Bio exam 3

when did tetrapods evolve?

365 mya

_______ -most heat gained from external sources (ex: most fish, most non-avian reptiles, most invertebrates) (thermoregulation)

ectothermy

axons

elongate processes, ends divide into mult. synaptic terminals to communicate with other cells at synapses

97% of described animal species are ______

invertebrates

is the study of the biological functions an organism performs

physiology

____:now considered by man to be a subspecies of Homo sapiens- occasionally interbreed with anatomically modern humans until ~20,000 years ago and constitute 1-2% of the genome of anyone whose genetic history isn't limited to sub-Saharan Africa

Neanderthals

______ is toxic, even at low conc.; requires access to lots of water; common in aquatic animals

ammonia

what are the two living groups of bony vertebrates

ray-fined fish & lobe-fins

fins are supported mainly by long, flexible rays, not bone or muscle

ray-finned dish (osteichthyes)

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a model organism often used in research; small genome (one of the first vertebrate genomes to be sequences) and a very short generation time (3 months from egg to adults laying eggs) make it useful for experiments (what type of fish?)

ray-finned fish (osteichthyes)

includes nearly all the familiar aquatic fish ~ half of all vertebrates

ray-finned fish (osteichthyes)

these posses swim bladders (gas bladders) homologous to lungs-mostly control buoyancy, but many fish can absorb some oxygen through them

ray-finned fish (osteichthyes)

this is the most diverse group of vertebrates; lots of saltwater species, but much of the diversity lies in geographically-separated freshwater drainages (lots of allopatric speciation). SE US is particularly diverse, with the Etowah River in NW GA containing many more species than the 2 largest rivers in the western US, the Columbia and Colorado rivers combined

ray-finned fish (osteichthyes)

______-an animal that uses internal control mechanisms to regulate internal changes due to the environment: Homeostasis: maintaining a constant internal environment (temp, ion concentration, blood sugar levels) (homeostasis)

regulator

acetylcholine

released by nerves to excite skeletal muscle

each kidney supplied with blood by a _____ artery and drained by a _____ vein

renal

Two distinct regions of the kidney

renal cortex and renal medulla

____ possess scales (or feathers) that create a waterproof barrier, lay shelled eggs on land

reptiles

amniotes have 2 extant clades:

reptiles, mammals

proteins that transport oxygen in the blood

respiratory pigments

pump Na ions out of axon and K ions into the axons, some K channels open for K ions to diffuse out of axon; fewer Na channels are open to allow NA to diffuse in axon. more positive ions outside (+) inside is negatively charged

resting potential

use muscles to expand and contract rib cage area for more efficient air movement in and out of lungs) is called

rib cage ventilation

dorsal

back side

horseshoe crab, scorpions, spiders, ticks, mites are members of the subphylum:

chelicerates

tubeworms have _______ bacteria living in their tissues (use energy from H2S chemical bonds to make carb chains from CO2); help form the base of the food chain in some places at the bottom of the ocean even where there is no light

chemoautotrophic

all animals are ________trophs

chemohetero

fossil human-like apes more closely related to us than _____

chimpanzees

____ & ____ are derived from a common ancestral population with humans ~7 mya and are our closest living nonhuman relatives

chimpanzees, bonobos

stomach secretes _____ acid (ph ~2) and the enzyme ____

hydrochloric, pepsin

most plant proteins are ____ in amino acid makeup

incomplete

____ immunity is present before any exposure to pathogens, nonspecific

innate

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

neurotransmitters

_______ breakdown of products and nucleic acids must be removed from the body

nitrogenous

Are fish a monophyletic group?

no paraphyletic

mammals breathe first from ______, air passes through the _____ into the _____,____ and ____, where gas exchange occurs

nostrils, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli

Some bony "fish" are ________ as we normally think of them (land vertebrates)

not fish

a diet insufficient in essential amino acids causes a form of malnutrition called:

protein deficiency

keratin

protein in scales, feathers, hair, fingernails

means "first mouth;" initial indentation during gastrulation becomes the mouth, anus forms second, after the gastrointestinal tract has grown through to the opposite end of the embryo

protostomes

what two lineages split from bilateral animals

protostomes and deuterostomes

Cells with a common structure and function make up ____ (hierarchical organization of body plans)

tissues (hierarchical organization of body plans)

_____ animals (generally bilaterally symmetric) form a third mesoderm layer in between

tripoblastic

____old, unique lineage now isolated to a few pacific islands (lepidosaur species)

tuataras (lepidosaur species)

some live in deserts, other have returned to the sea (still must lay eggs on land) no teeth

turtles

reptiles includes three extant clades:

turtles, lepidosaurs (tuatara, lizards, snakes), archosaurs (crocodilians & dinosaurs- including birds)

parthenogenesis

unfertilized birth: can be haploid or diploid (frogs, lizards, komodo dragons, hammerhead sharks)

____ is produced in the liver in some animals from ammonia, much less toxic; carried to the kidneys where concentrated and excreted with min. water loss; sharks, amphibians, mammals

urea

more water available = more ______ to be removed; a lot of energy is spent to actively transport nutrients in and out of nephron tubule

urea

___ ____ is largely insoluble in water, can be excreted as a past w very little water loss; reptiles, insects, land molluscs

uric acid

thinner-walled, blood flows back to the heart with help from muscle action, one-way valves. what blood vessel structure?

veins

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A, D, E, K

how many years have homo erectus has been around

1.9 mya

about how many mammal species?

5,400

posterior

Tail (back)

dopamine

reward, pleasure, addiction

____ are a subphylum of chordata

vertebrates

#____ essential vitamins

13

fish have a __ ______ heart; blood goes to the gills for oxygenation and then on to the rest of the body (single vertebrate circulatory system)

2 chambered

Arthropods includes ____ of all described species of animals; Crustaceans and, especially, insects are huge subgroups

2/3

animals require ____ amino acids (can synthesize about 1/2 as long as diet contains some nitrogen: adult humans need 8 from our diet)

20

Homo sapiens indistinguishable from modern human skeletons first appear in the fossil record about how many years ago

200,000

the first fossils of animals were how many years ago?

560 mya

the origin of animals was probably about how many years ago?

770 mya

fragmentation

A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals.

______ is a basal lineage of Bilateria: bilaterally symmetric flattened 'worms' (similar-looking, but not closely related to "flatworms" in Platyhelminthes) that are reminiscent of what the ancestral bilateral animal may have looked like

Acoela

homo erectus spread widely out of Africa into Europe and Asia before the evolution of H.sapiens. H. sapiens evolved in ______ and migrated into Asia/Europe ~70,000 years ago, became second primate lineage (after new world monkeys) to colonize N. & S american ~15,0000 years ago via the Bering Land bridge

Africa

herbivores eat mainly ______trophs

photoauto

whiptail lizards

Are parthenogenetic, used as an example for asexual reproduction go through stages of ovulation and male behavior. first haploid then become diploid

white blood cells called _____ _______ made in bones can design and produce antibodies which bind to a pathogen and target it for destruction

B-cell lymphocytes

humans need greatest amounts of what minerals

Ca, P, S, K, Cl, Na, Mg

sister group to animals are single-celled, sometimes colonial organisms called ____ : nearly identical to some cells in sponges

Choanoglagellates

_____ (lobe-fins) are well represented in the fossil record but were a shocking discovery when living representatives were found at the bottom of the ocean. swim bladders are filled with oil to keep them from floating far from the ocean floor

Coelacanths (lobe-fins, osteichthyes)

Lobe fins include what 3 major groups

Coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods

if ____ are basal animals, it would either mean sponges and Placozoa each lost nervous system and muscle tissue or that ____ evolved its own nervous system ind. from other symmetrical animals (hint: phylum)

Ctenophora

molecular & embryological data support a shared common ancestor for Echinoderms & Chordates- sea urchin sperm/eggs used in studies of fertilization and early embryonic development, radial-like anatomy evolved secondarily from the bilateral symmetry of ancestors (not actually radially symmetric) (hint: what phylum?)

Echinodermata (deuterostomes)

slow-moving marine animals: includes sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, spiny skin covers a skeleton of hard calcium carbonate plates (hint: what phylum?)

Echinodermata (deuterostomes)

___ & ____ released separately, and pepsin isn't activated until it enters an acid environment (stomach digestion)

H, Cl

2 major groups of protostomes

Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa

_____ proteins are highly variable and bind to antigens of pathogens inside the cell, present them to T-cells at the cell surface

MHC

snails & slugs, oysters & clams, octopi & squid what phylum?

Mollusca (lophotropchozoa)

Millipedes and centipedes belong to the subphylum

Myriapods

nerve is stimulated, more ___ channels are allowed open

Na

all chordates share a set of 4 derived characters:

Notochord, Dorsal hollow nerve cord, muscular post-anal tail, pharyngeal gill slits

what phylum is flatworms

Platyhelminthes (lophotropchozoa)

_____(tunicates) start out as a 'tadpole' larva with all 4 chordate characteristics, develop into permanently anchored filter feeders like sponges: notochord, tail, and dorsal never chord lost at maturity (simple chordates)

Sea squirts

____ _______ matured in thymus works w MHC proteins to identify cells w pathogens and target for destruction

T-cell lymphocytes

____ immunity: a specific response to pathogen

acquired

if enough Na channels open, Na ions rushes into cell bc of (-) charge and low Na conc. rush of Na cause a change, inside axon=positive, outside axon= negative. this stimulated more Na channels to open further down axon

action potential

Gorilla + Chimpanzees & Bonobos + Humans =

african apes

birds have ___ ____ that function as small "bellows" that keep air flowing through the lungs continuously in one direction - no inefficient mixing of gases like mammals

air sacs

____ are tetrapods that have terrestrially adapted egg- the amniotic egg- which contains specialized membranes that protect the embryo from drying out but allow for exchange

amniotes

_____ produces projections of keratin from skin follicles and breathe by rib cage ventillation

amniotes

____ remain closely tied to water, especially for reproduction-aquatic eggs unprotected from desiccation, aquatic juvenile stages w gills and (usually) terrestrial adults. delayed development of arms/legs in tadpoles is a derived characteristic of amphibians, not ancestral to tetrapods

amphibians

most breathe through their skins and lungs at maturity (using throat muscles to pull and push air in and out of lungs), although many salamanders breathe entirely through their skin

amphibians

~4,800 species of frogs, salamanders, and caecilians (legless _____ that look like snakes or legless lizards: convergent evolution)

amphibians

long-term potentiation

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. occurs while sleeping

is the study of the biological form of a organism

anatomy

maintenance of an internal temp. within a tolerable range can involve adaptations of _____, ____&_____ (thermoregulation)

anatomy, physiology, behavior

fission and budding

animal splits into two new ones or new individuals grow out of parent's body

carnivores eat

animals

these are multicellular with no cell walls - held together by proteins (collagen, cadherins)

animals

these first fossils at 560 mya, most animal phyla appear during Cambrian explosion

animals

these have a formation of blastula/gastrula (hollow ball of cells that indents to form a cavity)

animals

these ingest food and digest it internally with enzymes

animals

segmented bodies- convergent evolution w arthropods, includes earthworms, leeches, many intertidal saltwater species & tube worms. what phylum?

annelida (lophotropchozoa)

segmented worms what phylum?

annelida (lophotropchozoa)

hormones frequently occur in ____ pairs

antagonistic

Deuterostomes- ____ forms first in development, ___ grows through to the mouth end

anus, gut

what are gibbons, orangutans, gorilla, and chimpanzees & bonobos, and humans called

apes

exchange occurs as substances dissolved in an ______ ______ diffuse and are transported across the cells' plasma membranes

aqueous medium

these have low diversity today; remaining crocodilians are all semi-aquatic predators: alligators, crocodiles, caimans, gharial, and false gharial

archosaurs

thicker walls accommodate high pressure of blood pumped from the heart. what blood vessel structure?

arteries

jointed animals with exoskeletons. what phylum?

arthropoda (Ecdysozoa)

body covered by an external skeleton (exoskeleton) composed of the polysaccharide chitin (same as fungal cell walls) infused with calcium. what phylum?

arthropods (Ecdysozoa)

found in nearly all earth habitats (Crustaceans especially in saltwater and freshwater habitats, insects in terrestrial and freshwater habitats) what phylum?

arthropods (Ecdysozoa)

segmented invertebrates w jointed appendages (crustaceans, chelicerates, myriapods, hexapods, trilobites (extinct)) what phylum?

arthropods (Ecdysozoa)

biting/stinging; mosquitos, deer flies, black flies (gnats, noseeums), stinging wasps, fire ants, bedbugs. economic/agricultural damage; pine bark beetles, termites, bool weevil, corn borers, Japanese beetles, aphids, cockroaches

bad stuff of insects (arthropods, Ecdysozoa)

vectors for disease; malaria, yellow fever, dengue, west nile (mosquitos), chagas (kissing bugs), african sleeping sickness (tsetse fly)

bad stuff of insects (arthropods, Ecdysozoa)

mucus, skin (acidic), exoskeleton in insects

barrier defenses (innate immunity)

bipedalism evolved (before or after?) increased relative brain size

before

Ventral

belly side

____ animals have: dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, cephalization

bilateral

hollow cavity during animal embryonic development

blastocoel

hollow ball of cells in early embryonic development

blastula

cocaine and meth ____ the removal of dopamine from synapses

block

most living vertebrates (including humans and other land vertebrates) belong to a clade of jawed vertebrates called Osteichthyes (hint: what type of fish)

bony "fish"

_____:upper and lower shields made of fused vertebrae and ribs, covered with modified scales

boxlike shell (reptiles)

dendrites

branched extensions receive signals from other neurons

what are some basal primates?

bush babies, lorises, tarsiers

very thin walled, facilitate exchange with the interstitial fluid- very branched, blood flow is very slow, pressure is low. what blood vessel structure?

capillaries

_____ fish (sharks, rays) lack fully hardened bones, but share characterisitics with bony vertebrates

cartilaginous

mineralized internal skeleton of calcium-infused cartilage, jaws, two sets of paired appendages (pectoral fins and pelvic fins in locations homologous to our arms and legs) (hint: what type of fish)

cartilaginous fish

____ ____ (blood) is confined to vessels, distinct from the interstitial fluid

circulatory fluid

_______ ______ (hemolymph, blood) bathes the organs directly with no separation from the interstitial fluid

circulatory fluid

blood or hemolymph

circulatory fluid

other cells of body are connected to exchange surfaces by _____ and _____

circulatory, interstitial

seratonin

clam, feelings, well-being; SSRI (most prescribed drug in the world)

annelids, squids & octupuses (cephalopod molluscs) and vertebrates have what type of circulatory system?

closed

more efficient at transporting fluids to cells, can work at higher pressure (and speed) what circulatory system?

closed

stinging cells

cnidocytes

_______- an animal that allows internal conditions to conform to external environmental changes (homeostasis)

conformer

has a web of protein fibers embedded in a liquid, gel, or solid; primarily function to bind and support other tissues (a type of tissue)

connective tissue

includes: cartilage, bone, fat, and blood (a type of tissue)

connective tissue

_____ tissues are sparsely packed cells scattered in an extracellular matrix

connective tissues

glutamate

constantly released in retinal neurons until stimulated by light

neuron cell body

contains nucleus and most organelles

In Australia, marsupials fill all the mammal ecological roles that are filled by placental mammals on other continents. This had lead to lots of ________ between placental mammals and marsupials

convergent evolution

what two extant clades of Archosaurs?

crocodilians, dinosaurs

___ retain many of the primitive archosaur characters (body like a lizard)

crododilians

Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, and barnacles are members of the subphylum:

crustaceans

______ T-cells directly kill the cell

cytotoxic

opiates ____ activity of neurons that normally would be inhibiting dopamine release

decrease

means "second mouth;" initial indentation during gastrulation becomes anus, mouth forms after the gastrointestinal tract have grown through to the other side

deuterostomes

having a distinct mouth often leads to Cephalization:

development of a head

_____ animals like jellyfish have endoderm + ectoderm

diblastic

birds are also called

dinosaurs

diversified into sized from 20+ feet tall (extinct moas) & 2000 lbs (extinct elephant birds, terror birds), to as small as hummingbird (largest extant birds are ostriches at ~8ft, ~200 lbs)

dinosaurs (birds)

falcons, hawks, shrikes, and owls are all unrelated, independently evolved lineages that have reverted back to being carnivores

dinosaurs (birds)

owls have huge eyes and feathery facial discs to funnel sound into their ear holes (beneath eyes). asymmetric placement of earholes means sound reacher one ear a split second before it hits the second, allows an owl to perceive depth perception from sounds and hunt in complete darkness if necessary. they have 2 toes forward and 2 toes backward when gripping instead of 3 toes forward and 1 backward

dinosaurs (birds)

some are primarily oceanic, coming to land only to lay eggs similarly to sea turtles, fastest animal on earth is the Peregrin Falcon (over 200 mph in dives on prey)

dinosaurs (birds)

warm-blooded, - many features of their reptilian anatomy underwent modification during adaptation to flight: hollow bones, no teeth, no bladder, descended from a group of small, feathered carnivorous theropod ____ ~170 mya

dinosaurs (birds)

nicotine directly stimulated the release of ____

dopamine

land animals manage their water budgets by:

drinking and eating most foods, using water generated by aerobic respiration

in the _____, acid chyme mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver & gallbladder

duodenum

molting skin/ exoskeleton; as nematodes and arthropods (and tardigrades) outgrow their hard outer coating, they must shed and replace it what lineage of protostomes?

ecdysozoa (protostomes)

in general, _____ tolerate greater variation in internal temp. than endotherms (thermoregulation)

ectotherms

hormones coordinate slower but longer-acting response to stimuli - what system?

endocrine

_____ will eventually form lining of digestive tract

endoderm

radially symmetric animals (jellyfish) have two tissue layers _____ : gut lining & ____-: outer layer

endoderm, ectoderm

bilaterally symmetric animals have all 3 tissues of ____,____&____

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

_____- warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism (ex: birds & mammals, a few non-avian reptiles, fish, and many insects) (thermoregulation)

endothermy

______ is more energetically expensive than ectothermy, and the larger an endothermic animal is, the more efficient it is at maintaining temperature (thermoregulation)

endothermy

urea and uric acid require spending _____ and ____ to produce but allow elimination of N waste w far less water loss and toxicity than ammonia

energy, carbon

closely packed sheets of cells called ____ cover the outside of body and line organs and cavities within

epithelia

what are the four main categories of tissue? (hierarchical organization of body plans)

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

red blood cells, no nuclei, transport O2 & CO2

erythrocytes

Where is hemoglobin found?

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

what are the three classes of cellular elements?

erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), platelets

the _______ amino acids must be obtained from food in preassembles form

essential

___ ____ in complex, multicellular organisms connect to the environment via body surface openings

exchange surfaces (internal exchange surfaces)

essential vitamins are grouped into what 2 categories?

fat-soluble, water-soluble

corpus luteum degenerates and ceases hormone production if

fertilization doesn't occur - causing breakdown of uterine lining (period) and allowing for hormone production for maturation of next follicle/egg

kidneys produce urine by refining a ______ derived from body fluids

filtrate

___ refers to almost any cold-blooded aquatic vertebrate lineage, but some lineages of aquatic ____ are more closely related to land vertebrates than they are to other ___ lineages

fish

______ mature and release egg into oviduct

follicles

An adequate diet must satisfy three nutritional needs:

fuel for cellular work, organic raw materials for biosynthesis (carbon skeletons), essential nutrients (substances the animal cannot make for itself)

A central cavity with a single opening in the body of certain animals, including cnidarians and flatworms, that functions in both the digestion and distribution of nutrients.

gastrovascular cavity

earliest animals were probably ____-like with specialized cells for reproduction (gamete production)

gastrula

envagination of blastocoel wall to form the gut cavity where internal digestion will occur

gastrulation

_____ are fast tree-swingers and live in Asia, _____ also love in trees in Asia but are larger, slower, and more closely related to African apes

gibbons, orangutans

outfoldings of tissue specialized for gas exchange

gills

remaining tissue of follicle develops into ______ _____

glandular tissue- important for producing hormones necessary for uterus/egg interaction and temporary stalling maturation of more follicles/eggs

pollinators, honey, beeswax, silk, forensics, invasive species control, research (fruit flies used for genetics/chromosome research), aesthetics (butterflies, fireflies), food for many animals

good stuff of insects (arthropods, Ecdysozoa)

have a head (cranium), no vertebrae (probably a secondary loss to help them knot up to escape predators), slimy

hagfish (chordates, vertebrates)

mammals have ____ for insulation, _____ teeth, and are _____-blooded

hair, differentiated, warm

anterior

head (front)

____ T-cells bring antigen to B-cells for antibody synthesis

helper

binding of O2 to one _______ subunit induces other subunits to bind O2 with more affinity: __ total molecules of O2 per hemoglobin

hemoglobin, 4

insects belong to the subphylum:

hexapods

four most diverse of insects (beetles, moths, & butterflies, flies, ants & wasps) go through a distinct complete metamorphosis from juvenile to adult stages. Early stages are for feeding (caterpillars, maggots), pupal stage is a protective outer skin while the insect undergoes drastic morphological changes, adult stage is primarily for reproduction- no further growth. Any feeding by adult stages, if they feed at all, is strictly for maintaining energy for reproductive activities.

hexapods (arthropods, Ecdysozoa)

growth of humans and their ancestors, any of the new or old primates of the family Hominidae

hominid evolution

what was the second primate lineage to colonize N & S America

homo sapiens

____-chemical signal secreted by endocrine glands into the circulatory system that communicates _____ messages

hormone, regulatory

_____ can have multiple effects with same receptors on diff. cells and diff. receptors on the same cell

hormones

basal primates are nocturnal, tree dwelling, ___-eaters; this indicates the ancestor of all primates shared these characteristics and likely evolved the better binocular vision and gripping hands/thumbs shared by all modern primates due to selection for this lifestyle

insect

a subgroup of arthropoda that contains over half of all described animal species

insects (arthropods, Ecdysozoa)

most orders of insects go through successive nymph stages that more or less look like smaller versions of the adult (sometimes w out wings in winged species) what subgroup

insects (arthropods, Ecdysozoa)

white blood cells like macrophages (eat foreign organisms), Natural Killers cells (kill abnormal cells), insects produce antimicrobial peptides (antibiotics)

internal defenses (innate immunity)

fluid between cells

interstitial fluid

Animals that lack a backbone

invertebrates

also helps transport CO2; CO binds _____, prevents O2 and CO2 transport leading to _____

irreversible, suffocation

what was the first branch of vertebrates?

jawless fish (lineage with no jaws, no paired fins)

____, the excretory organs of vertebrates, functions in water balance, salt regulation, and excretion

kidneys

cartilaginous segments surrounding notochord and arching partly over the nerve cord (simple vertebrae), ____ and hagfish both also have much simpler eyes than other vertebrates, with hagfish eyes reduced to almost nothing

lampreys (chordates, vertebrates)

____ retain the characteristics of the ancestral chordate body plan as adults (simple chordates)

lancelets

______ ____ mostly reabsorbs water, but also holds bacteria that produce vitamin K and biotin (lactose intolerance caused by further digestion)

large intestine

white blood cells, immune system

leukocytes

bile salts produced in the ____ and stores in the ___ ___ acts as emulsifiers to digest lipids

liver, gall bladder

most numerous and diverse reptiles, apart fro birds; a couple venomous species; some have independently lost their legs- convergent evolution with snakes; 2 venomous species (also convergence with multiple snake lineages)

lizards (lepidosaur species)

have muscular pectoral and pelvic fins surrounding rod-shaped bones, includes

lobe-fins (osteichthyes)

____ (lobe-fins) are the closest relatives to land vertebrates (tetrapods) and depend entirely on lungs, not gills for breathing! they also have the largest known genomes! (more DNA per nucleus than any other organism - inlcuding humans)

lungfish (lobe-fins, osteichthyes)

reversibly binds O2; load O2 in ______, unloads it in other _____ where CO2 concentration is high and leads it to slightly higher acidity

lungs, tissues

mammals have these to produce milk for feeding young

mammary glands

opossums, wombat, kangaroo, koala, marsupial moles, sugar gliders, tasmanian devil

marsupial

this mammal lineage is embryo born earl, finishes development within a maternal pouched called a marsupium

marsupials

bilaterally symmetric animals have 3 tissue layers with a ______ layer filling space between the _____ and ______

mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm

______ are necessary inorganic nutrients usually required in small amounts

minerals

includes lots of food (clams, oysters, calamari, escargo), range of eye complexity (octopi are particularly complex w lenses & retinas convergently evolved in a similar structure as vertebrate eyes), largest invertebrates (giant squid), highly venomous cone snails and blue-ringed octopus can cause human death in minutes. what phylum?

mollusca (lophotropchozoa)

largest marine phylum by species - although some inhabit freshwater, some are terrestrial (some snails & slugs), all are anatomically separated into a head (nerves), foot (locomotion), and mantle (shell). what phylum?

mollusca (lophotropchozoa)

soft bodied animals, generally protected by a hard shell (may be reduced or lost as in slugs, octopi) bivalves (two shells), gastropods (stomach, foot), & cephalopods (head, foot -octopi) what phylum

mollusca (lophotropchozoa)

this mammal lineage retains the primitive egg-laying condition: echidnas and platypus-only in Australia, also no nipples

monotremes

what are the 3 major mammal lineages?

monotremes, marsupials, placental mammals (eutherians)

nitric oxide

most manipulated by humans inducing relaxation of blood vessels during sexual arousal

stomach lining is coated with _____ to prevent gastric juice from destroying stomach cells

mucus

long cells called______ are capable of contracting in response to nerve signals

muscle fibers

many parasites of plants and animals (humans too), Caenorhabditis elegans is an important research organism: 1st animal genome to be completely sequenced, only 1000 cells. what phylum?

nematoda (Ecdysozoa)

roundworms what phylum?

nematoda (Ecdysozoa)

blood is filtered into the tubes of the _____, where they traverse the osmolarity gradient of the cortex and medulla

nephron

______ and associated blood vessels are the functional unit of mammalian kidneys

nephrons

_____ tissues enable rapid cell-to-cell communication over long distances

nerve

high-speed electrical signals along specialized cells (neurons) - what system?

nervous system

____ ____ monkeys are more closely related to apes (including humans) than they are to the monkeys of Central and South America

old world

primates are originally an ____ ____ group (Africa, southern Europe, and Asia) but one lineage did colonize the New world from Africa before humans (new world monkeys)

old world

______ regularly consume both carnivores and photoautotrophs

omnivores

invertebrates -insects & other arthropods, most molluscs have what type of circulatory system?

open

different tissues make up______ which together make up _____ systems (hierarchical organization of body plans) (hint: one word)

organ

_____ produces protein-digesting enzymes (proteases) activated once they enter the duodenum

pancreas

invertebrates are defined by an ancestral characteristic, not a synapomorphy, so they would be a ______ group (some invertebrates are much more closely related to vertebrates than they are to other invertebrates)

paraphyletic

corals have endosymbiotic, photosynthetic chromalveolates from the SAR clade (zoocanthellae) living between their endoderm & ectoderm tissue layers (hint: phylum)

phylum Cnidaira

a single opening to a gastrovascular cavity functions as both mouth and anus (hint: phylum)

phylum Cnidaria

corals provide an environment with more inorganic nutrients and CO2 for the endosymbiont in exchange for sugar (similar to lichens & mycorrhizal fungi) (hint: phylum)

phylum Cnidaria

share a common ancestor with other animals that have tissue, but only have 2 layers (endoderm & ectoderm) that can differentiate into muscle, nerves; more closely related to bilaterally symmetric animals than comb jellies (Ctenophora)

phylum Cnidaria

wide range of sessile (anchored, non-moving) and floating forms: includes jellyfish, anemones, corals, and hydra (hint: phylum)

phylum Cnidaria

have radial symmetry, stinging cells called cnidocytes to capture food (hint: phylum)

phylum Cnidaria (jellyfish)

similar to a big gastrula; recent sequence of a ____ genome indicates they may actually be the basal branch of animals (outside of sponges) (hint: phylum)

phylum Ctenophora

superficially similar to true 'jellyfish' (phylum Cnidaria) and used to be grouped with them, but differ in locomotion by rows of cilia and lack of stinging cells (hint: phylum)

phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies)

very simple pancake-like animals ~1mm that behave like a multicellular amoeba and move with cilia. Probably branched off after Porifera and Ctenophora and are a result of simplification/reduction of an ancestor with tissues (hint: phylum)

phylum Placozoa

filter gallons of water a day through their body cavities to catch food particles (hint: phylum)

phylum Porifera (sponges)

have internal cells (choanocytes) of many species nearly identical in form to Choanoflagelletes (hint: phylum)

phylum Porifera (sponges)

have no specialized tissues (some cells are individually specialized but can shift and change function rather than being part of a permanent tissue type), no symmetry (hint: phylum)

phylum Porifera (sponges)

what is the first-branching lineage of animals

phylum Porifera (sponges)

life habits known as 'moles' and 'shrews' are in multiple _____ lineages as well as marsupials

placental

elephant, armadillo, sloths, rodents, rabbits, carnivores ,bats, shrews (smallest mammal) and whales (largest mammal) all found in one clade

placental (eutherians)

this mammal lineage completes their embryonic development within a uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta

placental (eutherians)

marsupials share a common ancestor with _______ that didn't lay eggs (eggs hatch internally)

placental mammals (eutherians)

cellular elements = 45% of volume, suspended in liquid matrix called:

plasma

water, plasma proteins, blood electrolytes (dissolved ions), transported substances (nutrients, gases, wastes, hormones)

plasma

cell fragments involved in blood clotting during wound healing

platelets

includes some human parasites (tapeworms, liver flukes) what phylum?

platyhelminthes (lophotropchozoa)

simple body plan is prob. similar to Acoela & ancestral bilateral animals, most cells are in close contact with the external environment, facilitating diffusion of nutrients and wastes. what phylum?

platyhelminthes (lophotropchozoa)

what are three phyla of Lophotrochozoa (protostomes)?

platyhelminthes, mollusca, annelida

____ (including humans) are related to rabbits, rodents; lab rats and lab mice are popular as experimental animals because they are the closest living relatives of humans that are small, reproduce quickly (10 week generation time), and most people think of them as pests so they don't mind killing them as much

primates

flat and produce myelin, a lipid-rich medium that doesn't conduct electricity, wrap around axon to insulate and prevent leakage of current bw sections of axon with Na/K channels. current moves quick bw nodes bc insulation - improved neuron efficiency

schwann cells

Where is sperm produced?

seminiferous tubules

amphibians and non-bird reptiles have _____ between circulation for oxygenation and for pumping oxygenated blood to the body, but only a single pump/ventricle takes care of both duties (3 chambers)

separation

mammals and birds have complete _____ into 4 chambers (vertebrate circulatory system)

separation

ancestral mammal was probably ____-like based on the fossil record. all other mammal body forms, from whales to humans ave evolved from a ____ like body plan

shrew

things called _____= small, mouse-like insectivorous mammals with pointy snout exist in all of the lineages except monotremes and Xenarthra

shrews

sperm is what?

simple cells with flagellum, tightly packed mitochondria to power flagellum, a nucleus across acrosome (head) containing enzymes and structures necessary to communicate and fuse with egg

___ & ____ have a direct effect on how an organism exchanges energy and materials with its surroundings

size, shape

what are the 3 types in vertebrates?

skeleton, cardiac, smooth

______ _____ is the longest section of the digestive tract; the major organ of digestion and absorption

small intestine

legless lepidosaurs that evolved from a lizard-like ancestor (lizards are probably paraphyletic unless you include _____); multiple evolutionary origins of highly venomous species

snakes (lepidosaur species)

Phylum Porifera (sponges)often have added structural support and predator defense from silica or calcium carbonate ____

spicules

Phylum Porifera are

sponges

_____ still only have specialized cells with no tissue and no symmetry - ancestral animals may have had symmetry and tissue more like comb jellies than _____

sponges

bilateral symmetry evolved after what two animals

sponges & cnidarians

gastro= _____ cephalo=______ pod=______

stomach, head, foot

internal exchange surfaces: highly folded or branched for increases ___ ____

surface area

_____ is a function of radius or width squared, ____ is a function of radius or width cubed, so diffusion across a membrane can't keep up with volume once a cell reaches a certain size - limits the size of single-celled organisms

surface, volume

_____ are targeted by HIV and lead to susceptibility to rare infections and cancer in people with aids

t-cells

____ are terrestrial lobe-fins (closest living relatives are lungfish)

tetrapods

______have four limbs and hands/feet with digits, ears for detecting airborne sounds, plants, fungi and invertebrate ecosystmes were already in place on land when ____ came ~365 mya

tetrapods

dinosaur diversity is lower than in the past: today only birds remain, but they are still the most diverse ______ lineage with ~10,000 species, about twice as many extant species as mammals

tetrapods

gills- effectiveness of gas exchange is increased by ______ (movement of water across gills) and _______ ____ of blood and water; blood passes the most oxygenated water last b4 continuing to body to max. efficiency and bring blood as close as possible to oxygenation level of water

ventilation, countercurrent flow

name derived from vertebrae, the series of dorsal bony segments, ~64,000 extant species, possess a cranium (skull), and "backbone" (made of cartilage, not bone, in many)

vertebrates

apes have _____ tail that stops growing early in development

vestigal

____ are organic molecules requires in the diet in small amounts

vitamins

what are the primary features that separate humans from other african apes?

we walk upright on 2 legs (bipedal), increased relative skull/brain size, particularly frontal lobe

what mammal lineages have gone back to the ocean? and what one origin of true flight?

whales, dolphins, manatees, seals and bats

Forms an endosymbiotic relationship with corals and performs photosynthesis.

zoocanthellae