BIO Exams

The most common energy carrying molecule in all organisms is

ATP

What is the correct order of the menstrual cycle?

1. folicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the growth of the egg folicles 2. estrogen levels increase and signal to the pineal gland to release lutenizing hormone (LH) 3. The egg is released (ovulatio) from the folicle (which becomes the corpus luteum after egg release) 4. The corpus luteum produces progesterone for about 14 days 5. the uterine lining sloughs off (menstruation occurs) with decrease in progesterone levels

A specific phosphorous isotope has 15 protons, 16 neutrons, and 15 electrons? What is the atomic mass?

31 (neutrons + protons)

Which of the following indicates the most acidic pH?

7

If a plant has a total of 18 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be present in each of its gametes?

9

Determine which of the following statements is most likely to represent real science and not pseudoscience?

A group of researchers reports at a national scientific conference that they have found a genetic link to kill autism

The partial negative charge at one end of the molecule is attracted to the partial positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?

A hydrogen bond

When determining whether a claim about a new cleansing juice diet is scientific of psuedoscientific, which of the following is NOT a helpful question to ask yourself.

Are there a lot of people, including celebs, endorsing the product as a healthy weight loss method?

Ramona is pregnant and she would like to find out the biological sex of the baby before her delivery date. Because this is her first baby, she doesn't know when she should have an ultrasound to determine the baby's sex. At what point during development should she get an ultrasound?

Around the third month of pregnancy, at the beginning of fetal development.

Sea stars sometimes break off one of their arms, which then develops into a separate sea star. What is this an example of?

Asexual reproduction

secrete antibodies in response to foreign molecules

B cells

why are B cells and T cells so named?

B cells mature in bone marrow, T cells mature in thymys

what would be the result if DNA polymerase did not have the ability to proofread?

DNA replication would result in more mutations

Which of the following is a part of accepted cell theory?

Every living organism is composed of one or more cels, and all living cells arise from pre existing cells

Consider an experiment in which subjects are given a pill to test its effectiveness in reducing the duration of a cold. Which of the following is the best way to treat the control group?

Give the control group a pill that looks like the test pill, but does nothing

It is possible that modern humans may have comingled with which of these other ancestors?

Homo neanderthalnesis

gamete formation in human males is different from gamete formation in human females in that human males

Human males make sperm throughout their lives, beginning at puberty, whereas human females are born with all the eggs that may be fertilized.

A carwash attendant offers to treat your windshield with a protective agent. This substance coats the glass, causing beads of water to easily roll off during a rain shower. Which of the following is correct about the protective agent?

It must be hydrophobic

The genus Lycopodium includes plants that evolved before the breakup of Pangaea. The genus Sequoiadendron (Sequoia trees) evolved after Pangaea split into separate landmasses. Which genus would you expect to have the widest distribution of living representatives across the modern continents?

Lycopodium

Males and females both produce estrogens, progestogens, and androgens. Which of the following is accurate for typical males and females?

Males have more androgens than estrogens. Females have more estrogens than androgens.

Which of the following differnentiates meiosis from mitosis

Mitosis is used for repair of cells, whereas meiosis creates cells for sexual reproduction

Examine the skulls shown in the figure. What can be said regarding trends in braincase size and teeth over time?

More recent hominin fossils have larger braincases and generally smaller, more humanlike teeth.

Victoria, 10 years old, wants to be a zoologist when she grows up. She decided to begin her training by doing something scientific. She weighed and measured lengths of earthworms. Was she doing something scientific?

No because she had no hypothesis to direct her data and collection or interpretation

Jean-Baptiste Lamark proposed that populations evolve when traits acquired during the lifetime of a parent are passed down to offspring. What is wrong with this proposal?

Only changes in the DNA sequence of an organism can be inherited. Traits acquired throughout life generally do not involve DNA

Which of the following statements about the transport through the plasma membrane of a cell is correct?

Passive transport does not require the input of energy, and active transport does

In bacteria, the antibiotic tetracycline blocks the site where tRNA molecules enter the ribosome. the MOST likely reason that bacteria die from treatment with the tetracycline is because the antibiotic

Prevents the bacteria from assembling essential proteins

Which of the following statements about the process of science is not accurate?

Science can answer all questions regarding human experience and personal values

In fall of 2012, a vet from Texas issued a press release stating that her team of scientists completed a DNA study confirming the existence of bigfoot. Which of the following statements, if true, would lend support to her claims?

She consulted experts in the field of human genomics and made her DNA samples available for analysis

plans and animals use different energy storage molecules, yet they both use the same mechanism to "burn" their stored energy. How can plants and animals both be successful, even though they burn different energy storage molecules?

The breaking of the chemical bonds of a storage molecule transfers energy, no matter what molecule is stored

Which of the following explains why ice floats on water?

The cool temperature of ice reduces the extent of molecular motion relative to liquid water

What characteristic is NOT shared by all living organisms

They all photosynthesize

The bases present in an RNA molecule are

U,A,C and T

Alex is a student with Strep throat (caused by a strain of bacterium) who is given a prescription for an antibiotic and is told to take the drug for two weeks. After a week, he feels better and stops taking the drug. Two months later, Alex again shows symptoms of Strep throat and decides to finish the leftover antibiotic rather than going to the doctor again. Two months after that, he develops Strep throat for a third time and returns to the doctor. This time, the antibiotic does not work. The doctor runs a test and discovers that the bacterial strain Alex is carrying is antibiotic resistant. What most likely happened?

When the student stopped taking the drug, a small number of bacteria—those that were more drug resistant—still survived in his body. Those bacteria repopulated his throat and, over time, drug-resistant alleles became more common.

Some questions fall outside the realm of science. Which of the following questions could NOT be answered using the scientific method?

Why is it unethical to test newly developed drugs on animals

people with xeroderma pigmentosum frequently exhibit skin cancer. the disease is a result of a mutation in a gene that produces a DNA repair protein. Why would these patients exhibit skin cancer more frequently?

Without this protein, cells cannot fix changes in their DNA caused by exposure to UV light, causing more damage to cells promoting cancer

Is it possible for Homo sapiens and Neanderthals to be related even if humans are not the direct descendants of Neanderthals?

Yes, because humans and Neanderthals share a common ancestor.

Is it important for scientists to undergo peer review of their results by other fellow scientists?

Yes. The quality and accuracy of the scientific work can be enhanced by input, further review, and possibly even repetition by other scientists working in the same field

Breeding programs for farm-raised chickens result in a variety of unusual colors and feathers. Is this an example of evolution?

Yes; the change in chicken coloration is a genetic change in the population over time.

Evolution is most accuratley described as change in allele frequencies in _________ over time

a population

You are reading a paper in the journal, vaccine, that analyzed and combined the results from five observational studies involving over one million children and another five studies that compared children with autism to children without autism. The paper you are reading is

a secondary literature source

Which of the following statements is NOT true about evolution?

a single evolutionary line led from ardipithecus ramidus to modern humans

when a population evolves to be better fitted to its environment, this is an example of ___________, which is brought about by the process of ___________.

adaptation; natural selection

insulin

aids in digestion by reducing levels of glucose in the blood stream

The out of africa hypothesis states that

all new species of hominins arose in africa and then migrated to the rest of the world

A silent mutation is a mutation where DNA nucleotide has changed, but the resulting protein is identical to the protein produced before the mutation. Such a mutation is possible because of all of the following EXCEPT

all of human DNA is transcribed into proteins otherwise it would be a waste of energy to replicate the DNA every time the cell divides

which of the following features do sponges lack that some other animals have

all of the above

In humans, where is the gas exchange surface located?

alveolus

proteins important for growth, survival, normal function of nerve cells can cause cell damage when they become misfolded and aggregate. this clumping of misfolded proteins is a hallmark of which of the following diseases

alzheimer's

The sequence of the bases in DNA determines the order of the

amino acids in mRNA

Nucleotides

are the building blocks of nucleic acids

which of the following statements describes the function of the light reaction in photosynthesis?

as electrons move through the light reaction, they release energy that is used to concentrate protons in the thylakoid

the ribs are part of the

axial skeleton

All of the following contribute to genetic uniqueness EXCEPT

binary fission

a plant cell is mutated so ATP synthase no longer functions. Which process will be affected?

both photosynthesis and respiration

CNS

brain and spinal cord

A nursing human newborn receives some protection against pathogens because

breastmilk provides preformed antibodies from the mother

the blood vessels that allow diffusion between blood and nearby body cells are

capillaries

which of the following about cardiac muscle is true?

cardiac muscle is like smooth muscle, because it contains no bands

some kinds of drain cleaners use enzymes rather than strong, dangerous chemicals. these enzymes must be able to

catalyze the metabolic reaction

If an athlete damages a ligament in his or her knee, he or she has damaged

connection between two bones

The fossil record

contains strong evidence that major new groups of organisms arose from previously existing organisms.

in the chemical reaction that forms hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydrogen and oxygen share electrons creating

covalent bonds

which of the following sequences correctly describes the pathway that a signal travels in a neuron?

dendrite to cell body to axon

You are given an unknown substance and asked to determine whether it is polar or nonpolar. The easiest way to do this would be to

determine whether the compound dissolves in water

a study of a population of the goldenrod wildflower finds that large individuals consistently survive and reproduce at a higher rate than small or medium sized individuals. Assuming size is an inherited trait, the most likley evolutionary mechanism at work here is

directional selection

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced by the pituitary gland when the brain detecs lower than optimum levels of water in the body. In the kidneys, ADH promotes the uptake of water, creating more concentrated urine. ADH travels from the pituitary gland to the kidneys through the _________ system

endocrine

a human female has a diploid chromosome number of 46 (2n = 46). Based on this information, which of the following cells is properly matched with its chromosome number?

first polar body: 46

the part of the brain responsible for higher order thinking and memory is the

forebrain

What is the typical order of events to produce an embryo?

gamete development, ovum release, intercourse, fertilization, implantation

Reduced tailbones and the associated remnant muscles in humans are an example of what type of evidence for common descent?

homologous traits

In making your morning tea, you drop a sugar cube into some hot water. You stir the mixture but no longer see the sugar cube. Based on your observation of sugar dissolving in hot water, you properly conclude that sugar is

hydrophilic

the part of the brain that integrates the endocrine and nervous system is the

hypothalmus

Vitiman A is

important for good eyesight

which of the following is found in both invertebrates and vertebrates?

innate immunity

which of the following terms describes how the male sperm and female egg typically fuse in animals?

internal fertilization

Natural selection

is one cause of evolutionary change

adrenaline

is produced by the adrenal glands

which of the following statements about convergent evolution is true?

it demonstrates how similar environments can lead to the same physical structures

why do scientists use CRISPR to remove PERV's from pig embryos, rather than just editing the genes in the organs of adult pigs?

it is not possible to delete PERV sequences from every cell of the adult pig, there are far fewer cells in an embryo

A scientific hypothesis must be constructed with which of the following characteristics?

it provides a reasonable explanation to a question and is consistent with current observations; it must also be testable and falsifiable

phagocytize pathogens during inflammation

macrophage

which of the following sensor receptor types is NOT found in humans?

magnetoreceptors

Possums are found throughout much of Central and North America. Although their bodies are covered in hair, their tails and ears are hairless. They have many teeth and opposable clawless "thumbs" on their rear appendages. They produce poorly developed young that live in mom's pouch for about two and a half months before climbing on her back. Possums are

marsupials

Chromosomes are lined up at the middle of the cell during the _________ portion of cell division

metaphase

calcium is the most abundant __________ needed by our bones

mineral

Breifly describe the key differences that distinguish monotreme, marsupial, and eutherian mammals

monotremes lay eggs rather than developing young internally via a placenta. Marsupials have a simple placenta and so give birth to relativley undeveloped young, which then develop externally in a pouch. Eutherians have a well developed placenta and so can support their young internally until they are more fully developed

physical barriers lining the respiratory and digesive system that prevent the invasion of pathogens

mucous membranes

in a human cell

nearly all chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes

Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) are the _________ building blocks for DNA; they are organized in different combinations to code for all of the proteins needed to accomplish everything the cell does

nucleotide

photosynthesis and cellular respiration are __________ processes. Cellular respiration is an example of catabolism, which _____________ energy

opposite; produces

Which of the following statements accuratley distinguishes tissues from organs?

organs consist of multiple tissue types, whereas tissues consist of one or more cell types

During the process of ________________- water diffuses across a semipermeable membrane from an area where water is more concentrated to an area where water is less concentrated

osmosis

which of the following would NOT be a reason for a peer-reviewed paper to be retracted by its publisher as untrue or inaccurate?

other researchers have published work that appears to contradict the paper in question

during exercise, the increase in respiration rate and heartbeat speed are driven by the need to replenish the oxygen used to suppoer

oxidative phosphorylation in muscle cell mitochondria

A newborn is diagnosed shortly after birth with a rare atrial septal heart defect, or a small hole between the right and left atrium. An expected outcome of this defect would be that

oxygen poor blood and oxygen rich blood would mix

Which of the following hormones is partially responsible for initiating labor contractions?

oxytocin

Scientists are human beings susceptible to personal and group biases that may influence how they interpret evidence. Before original research work is accepted and added to a growing body of scientific understanding, perhaps even contributing to our understanding of an important scientific theory, it must be scrutinized by experts in the field who have no direct connection to the research under review. The main mechanism for doing this is

peer reviewed publications

What is an observation?

people exposed to rotaviruses often experience acute diarrhea

Which of the following are NOT part of the innate immune system?

phagocytes

We use soap to clean ourselves better than we could with water alone. Soaps contain phospholipids that are responsible for the cleansing action. Which of the following statements is most likely the explination for how soaps work?

phospholipids are ions and therefore mix with both the water and oily dirt

receptors in the eye that provide vision are called

photoreceptors

Living cells have an intact phospholipid bilayer that separates the cell from its external environment; this structure is commonly referred to as

plasma membrane

clotting factors that prevent blood loss

platelets

The goal of meiosis is to

produce eggs and sperm

Which of the following is known to result from the disruption of mitosis?

prostate cancer

Which of the following are composed of the same monomers?

proteins and DNA

Which of the following is NOT a contributor to genetic variation?

replication of sister chromosomes

glycolysis is an anaerobic process, indicating that the glycolytic reactions

require no oxygen

Which of the following anatomical changes was an especially important contributor to the development of full bipedalism in hominins?

restructuring of the pelvis accompanied by a change in the angle of knee joints that support body weight

gene expression is

set by internal factors early in the life cycle of a cell and remains the same from that point forward

Unlike natural selection, ______ is not related to an individual's ability to survive and may result in offspring that are less well adapted to survive in a particular environment

sexual selection

two different organisms are closley related evolutionarily, then they will

share a recent common ancestor

Intermediate fossils

share some similarities with their ancestral group and descendant groups

hormones are

signaling molecules

what is the main physical barrier that animals use to keep out pathogens?

skin

which of the following is a type of epithelial tissue?

skin

Which of the following is NOT involved in supporting movement of the joint

smooth muscle

A nurse reports that a patient's blood pressure is 118/78. The top number in this reading is referred to as ________ and the bottom number is referred to as ____________

systolic pressure; diastolic pressure

the most likely potential problem faced by a person who is following a low protien diet is the failure to

take in enough amino acids

When examining the rapidly dividing cells of a fish embryo, you notice a cell that seems to contain two nuclei. The middle of the cell is pinched inward. this cell must be in __________ of mitosis

telophase

A person accidentally rests their hand on a hot stove. This sensory information will ultimately be relayed to the appropriate part of his or her brain by the

thalamus

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are both complementary and relatively balanced, but early history of life on earth showed increasing oxygen concentrations. This indicates that

the amount of PHOTOSYNTHESIS occurring exceeded the amount of CELLULAR RESPIRATION

what best summarizes the events of the calvin cycle?

the cycle uses ATP and NADPH to produce sugars

In a population, which individuals are most likley to survive and reproduce

the individuals that are best adapted to the environment

what would occur if the mitochondria of a cell did not produce an inner membrane?

the mitochondria would be unable to maintain the proton gradient created by the electron transport change and required for ATP production

In the last few weeks of pregnancy, the level of estrogen in the woman's blood rises. This increase causes

the muscles of the uterus to become more sensitive to the hormone oxytocin.

how many phosphate groups are present in a single strand of DNA?

the same number as there are adenine + thymine + guanine + cystonie bases

A group of astronauts returning from outer space have studied examples taken from their lunar landing. They found that one of their samples was coated with organic compounds. Which of the following statements must be correct about their samples?

the samples must contain carbon atoms

when two organisms are very distant related in an evolutionary sense

the sequence of DNA in their genes should be less similar than those of two more closely related organisms

After certain knee injuries, patients experience a swelling because of accumulation of fluid within the knee. The condition is referred to as "water on the knee" A likely source of this fluid would be

the synovial sac

Would you expect a difference between theoretical and actual effectiveness for sterilization? IF so, what would be the cause of that difference?

there is a difference. first, intercourse could happen too soon after surgery, when an egg is past the point of ligation or sperm are still in the vas deferenes. Second, the tubes can grow back together, as happens in about one out of 2,000 surgeries for men, and 200 for women

If folicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is NOT produced by a female's pituitary gland,

there will not be stimulation of an ovarian folicle

in many organelles, groups of different enzymes are located on membranes in close proximity to each other because

these enzymes are involved in the same metabolic pathway and keeping them closer together increases efficiency of the pathway

what is the role of white blood cells in inflammation?

they destroy pathogens and engulf cellular debris

why must kidney stones be removed

they may block the ureter, causing urine to back up into the nephrons and toxins to build up in the blood

Your friend Tula, who is pregnant, learns that you are studying biology and tries to quiz you about your knowledge of pregnancy. She tells you that her baby has just starting kicking, and she asks you to guess how far along she is. Based on your understanding of life in the womb, you would answer that she is in about her ________trimester.

third

which of the following consequences would most likely result from kidney failure?

toxin levels in the bloodstream would increase

The three hallmarks of asthma that make it so dangerous are

tracheal construction, tracheal inflammation, increased mucus production

the natural "lub dub" sound of the heart is due to the closing of the

triscupid and mitral valves closing followed by the closing of the pulmonary and aortic valves

Scientific literacy means that you

understand the process of science and basic scientific evidence and theories

which of the following functions occurs in the urinary bladder but not in nephrons

urine storage

which blood vessels carry blood back to towards the heart and contain valves?

veins

all mammals have tailbones and muscles for moving a tail. even humans have a reduced tailbone and remnant tail-twitching muscles, though these features have no apparent usefulness. these traits in humans would be best described as

vestigal traits

Which of the following is an example of the last segment of an arthropod's body having evolved into

wasp abdomen with a stinger

each time you take a breath, you are bringing in the oxygen you need to stay alive. The ultimate source of the oxygen used by all aerobic organisms comes from a reaction that breaks down

water

Oil and water do not mix well together because

water is polar and oil is nonpolar

If a female's mitochondrial DNA was sequenced and compared to the sequence of mitochondrial DNA isolated from her mother's paternal grandmother (the mother of her mom's dad), she likely ________be a significant match because ________.

would not; a person's mitochondrial DNA is inherited from her mom who inherited it from her mom

in cystic fibrosis and pneumonia, parts of the respiratory tract can become clogged with mucus, inhibiting gas exchange. the area(s) of the respiratory tract where gasses are directly exchanged is

alveoli

phospholipids are large organic molecules with a ___________________, polar phosphate head connected to ___________________, nonpolar fatty acid tails. How do these molecules arrange themselves to form a mostly .impermeable barrier between a liposome and its environment?

hydrophilic; hydrophobic; They line up hydrophobic tails facing each other at the center line of the membrane with the hydrophilic heads facing outward, away from the center line of the membrane

In humans, the herbicide atrazine helps RNA polymerase bind to the promoter of the gene for the enzyme aromatase. As a result

more RNA aromatase is produced

Which of the following would NOt be a situation where your own scientific literacy would be helpful?

which movie should I watch this weekend?

The atomic mass of an atom is determined by the sum of the number of

Neurons + protons in the atomm

When lori was diagnosed with breast cancer, the doctor recommended a lumpectomy followed by radiation therapy. Lori underwent the prescribed treatment recommended by the doctor. However, she also continued to eat lots of fruit and veggies, walk three miles every day, and do yoga. Within about 3 months, her cancer was gone. Afterwards, Lori told everyone her healthy lifestyle helped to cure her. Is this conclusion reasonable given the circumstances?

No, there are too many cofounding factors to know exactly what happened

Scientific understanding different always be challenged, and even changed, with new ways of observing and with different interpretations. For example, new tools and techniques have resulted in new observations and the discovery of additional information. This has resulted in revised ways of understanding how molecules are moved across the plasma membrane of cells. Hence, there is no absolute certainty in science, only degrees of probability and potential for change. In light of this understanding, which of the following statements is most meaningful?

Scientific knowledge is necessarily contingent knowledge and can change given increased knowledge

the knee is part of the ___________ skeleton which is designed primarily for ______________

appendicular, motion

homeostasis does not maintain

environmental temperatures

the positive chronic agent ____________ causes the heart to ________ compared to its resting heart rate

ephinephrine; increase

which of the following differentiates meiosis from mitosis

mitosis is used for the repair of tissues, whereas meiosis creates gamete cells or sexual reproduction

cardiac, smooth, and skeletal are all types of ___________ tissue that generate force to move structures within the body by contracting.

muscle

Biopsies from aggressive cancers often have cells that contain several nuclei per cell when viewed through a microscope. Which scenario could explain how much a multi nucleated cell might have come to be?

the cell underwent repeated mitosis but cytokinesis did onto occur

when examining the two complementary strands of nucleotides in one DNA molecule, you would expect to find that

the sum of G's and C's in one strand would be equal to the sum of the G's and C's in the other strand

which of the following statements accurately describes the movement of water and waste within a nephron?

water and waste both filter through the glomerulus; water is reabsorbed from capillaries

Examine the figure below of two concentrations of sugar water in a beaker. What would happen?

High to low

Theraputic touch (TT) is a type of "energy" medicine that involves the practitioner moving their hands over the energy of the patient, without actually touching the patient. If a researcher were to design a survey of the TT practitioners and their patients to determine the validity of TT, which of the following questions would NOT be helpful in determining the validity of the survey?

How old is the researcher?