.

Bacteria are on a separate branch of the tree of life than Archaea and Eukarya.

According to molecular systematics which group of prokaryotes is most closely related to humans? A. Beta-proteobacteria B. Epsilon-proteobacteria C. Archaea D. Cyanobacteria E. Spirochetes

C. Archaea

One of the main distinctions between charophytes and land plants is the possession of a cuticle. Why do modern charophytes lack a cuticle? Their tough seed coats negate the need for a cuticle. Cuticles aren't necessary when living in water. Modern Charophytes make up for the absence of a cuticle by having large numbers of stomata. Charophytes have a haplodiplontic life cycle.

Cuticles aren't necessary when living in water.

Which group of bacteria are responsible for over 20% of the photosynthetic activity on Earth? A. Alpha-protoebacteria B. Archaea C. Clamidias D. Cyanobacteria E. Gram-positive bacteria

D. Cyanobacteria

Which factors contribute to the genetic diversity of prokaryotes? A. Transduction B. Conjugation C. Mutation D. Short generation times E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Which part of the seed is responsible for providing nutrition to the embryo? Integument Endosperm Cotelydons Seed coat Procambium

Endosperm

A researcher observed a reduction in the number of chromosomes during cell division for a microbe, he concludes that the microbe must be Eukaryotic Prokaryotic a virus An archaean

Eukaryotic

What is the function of the generative cell in conifers? Growth of the megaspore Dispersal of the pollen Production of the archegonium Formation of the sperm Maturation of the female cone

Formation of the sperm

Which property of fungi best explains the reason why fungi are used in bioremediation applications? Fungi produce enzymes that break down a variety of organic compounds. Fungi grow rapidly and the mycelium can spread out to cover large areas. Fungi are very difficult to poison so they can tolerate any type of pollutant. Fungi can modify their DNA to produce chemicals that bind pollutants. Fungi are NOT typically used for bioremediation because bacteria work well.

Fungi produce enzymes that break down a variety of organic compounds.

In 1982, researchers discovered that a major cause of human ulcers was due to infection with the following bacterium: Yersinia pestis Helicobacter pylori Salmonella typhi Treponema pallidum Rickettsia typhi

Helicobacter pylor

Which statement best explains one outcome of endosymbiosis? It provided the ability to carry out glycolysis. It led to the formation of the nucleus. It is responsible for mitochondria. It formed the endoplasmic reticulum. It caused algae to produce cell walls.

It is responsible for mitochondria.

Nectar is a sugar-laden liquid that is very energetically expensive to produce. Why do plants allocate resources to produce it instead of just producing more flowers? Nectar is sticky and traps wind borne pollen. Nectar provides energy during pollen tube formation. Nectar serves as an enticement for insects. Nectar provides nutrition to the developing embryo.

Nectar serves as an enticement for insects.

Danny loves spicy tuna rolls, which contain tuna, rice, red algae, and wasabi sauce, but has recently developed an allergy to the polysaccharides found in rhodophytes. How should he modify his sushi order? Skip the wasabi. Omit the spicy sauce from his tuna roll. Skip the rice in his tuna roll. Order the Nigiri sushi which consists of just tuna, rice, and sauce.

Order the Nigiri sushi which consists of just tuna, rice, and sauce.

Why can corn seeds germinate in total darkness? Multiple Choice The seed coating absorbs water. Seeds are heterotrophic and can capture nutrients from the soil. The endosperm provides the embryo with the nutrition needed during the initial germination stages. Soil microbes degrade the seed coating allowing the seed to germinate.

The endosperm provides the embryo with the nutrition needed during the initial germination stages.

How do a fern sporophyte and a moss sporophyte differ? Moss sporophytes produce gametes. Fern sporophytes are nutritionally dependent on the fern gametophyte. Moss sporophytes are typically 1-2 meters tall. The fern sporophyte contains tracheids.

The fern sporophyte contains tracheids.

Why can lichens live on bare rock? They secrete acids to liberate minerals from the bare rock. The fungi are autotrophic. The photosynthetic endosymbiont provides the fungus with nutrition. They absorb heat from the sun. UV radiation powers enzymes that allow the fungus to extract organic material from its surroundings.

The photosynthetic endosymbiont provides the fungus with nutrition.

Which one of the following statements about haplodiplontic life cycles is false? Spore mother cells produce haploid spores by meiosis. For each gene, cells of the gametophyte stage have a single allele. Mitosis occurs in both sporophyte and gametophyte stages. The zygote is the only diploid cell in the sporophyte stage. The gametophyte stage produces gametes by mitosis.

The zygote is the only diploid cell in the sporophyte stage.

Which statement best explains the evolutionary significance of the choanoflagellates? They have the characteristics of ancestral protists. They are most closely related to fungi. They have a unique form of endosymbiosis. They represent the first step in plant evolution. They are the closest relative to animals.

They are the closest relative to animals.

Which of the following is not one of the distinctive features of dinoflagellates? Some exist in fresh water, while some are part of marine plankton. They are unicellular. They form large, spherical colonies. They are photosynthetic. Some planktonic members are luminous and cause flashes in the night.

They form large, spherical colonies.

Why does champagne have bubbles? Yeast fermentation continues after the champagne is bottled. Carbon dioxide(CO2) is used to make glucose during respiration. Dead yeast cells release Carbon dioxide(CO2) into the bottles. Yeast produce oxygen(O2) during aerobic respiration.

Yeast fermentation continues after the champagne is bottled

When food is scarce, cells of this organism communicate with each other to form a multicellular slug. a. Cellular slime molds b. True amoebas c. Foraminifera d. Diatoms

a. Cellular slime molds

Examine the life cycle of cellular slime molds, and determine which feature affords the greatest advantage for surviving food shortages. a. Cellular slime molds produce spores when starved. b. Cellular slime molds are saprobes. c. A diet of bacteria ensures there will never be a shortage of food. d. Cellular slime molds use cAMP to guide each other to food sources.

a. Cellular slime molds produce spores when starved.

Choose all of the following that are photosynthetic. a. Diatoms b. Ciliates c. Apicomplexans d. Dinoflagellates

a. Diatoms d. Dinoflagellates

DNA is not found in this organelle. a. Endoplasmic reticulum b. Nucleus c. Chloroplast d. Mitochondrion

a. Endoplasmic reticulum

Determine which feature of the choanoflagellates was likely the most significant for the evolution of animals? a. Flagellum with a funnel-shaped, contractile collar also found in sponges b. A tyrosine kinase receptor on the surface of choanoflagellates that has strong homology to fungi c. A colonial form that resembles some fungi d. Eyespots that are similar to ribbon worms

a. Flagellum with a funnel-shaped, contractile collar also found in sponges

Tracheids are used for - a. H2O transport b. CO2 diffusion c. Nutrient absorption d. Carbohydrate storage e. Gravity detection

a. H2O transport

Determine which of the following is correct regarding the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. a. It reproduces asexually by a process called budding. b. It produces an ascocarp during reproduction. c. It belongs in the group Zygomycota. d. All of the choices are correct.

a. It reproduces asexually by a process called budding.

Which of the following terms is NOT associated with a male portion of a plant? a. Megaspore b. Antheridium c. Pollen grains d. Microspore

a. Megaspore

Many antibiotics are derived from fungal secondary metabolites because fungi and bacteria are the main decomposers in most ecosystems and are often in direct competition with each other. a. This is true b. This is false

a. This is true

Which of the following groups of fungi is NOT monophyletic? a. Zygomycota b. Basidiomycota c. Glomeromycota d. Ascomycota

a. Zygomycota

If a cell contains a pellicle, it a. can change shape readily. b. is shaped like a sphere. c. is shaped like a torpedo. d. must have a contractile vacuole

a. can change shape readily.

In a flower after fertilization, the following tissues are diploid: a. carpel, integuments, and megaspore mother cell. b. carpel, integuments, and megaspore. c. carpel, megaspore, and zygote. d. carpel, megaspore mother cell, and endosperm.

a. carpel, integuments, and megaspore mother cell.

The disease tuberculosis is a. caused by a bacterial pathogen. b. an emerging disease that is now worldwide. c. caused by a viral pathogen. d. not treatable with antibiotics.

a. caused by a bacterial pathogen.

The lack of seeds is a characteristic of all a. lycophytes. b. conifers. c. tracheophytes. d. gnetophytes.

a. lycophytes

Plants cannot fix nitrogen, yet some plants do NOT need nitrogen from the soil. This is because a. of a symbiotic association with a bacterium that can fix nitrogen. b. these plants are the exceptions that can fix nitrogen. c. they have been infected by a parasitic virus that can fix nitrogen. d. they are able to obtain nitrogen from the air.

a. of a symbiotic association with a bacterium that can fix nitrogen.

The pericarp is the a. ovary wall. b. developing seed coat. c. ovary. d. mature endosperm.

a. ovary wall.

A cell that can use energy from the sun, and CO2 as a carbon source is a a. photoautotroph. b. chemoautotroph. c. photoheterotroph. d. chemoheterotroph.

a. photoautotroph.

Evolutionary innovations that increase desiccation tolerance include a. waxy cuticles. b. abscisic acid-signaling pathways. c. rhizoids. d. All of the choices are correct.

a. waxy cuticles

Comparing stems of two plant specimens under the microscope, you identify vessels in one sample and conclude the specimen a. with vessels must be an angiosperm or a gnetophyte. b. with vessels is either Ephedra or a cycad. c. without vessels is a pterophyte. d. without vessels must be a tracheophyte.

a. with vessels must be an angiosperm or a gnetophyte.

In double fertilization, one sperm produces a diploid , and the other produces a triploid . a. zygote; primary endosperm b. primary endosperm; microspore c. antipodal; zygote d. polar nuclei; zygote

a. zygote; primary endosperm

Fossil evidence of eukaryotes dates back to a. 2.5 bya. b. 1.5 bya. c. 2.5 mya. d. 1.5 mya.

b. 1.5 bya.

Which of the following would be an example of a biomarker? a. A microfossil found in a meteorite b. A hydrocarbon found in an ancient rock layer c. An area that is high in carbon-12 concentration in a rock layer d. A newly discovered formation of stromatolites

b. A hydrocarbon found in an ancient rock layer

Choose all of the following that exhibit an alternation of multicellular generations. a. Dinoflagellates b. Brown algae c. Red algae d. Diatoms

b. Brown algae c. Red algae

A fishery biologist discovers a huge mass of dead fish washing ashore on a beach. The water is analyzed and an unusually high concentration of biologically derived toxins is found. Which protist may have caused this mass die off? a. Paramecium b. Dinoflagellates c. Diatoms d. Cyanobacteria e. Water molds

b. Dinoflagellates

Apply your understanding of angiosperms to identify which innovations likely contributed to the tremendous success of angiosperms. a. Homospory in angiosperms b. Fruits that attract animal dispersers c. Cones that protect the seed d. Dominant gametophyte generation

b. Fruits that attract animal dispersers

The early evolution of terrestrial plants was made possible by mycorrhizal relationships with the a. Zygomycetes. b. Glomeromycota. c. Ascomycota. d. Basidiomycota.

b. Glomeromycota.

Which of the following gymnosperms possesses a form of vascular tissue that is similar to that found in the angiosperms? a. Cycads b. Gnetophytes c. Ginkgophytes d. Conifers

b. Gnetophytes

Paramecia and other ciliates can reproduce asexually via mitosis but occasionally engage in conjugation. Why do they do this? a. Provides rapid population expansion b. Increases genetic diversity c. Reduces competition for food d. Clones the original paramecium e. Makes the paramecia more pathogenic

b. Increases genetic diversity

Identify which of the following statements is true. a. Moss and lycophytes have leaves. b. Leaves of lycophytes and pterophytes have different origins. c. Leaves were a bryophyte innovation. d. Leaf polarity genes in Selaginella support the hypothesis that leaves evolved one time in all the land plants.

b. Leaves of lycophytes and pterophytes have different origins.

The endosymbiosis theory states that a. Free oxygen is produced via photosynthesis b. Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from organisms living inside other cells c. Cell fusion formed the organelles d. Life originated multiple times during the course of earth's history e. Cyanobacteria spontaneously became eukaryotic

b. Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from organisms living inside other cells

How could a plant without roots obtain sufficient nutrients from the soil? a. It cannot; all land plants have roots. b. Mycorrhizal fungi associate with the plant and assist with the transfer of nutrients. c. Charophytes associate with the plant and assist with the transfer of nutrients. d. It relies on its xylem in the absence of a root.

b. Mycorrhizal fungi associate with the plant and assist with the transfer of nutrients.

Examine the life cycle of a typical basidiomycetes and determine where you would expect to find a dikaryotic cell. a. Primary mycelium b. Secondary mycelium c. In the basidiospores d. In the zygote

b. Secondary mycelium

All plant groups have a photosynthetic gametophyte and a nutritionally dependent sporophyte. a. This is true b. This is false

b. This is false

Prokaryotic life forms were the first to form but they were rapidly replaced by the much more successful eukaryotic life forms that we see today. a. This is true b. This is false

b. This is false

Intravenous drugs are often subjected to a LAL test before being distributed to healthcare providers. The test uses a protein extracted from horseshoe crab blood that coagulates in the presence of lipopolysaccharides. Why is this test done? a. To assess the potency of the drug b. To test for gram negative bacterial contamination c. To test the thermal stability of the drug d. To make sure the preparation was not infected by viral particles e. To determine the shelf life of the drug

b. To test for gram negative bacterial contamination

The cell wall in both gram-positive and gram-negative cells is a. composed of phospholipids. b. a target for antibiotics that affect peptidoglycan synthesis. c. composed of peptidoglycan. d. surrounded by a membrane.

b. a target for antibiotics that affect peptidoglycan synthesis.

Prokaryotes participate in the global cycling of a. proteins and nucleic acids. b. carbon and nitrogen. c. carbohydrates and lipids. d. All of the choices are correct

b. carbon and nitrogen.

The mechanisms of DNA exchange in prokaryotes share the feature of a. vertical transmission of information. b. horizontal transfer of information. c. requiring cell contact. d. the presence of a plasmid in one cell

b. horizontal transfer of information.

Bacteria lack independent internal membrane systems, but are able to perform photosynthesis and respiration, both of which use membranes. They are able to perform these functions because a. they actually have internal membranes, but only for these functions. b. invaginations of the plasma membrane can provide an internal membrane surface. c. they take place outside of the cell between the membrane and the cell wall. d. they use protein-based structures to take the place of internal membranes.

b. invaginations of the plasma membrane can provide an internal membrane surface.

Both diplomonads and parabasalids a. contain chloroplasts. b. lack mitochondria. c. have multinucleate cells. d. have silica in their cell walls.

b. lack mitochondria.

Fossil data indicate that a. life originated 4 bya. b. life may have originated 3.5 bya, but definitely by 3.2 bya. c. the Cambrian explosion led to the origin of life. d. plants played an important role in causing glaciation.

b. life may have originated 3.5 bya, but definitely by 3.2 bya.

A global glaciation would be unlikely to occur if a. a supercontinent formed near the equator and there was extensive rainfall. b. millions of acres of forest were cleared. c. vast amounts of phosphorous found its way into aquatic and oceanic environments. d. there was a rapid expansion of algal populations in the ocean.

b. millions of acres of forest were cleared.

The Miller-Urey experiment demonstrated that a. life originated on Earth. b. organic molecules could have originated in the early atmosphere. c. the early genetic material on the planet was DNA. d. the early atmosphere contained large amounts of oxygen.

b. organic molecules could have originated in the early atmosphere.

The function of the apical complex in apicomplexans is to a. propel the cell through water. b. penetrate host tissue. c. absorb food. d. detect light.

b. penetrate host tissue.

An example of a drupe is a a. strawberry. b. plum. c. bean. d. pineapple.

b. plum

The products of budding are a. two cells of equal size. b. two cells, one of which is smaller than the other. c. many cells of equal size. d. many cells of variable size.

b. two cells, one of which is smaller than the other.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a fungus? a. Cell walls made of chitin b. A form of mitosis different from plants and animals c. Ability to conduct photosynthesis d. Filamentous structure

c. Ability to conduct photosynthesis

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the bryophytes? a. The bryophytes represent a monophyletic clade. b. The sporophyte stage of all bryophytes is photosynthetic. c. Archegonium and antheridium represent haploid structures that produce reproductive cells. d. Stomata are common to all bryophytes.

c. Archegonium and antheridium represent haploid structures that produce reproductive cells.

Identify which of the following statements is false and correct the statement. a. Brown and red algae are not closely related phylogenetically. b. Chloroplasts in brown and red algae are monophyletic. c. Brown algae gained chloroplasts by engulfing green algae (endosymbiosis). d. None of the statements are false.

c. Brown algae gained chloroplasts by engulfing green algae (endosymbiosis). CORRECT: ENGULFING RED ALGAE

A major innovation of land plants is embryo protection. How is a moss embryo protected from desiccation? a. By the seed b. By the antheridium c. By the archegonium d. By the lycophyll

c. By the archegonium

Which of the following events occurred first in eukaryotic evolution? a. Endosymbiosis and mitochondria evolution b. Endosymbiosis and chloroplast evolution c. Compartmentalization and formation of the nucleus d. Formation of multicellular organisms

c. Compartmentalization and formation of the nucleus

Appraise the fungal relationship between a forest tree and basidiomycete and determine the most suitable classification for the symbiosis. a. Parasitism only b. An arbuscular mycorrhizae c. Ectomycorrhizae d. A lichen

c. Ectomycorrhizae

Which of the following characteristics is unique to the archaea? a. A fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane structure b. The use of an RNA polymerase during gene expression c. Ether-linked phospholipids d. A single origin of DNA replication

c. Ether-linked phospholipids

Which of the following, if any, is an example of a vascular plant? a. Moss b. Liverwort c. Fern d. Green algae e. None of the above

c. Fern

Although we do not know how early life arose, the following likely happened: a. All organic molecules were transported to Earth by meteors. b. High levels of oxygen were essential for glycolysis. c. Lipids organized to form cell membranes. d. Organic molecules formed once temperatures reached moderate levels, equivalent to today's environment.

c. Lipids organized to form cell membranes.

Which of the following is typically NOT associated with a prokaryote? a. Horizontal transfer of genetic information b. A lack of internal compartmentalization c. Multiple, linear chromosomes d. A cell size of 1 µm

c. Multiple, linear chromosomes

A slide in a microbiology lab reads "Gram- negative coccus". What should the microbiology students be looking for under the microscope? a. Pink rods b. Purple spirals c. Pink spheres d. Purple spheres e. None of the above

c. Pink spheres

Plants grown in sterile soils often have much lower productivity that plants grown in normal soils. Why is this the case? a. The plants are often attacked by pathogenic fungi b. Mold spores germinate and overtake the plant c. Plants in the sterile soils don't have the mycorrhizal fungi to aid in nutrient absorption d. Plants cannot complete photosynthesis with help from fungi e. None of the above

c. Plants in the sterile soils don't have the mycorrhizal fungi to aid in nutrient absorption

Which of the following adaptations allows plants to pause their life cycle until environmental conditions are optimal? a. Stomata b. Phloem and xylem c. Seeds d. Flowers

c. Seeds

Why is alcohol produced in a sealed wine barrel? a. The yeast cells produce alcohol to kill off bacterial competitors b. The alcohol is used as an energy source for the yeast cells c. The alcohol is a by-product of fermentation d. The alcohol is naturally found in the grape juice e. The alcohol is leeched from the wood when the oxygen is depleted

c. The alcohol is a by-product of fermentation

During which times would you expect that geographic isolation would be particularly important in the evolution of life? a. Cambrian period b. End of the Paleozoic era c. The beginning of the Cenozoic era d. Both a and c are correct.

c. The beginning of the Cenozoic era

Fungal mitosis is different from animal and plant mitosis because - a. The sister chromatids are not held together b. The DNA is not replicated prior to mitosis c. The nuclear envelope does not break down d. The spindle fibers are made of actin instead of tubulin e. Anaphase does not occur

c. The nuclear envelope does not break down

What is the function of the sori found on the underside of fern fronds? a. Gas exchange b. Preventing excessive water loss c. They contain the spores d. They aid in photosynthesis e. Sori have no known function

c. They contain the spores

Which of the following would NOT be found in a bryophyte? a. Mycorrhizal associations b. Rhizoids c. Tracheid cells d. Photosynthetic gametophytes

c. Tracheid cells

Reproduction in angiosperms can occur more quickly than in gymnosperms because a. gymnosperm sperm requires water to swim to the egg. b. flowers always increase the rate of reproduction. c. angiosperm pollen tubes grow more quickly than gymnosperm pollen tubes. d. angiosperms have nectaries.

c. angiosperm pollen tubes grow more quickly than gymnosperm pollen tubes.

The chloroplasts of brown algae a. have a chromosome with a very different DNA sequence than the chromosome of a red alga. b. are surrounded by four membranes. c. are surrounded by two membranes. d. have a chromosome with a DNA sequence that is similar to red algae, but very different from green algae.

c. are surrounded by two membranes.

The three domains of life a. represent variations of the same basic cell type. b. include two different basic cell types. c. consist of three different basic cell types. d. describe current cells but say nothing about their history.

c. consist of three different basic cell types.

Stramenopila are a. tiny flagella. b. large cilia. c. small hairs on flagella. d. pairs of large flagella.

c. small hairs on flagella.

Gram-positive (+) and gram-negative (‒) bacteria are characterized by differences in a. the cell wall: gram+ have peptidoglycan, gram-have pseudo-peptidoglycan. b. the plasma membrane: gram+ have ester-linked lipids, gram-have ether-linked lipids. c. the cell wall: gram+ have a thick layer of peptidoglycan and gram-have an outer membrane. d. chromosomal structure: gram+ have circular chromosomes, gram-have linear chromosomes.

c. the cell wall: gram+ have a thick layer of peptidoglycan and gram-have an outer membrane.

What do diatoms, rhodophyta, chlorophyta, and euglenoids have in common? a. All are heterotrophic b. All are planktonic c. All are closely related to fungi d. All are photosynthetic e. All are microscopic

d. All are photosynthetic

Plate tectonics can contribute to a. volcanoes and earthquakes. b. formation of supercontinents. c. increased weathering and CO2 sequestration. d. All of the choices are correct.

d. All of the choices are correct.

Symbiotic relationships occur between the fungi and a. plants. b. bacteria. c. animals. d. All of the choices are correct.

d. All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following plant structures is NOT matched to its correct function? a. Stomata—allow gas transfer b. Tracheids—allow the movement of water and minerals c. Cuticle—prevents desiccation d. All of the choices are matched correctly.

d. All of the choices are matched correctly.

Which of the following statements about the pterophytes is accurate? a. Horsetails and whisk ferns form a single clade. b. Ferns form a single clade. c. Whisk ferns have euphylls. d. All pterophytes have a dominant sporophyte generation.

d. All pterophytes have a dominant sporophyte generation.

Which of the following potentially represents the oldest known living species of angiosperm? a. Cooksonia b. Archaefructus c. Chlamydomonas d. Amborella

d. Amborella

Analyze the following statements and choose the one that most accurately supports the endosymbiotic theory. a. Mitochondria rely on mitosis for replication. b. Chloroplasts contain DNA but translation does not occur in chloroplasts. c. Vacuoles have double membranes. d. Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria can have the same effect on mitochondria.

d. Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria can have the same effect on mitochondria.

Which of the following species of fungi is NOT associated with diseases in humans? a. Pneumocystis jiroveci b. Aspergillus flavus c. Candida albicans d. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

d. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Which of the following plant phyla consists of plants that lack a vascular system? a. Coniferophyta b. Gnetophyta c. Anthophyta d. Bryophyta e. Pterophyta

d. Bryophyta

Which of the following genera most likely directly gave rise to the land plants? a. Volvox b. Chlamydomonas c. Ulva d. Chara

d. Chara

Which protist group shares the most recent common ancestor to animals? a. Rhizopoda b. Ciliates c. Alveolata d. Choanoflagellata e. Euglenozoa

d. Choanoflagellata

Which is most likely the ancestor of animals? a. Trypanosomes b. Diplomonads c. Ciliates d. Choanoflagellates

d. Choanoflagellates

Based on physical characteristics, the represent the most ancient phylum of fungi. a. Basidiomycota b. Zygomycota c. Ascomycota d. Chytridiomycota

d. Chytridiomycota

A newly discovered cell is examined and observed to possess a nuclear membrane. Of which of the following is it certainly a member? a. Bacteria b. Achaea c. Protista d. Eukarya e. None of the above

d. Eukarya

Choose which of the following best reflects the symbiotic relationships between animals and fungi. a. Protection from bacteria b. Colonization of land c. Protection from desiccation d. Exchange of nutrients

d. Exchange of nutrients

The ripened swollen ovary forms the - a. Seed b. Carpel c. Stamen d. Fruit e. Pollen

d. Fruit

Fruits are complex organs that are specialized for dispersal of seeds. Which of the following plant tissues does NOT contribute to mature fruit? a. Sporophytic tissue from the previous generation b. Gametophytic tissue from the previous generation c. Sporophytic tissue from the next generation d. Gametophytic tissue from the next generation

d. Gametophytic tissue from the next generation

The ancient earth had very little free oxygen in its atmosphere; today the atmosphere contains approximately 21% free oxygen. Where did it come from? a. Drifted in from space b. Broughtinbycomets c. It leaked out of the earth's core d. Photosynthetic organisms produced it as a by- product of photosynthesis e. It was trapped in rocks and released as they melted

d. Photosynthetic organisms produced it as a by- product of photosynthesis

Compare what happens to a spore mother cell as it gives rise to a spore with what happens to a spore as it gives rise to a gametophyte. a. The spore mother cell and the spore both go through meiosis. b. The spore mother cell and the spore both go through mitosis. c. The spore mother cell goes through mitosis, and the spore goes through meiosis. d. The spore mother cell goes through meiosis, and the spore goes through mitosis.

d. The spore mother cell goes through meiosis, and the spore goes through mitosis.

The following evolutionary trends are seen in the seedless land plants. a. Gametophytes became photosynthetic. b. A key innovation accompanying the appearance of pterophytes was the haplodiplontic life cycle. c. The gametophyte generation became the dominant generation. d. There is increased protection of the sporophyte generation in its early developmental stages.

d. There is increased protection of the sporophyte generation in its early developmental stages.

Which bits of evidence would convince you that life originated as early as 3.2 bya? a. You look at a microfossil under a scanning electron microscope and it is the same shape as a cell. b. A high-quality transmission electron micrograph of a fossil cell reveals cellular compartments, including a possible nucleus. c. Potassium dating of a fossil containing a possible cell indicates that the fossil is 3.2 billion years old. d. Using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, you find evidence of a carbon-based material in what appears to be a cell wall of a fossil isotopically dated as 3.2 billion years old.

d. Using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, you find evidence of a carbon-based material in what appears to be a cell wall of a fossil isotopically dated as 3.2 billion years old.

In a culture of hyphae of unknown origin you notice that the hyphae lack septa and that the fungi reproduce asexually by using clumps of erect stalks. However, at times sexual reproduction can be observed. To what group of fungi would you assign it? a. Chytridiomycota b. Basidiomycota c. Ascomycota d. Zygomycota

d. Zygomycota

Ulcers and tooth decay do not appear related, but in fact both a. are due to eating particular kinds of foods. b. are caused by viral infection. c. are caused by environmental factors. d. can be due to bacterial infection.

d. can be due to bacterial infection.

The horizontal transfer of DNA using a plasmid is an example of a. generalized transduction. b. binary fission. c. transformation. d. conjugation.

d. conjugation.

A fungal cell that contains two genetically different nuclei would be classified as a. monokaryotic. b. bikaryotic. c. homokaryotic. d. heterokaryotic.

d. heterokaryotic.

Trypanosomes are examples of a. euglenoids. b. diplomonads. c. parabasalids. d. kinetoplastids.

d. kinetoplastids.

In a pine tree, the microspores and megaspores are produced by the process of a. fertilization. b. mitosis. c. fusion. d. meiosis.

d. meiosis.

The integuments of an ovule will develop into the a. embryo. b. endosperm. c. fruit. d. seed coat.

d. seed coat

In comparing the Selaginella and Physcomitrella genomes, you would expect to find that a. both have genes needed for flagellar arms. b. Selaginella has 3000 new genes not found in Physcomitrella. c. Selaginella, but not Physcomitrella, has abscisic acid genes and other abiotic stress genes. d. some of the novel genes in Selaginella encode proteins necessary for tracheid development.

d. some of the novel genes in Selaginella encode proteins necessary for tracheid development.

Organisms that are characterized by being unicellular, photosynthetic, and having double shells made of silica are known as euglenoids. diatoms. kelps. foraminifera. dinoflagellates.

diatoms.

Angiosperms are characterized by all of the following except flowers. carpels that mature to form a fruit. ovules enclosed in diploid tissue at the time of pollination. dominant gametophyte generation. pollen produced in anthers.

dominant gametophyte generation.

Which of the following, if any, is not a function of the seed? a. Protecting the embryo b. Preventing desiccation c. Providing nutrients to the developing plant d. Allowing for dormancy e. All of the above are functions of seeds

e. All of the above are functions of seeds

Which of the following is an attribute that fungi share with plants? a. Composition of the cell wall b. Methodofobtainingenergy c. Type of chlorophyll in cells d. Use of flowers to attract pollinators e. None of the above

e. None of the above

For which of the following organisms is the sporophyte stage the dominant stage in the life cycle? charophyte moss fern green alga Chlamydomonas liverwort

fern

Prokaryotes reproduce rapidly and this allows genetic variation to spread quickly through a population. Two processes can create new variations in prokaryotic populations. Select the choice with those two processes. genetic recombination and rapid cell division phage viral attack and genetic recombination genetic recombination and nondisjunction genetic recombination and mutation mutation and phage viral attack

genetic recombination and mutation

The development of tracheids helped land plants to resist desiccation. absorb H2O from stems and leaves. grow to very large sizes. take in more CO2. protect the genome from UV exposure.

grow to very large sizes.

Double fertilization occurs when the sperm and tube nuclei fertilize the egg. two sperm cells fertilize the two polar nuclei. one sperm fuses with the egg and the other sperm fuses with both polar nuclei. the polar nuclei fuse with the egg after it has fused with the sperm.

one sperm fuses with the egg and the other sperm fuses with both polar nuclei.

Which of the following events is least likely to result in a genetic change in a bacterium? specialized transduction generalized transduction natural transformation conjugation pilus formation

pilus formation

Tracheophyte plants are characterized by all of the following except specialized conducting systems. waxy cuticle. stomata. homospory or heterospory. seeds.

seeds

Which one of the following structures in the moss life cycle is not haploid? sperm antheridium germinating spore spore mother cell rhizoid tissue

spore mother cell

All of the following statements about ferns are correct except ferns flourish in many habitats, but the majority are located in the tropics. the gametophyte is a conspicuous generation. sori are located on the back or ventral surface of fronds. ferns have underground stems called rhizomes. the sporophyte is a conspicuous generation.

the gametophyte is a conspicuous generation.

The aquatic ancestry of bryophytes is most clearly demonstrated by what character? the use of flagellated motile sperm the production of a sporangium a nutritionally dependent sporophyte mycorrhizal associations with fungi

the use of flagellated motile sperm