Bio Exam 2 review

Protists were the first living organisms to ______. a, undergo asexual reproduction b. perform photosynthesis c. reproduce sexually d. move using flagella e. develop a supportive wall around the plasma membrane

c. reproduce sexually

Which of the following is least associated with the others? a. horizontal gene transfer b. conjugation c. transformation d. binary fission

d. binary fission

Bacteria that live around deep-sea, hot-water vents obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic hydrogen sulfide belched out by the vents. They use this energy to build organic molecules from carbon obtained from the carbon dioxide in seawater. These bacteria are _____. a. chemoheterotrophs b. photoheterotrophs c. photoautotrophs d. chemoautotrophs

d. chemoautotrophs

protists include all eukaryotes except:

land plants, fungi, and animals

Adaptive radiations can be a direct consequence of all of the following, except ____. A) genetic drift B) vacant ecological niches C) colonization of an isolated region that contains suitable habitat and few competitor species D) evolutionary innovation

A) genetic drift

In populations that are reproductively isolated from each other, there can be no gene flow. This is supportive of which concept? A. Biological Species Concept B. Morphospecies Concept C. Phylogenetic Species Concept D. None of the above

A. Biological Species Concept

According to the _____, the main criterion for identifying species is reproductive isolation. A. Biological species concept B. Morphospecies concept C. Phylogenetic species concept D. Lamarkian species concept E. Darwinian species concept

A. Biological species concept

According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food? A. The engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP). B. The engulfed cell provided the host cell with carbon dioxide. C. The engulfed cell allowed the host cell to metabolize glucose. D. The host cell was able to survive anaerobic conditions with the engulfed cell alive. E. The host cell would have been poisoned if it had digested the engulfed cell.

A. The engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Which of the following statements best describes the term synapomorphy? A) a trait that is shared by more than one monophyletic group B) a trait common in a single monophyletic group, but not generally found outside of that group C) the state of having several traits in common with different monophyletic groups D) a trait that evolved in several different monophyletic groups simultaneously

B) a trait common in a single monophyletic group, but not generally found outside of that group

While examining a rock surface, you have discovered an interesting new organism. Which of the following criteria will allow you to classify the organism as belonging to Bacteria but not Archaea or Eukarya? A. It is unicellular. B. Cell walls are made primarily of peptidoglycan. C. The organism does not have nucleus. D. The lipids in its plasma membrane consist of glycerol bonded to straight-chain fatty acids. E. It can survive at a temperature over 100°C

B. Cell walls are made primarily of peptidoglycan

You might be interested to know how many different types of bacteria live on the shower curtain in your bathroom. What is the most efficient method for finding out? A. producing a molecular phylogeny B. enrichment culture C. direct sequencing D. Enrichment culture and direct sequencing are equally efficient methods

B. enrichment culture

Which of the following best describes all existing bacteria? A. pathogenic, omnipresent, morphologically diverse B. extremophiles, tiny, abundant C. small, harmful, fast-growing D. tiny, ubiquitous, metabolically diverse E. morphologically diverse, metabolically diverse, extremophiles

B. extremophiles, tiny, abundant

Which of the following is a weakness of the biological species concept? A. It requires phylogenetic trees, which haven't been estimated yet for many lineages. B. It is not applicable to sexually reproducing species because the offspring are genetically distinct from the parents .C. It isn't applicable to asexual, fossil, or geographically isolated species. D. It relies on the subjective judgment of experts to decide whether populations are similar enough to be the same species.

C. It isn't applicable to asexual, fossil, or geographically isolated species.

Reinforcement is most likely to occur when _____. A. prezygotic isolating mechanisms are in place B. gene flow is low C. hybrids have lower fitness than either parent population D. the environment is changing

C. hybrids have lower fitness than either parent population

Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because _____. A. protists eat bacteria B. bacteria are not made of cells C. protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack D. bacteria decompose protists E. protists are photosynthetic

C. protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack

Biologists sometimes divide living organisms into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs. These two groups differ in _____. A. their sources of energy B. their electron acceptors C. their mode of nutrition D. the way that they generate ATP

C. their mode of nutrition

Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share? A) composition of the cell wall B) lack of a nuclear envelope C) composition of the cell wall and lack of a nuclear envelope D) lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of plasma membrane E) presence of plasma membrane and composition of the cell wall

D) lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of plasma membrane

Microbiologists use the Gram stain to aid in the identification of bacteria. What is the major difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria? A) structure of nucleotides in the plasma membrane B) presence or absence of muramic acid in the cell wall C) presence or absence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall D) presence or absence of outer plasma membrane

D) presence or absence of outer plasma membrane

Which of the following gets its energy from sunlight and its carbon from ingesting other organisms? a. photoautotroph b. chemoautotroph c. photoheterotroph d. chemoheterotroph

c. photoheterotroph

Logically, which of these should cast the most doubt on the relationships depicted by an evolutionary tree? A) None of the organisms depicted by the tree ate the same foods. B) Some of the organisms depicted by the tree had lived in different habitats. C) The skeletal remains of the organisms depicted by the tree were incomplete (in other words, some bones were missing). D) Transitional fossils had not been found. E) Relationships between DNA sequences among the species did not match relationships between skeletal patterns.

E) Relationships between DNA sequences among the species did not match relationships between skeletal patterns.

What is the relative order in which the following key events occurred in the history of life?I. Origin of prokaryotes II. Origin of multicellularity III. Origin of animal life IV. Significant increase in atmospheric oxygen V. Origin of eukaryotes a. I, IV, V, II, III b.I, IV, II, V, III c. IV, I, V, II, III d.IV, I, II, V, III e. I, IV, V, III, II

a. I, IV, V, II, III

All protists_______(pick all that apply) a. contain a nucleus b. have a eukaryotic cell morphology c. are unicellular d. have a cell wall e. are photosynthetic

a. contain a nucleus b. have a eukaryotic cell morphology

The bacterial cell wall functions to ________. a. protect the cell and provide shape and rigidity b. maintain the position of the nucleus c. synthesize proteins d. propel bacterial cells through their environment

a. protect the cell and provide shape and rigidity

Your professor wants you to construct a phylogenetic tree of orchids. She gives you tissue from seven orchid species and one lily. What is the most likely reason she gave you the lily? a. to serve as an outgroup b. to see if the lily is a cryptic orchid species c. to see if the lily and the orchids show all the same shared derived characters (synamorphies) d. to demonstrate likely homoplasies

a. to serve as an outgroup

What occurs in a hybrid zone? a) extinction b) interbreeding c) reinforcement d) disruptive selection

b) interbreeding

In marine ecosystems, the main primary producers are ____? a. photosynthetic bacteria b. photosynthetic protists c. photosynthetic plants d. photosynthetic fungi

b. photosynthetic protists

Select the valid comparison between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. a. the total biomass of eukaryotes is approximately ten times the total biomass of prokaryotes b. prokaryote cells have simpler internal structure and genomic organization than eukaryotic cells c. eukaryotes are far more metabolically diverse than prokaryotes

b. prokaryote cells have simpler internal structure and genomic organization than eukaryotic cells

What is true about prokaryotes? a. they are large b. they reproduce by binary fission c. they have long generation times d. they have linear chromosomes

b. they reproduce by binary fission

What does the biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundaries? a) geographic isolation b) niche differences c) gene flow d) morphological similarity e)molecular similularity

c) gene flow

Approximately how far back in time does the fossil record extend? a. 3.5 million years b. 5.0 million years c. 3.5 billion years d. 5.0 billion years

c. 3.5 billion years

How can mass extinction events be distinguished from background extinctions? a. mass extinctions occur when normal environmental change eliminates certain populations to zero b. mass extinctions result primarily from natural selection c. A mass extinction occurs when at least 60% of species are wiped out within 1 million years d. during a mass extinction, species die out because individuals are poorly adapted to normal or gradually changing environmental conditions.

c. A mass extinction occurs when at least 60% of species are wiped out within 1 million years

Adherence to the intestinal lining by a bacterium is often due to its possession of _____. a. fimbriae b. pili c. a capsule d. a flagellum

c. a capsule

Which is the best definition of adaptive radiation? a. an adaptive radiation occurs when a novel trait evolves that makes new ecological opportunities available b. an adaptive radiation is a star phylogeny c. an adaptive radiation occurs when a single lineage produces many ecologically diverse descendant species in a relatively short period of time d.an adaptive radiation always occurs as a series of rapid speciation events

c. an adaptive radiation occurs when a single lineage produces many ecologically diverse descendant species in a relatively short period of time

Phylogenic trees represent the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. Which of the following statements about phylogenic trees are correct? a. they are intended to indicate the actual ages of the species b. If two taxon are located next to each other on the phylogenic tree, we can assume that one taxon evolved from the taxon next to it c. each branch represents a divergence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor d. two closely related taxa will demonstrate phenotypic similarity e. all of the above

c. each branch represents a divergence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor

Infoldings of the plasma membrane surrounding the eukaryotic ancestor explains what phenomenon in the evolution of protists? a. primary endosymbiosis b. secondary endosymbiosis c. development of the mitochondria d. origin of the nuclear envelope e. evolution of the chloroplast

d. origin of the nuclear envelope

What is the characteristic feature of the Chlamydiae phylum a. unusual flagella b. formation of colonies c. rod shape d. parasitic life cycle

d. parasitic life cycle

Locomotive diversity amongst protists includes: a. cilia b. pseudopodia c. flagella d. A and C only e. A, B, C are correct

e. A, B, C are correct

conjugation

the direct transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another bacterial cell

Transduction

transfer of DNA from one cell to another by a virus

Transformation

uptake of foreign DNA from the surrounding environment