BIO FINAL

peristalsis

Involuntary muscle contractions which move a bolus through the gastrointestinal tract are called

Thalamus

Match each brain structure to its function. Relay station for ascending and descending motor tracts

medulla oblongata

Match each brain structure to its function. Sensory nuclei

1. oxytocin 2. Cortisol 3. prostaglandins

Match each hormone with its function in the birth process. 1) From posterior pituitary, helps to regulate uterin contractions 2) Stimulates estradiol secretion 3) Stimulates more oxytocin receptors, helps to regulate contractions

holoblastic cleavage

Match each item to the correct type of clevage --Isolecithal eggs --Mesolecithal eggs --Radial cleavage --Spiral cleavage --Rotational cleavage --Echinoderms --Annelids --Flatworms amphibians --Most invertebrate phyla --Mammals --Complete cleavage

condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

Polyploidy

Microscopic functional unit of the kidney that produces urine. Found in the renal pyramids, which spans both the medulla and cortex.

What are nephrons? Where are they found?

produce a sugary fructose-rich alkaline fluid which buffers the sperm against acids in the female reproductive tract.

Seminal vesicles

PNS; CNS

Sensory neurons of the _____ carry information about the environment to the ______.

Individuals that can change their sex

Sequential hermaphroditism

"first male," a change from male to female

Sequential hermaphroditism: Describe protandry

"first female," a change from female to male; appears to be under social control

Sequential hermaphroditism: Describe protogyny

True

T/F Antibodies bind to antigens.

true

T/F B cells produce antibodies once they have been helped by certain T cells.

1. glomerular filtration 2. tubular re absorption 3. tubular secretion

What are steps urine formation?

true

T/F each B cell can only make antibodies against one type of antigen so it takes lots of different types of B cells to defend the body

bile

The liver produces ________ that functions in emulsification of fats.

glycogen

The liver removes excess glucose from the blood and converts it into _______.

alveoli

The lungs of mammals are packed with millions of __________, tiny sacs clustered like grapes.

Short extensions of a neuron that usually carry impulses TOWARD the cell body from other cells or sensory systems.

What are dendrites?

Structures in different species that serve different purposes but have the same basic structure

What are homologous structures

Osmoregulators (hypertonic)

Are fresh water fish osmoconformer or osmoregulator

ascending limb of loop of henle

Area of nephron that is impermeable to water and where NaCl is actively or passively transported into the interstitial fluid.

descending limb of loop of henle

Area of nephron that is permeable to water, but not to NaCl.

proximal convuluted tubule (PCT)

Area of nephron where much of the NaCl and water is reabsorbed from the filtrate.

bicuspid valve

Blood flows into the left ventricle via the

tricuspid valve

Blood flows into the right ventricle through the

veins

Blood flows out of the heart to the lungs via the pulmonary

aorta

Blood flows out of the left ventricle into the

pulmonary semilunar valve

Blood flows out of the right ventricle through the

atrium

Blood returning from the body flows into the right

vena cava

Blood returns to the heart from the upper body via the superior

secrete a slippery alkaline fluid which lubricates the urethral canal and makes seminal fluid gelatinous (pre-ejaculate)

Bulbourethral glands (Cowper's)

fertilization

Genetic identity is determined at ____________

secretes pancreatic fluid into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct

exocrine functions of the pancreas

Sense stimuli arising from the external environment

exteroreceptors

Detect the levels of specific chemical signals

chemoreceptors

--few capillaries --fewer mitochondria & can respire anaerobically using --stored glycogen & a high conc of the glycolytic enzymes --Low conc of myoglobin --"white meat" in poultry

fast-twitch fibers

--produced by the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans --causes the breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver which is then secreted into the blood --increases blood glucose levels

glucagon

threshold change in potential

graded potentials are small, continuous changes to membrane potential, while action potentials are transient disruptions of the potential triggered by a ______________

the two thin cavities that surround the lungs

pleural caivities

water flows over the axolotl gills at many different angles

the external gills of an adult axolotl are not as efficient as fish gills because___________.

innate

the inflammatory and temperature responses belong to the _________ response

germinal cells; Sertoli

the walls of seminiferous tubule consists of ____________ which become sperm, by meiosis, and supporting ________ cells.

tube for transport of sperm

vas deferens

divided into two parts: 1) Thoracic cavity 2) Abdominopelvic Cavity

ventral body cavity

when phenotypically different individuals mate and produces an excess of heterozygotes

what is disassortative mating

A strong fibrous protein formed in epidermal tissues and modified into skin, hair, feathers, horns and fingernails, it protects epithelia cells from stress and damage and gives skin its strength and flexibility and waterproofs the skin surface.

what is keratin?

Pleitropy occurs when one gene influences multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits

what is pleitropy?

2nd week after fertilization

when is the placenta formed

lungs

After the air sacs of birds fill, the _____ fill with air from the posterior air sacs

pancreas

Bicarbonate that neutralizes stomach acid is produced by the

metabolism; blood glucose; calcium levels; development at puberty

--the thyroid controls --The pancreas controls _______________ --parathyroid glands control ___________ --Ovaries and testes control ______________

shared ancestral character; shared derived character

-A ________________ is a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon (e.g. Backbones in mammals) -A ________________ is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade (e.g. Hair in mammals)

true; true; false; false; true; false

1) True or false: YE believe that the flood covered the whole world. 2) True or false: TE believe that God created everything, but everything is backed up by science. 3) True or false: YE believe the Earth is 4.3 billion years old. 4) true or false: OE believe that macroevolution exists (humans just poof things showed up out of nowhere). 5) True or False: OE claim that the world was built in 24 hour periods, but there are millions of years between each day. 6) True or false: every view believes that the bible and science are great sources of information. 7) Young earth & old earth agree the earth is billions of years old, true or false?

1) histamine 2) Dilate 3) Swelling 4) Neutrophils 5) Macrophages

1) When invading pathogens enter, chemical alarms such as _______ and prostaglandins are released 2) Blood vessels ______ and increase permeability 3) Increased blood flow causes _______ 4) Phagocytes accumulate, with _______ arriving first 5) The second phagocyte to arrive are ______

1) natural selection that increases the frequency of a favorable allele 2) natural selection that decreases the frequency of a harmful allele

1) positive selection 2) negative selection

1) A form of selection in which selection acts to eliminate the intermediate type 2) A form of selection in which selection acts to eliminate one extreme from an array of phenotypes. The genes promoting the extreme become less frequent in the population and may eventually disappear. 3)A form of selection in which selection acts to eliminate both extremes from a range of phenotypes. The result is to increase the frequency of the already common intermediate type.

1)Disruptive selection 2)Directional selection 3)Stabilizing selection

38 years

A 38-year old woman is going to ovulate in about a week. For how long has the primary oocyte in her Graafian follicle been arrested at prophase I of meiosis?

Z;Z

A Sarcomere is a structure of myofibril from ____ line to ___ line

less negative (more positive); more negative

A depolarization makes the membrane potential _________________, whereas a hyperpolarization makes the membrane potential ____________.

Sensory neurons

Afferent neurons that carry impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system

Seminiferous tubules

A hockey player suffered a bad injury in the groin area. Damage to what structure is most likely to interfere with sperm formation?

myofibrils; A

A muscle contracts and shortens because its __________ contract and shorten. Myofilaments do not shorten, but slide deeper into the ___ band.

hollow blastocoel

A research group claims that they have discovered microscopic fossilized embryos, including some at the blastula stage, but other researchers are skeptical. Finally, one student develops a technique for splitting the embryos in half to reveal the substructure. Cutting open the first blastocyst embryo, the student is very excited. "It is a blastula!" she shouts,"Look, you can see the ____________________ inside!"

away from

A single axon transmits impulses _________ the cell body.

Oligodendrocytes

A support cell of the CNS that produces the myelin sheath

Schwann Cell

A support cell of the peripheral nervous system that produces the myelin sheath

postzygotic

A type of isolating mechanism that leads to reproductive isolation after a hybrid zygote has formed is called a _____________ isolating mechanism.

allopatric speciation

A volcanic island erupts destroying all life on this island that sits in the middle of a chain of three small islands. The two remaining islands are geographic isolation that leads to

1. Fertilization 2. implantation 3. gastrulation 4. neurulation 5. somitogenesis begins

A woman realized her period is a week late, and is taking a pregnancy test. As the second pink line appears on the stick, important events have already taken place for her embryo. Put the events in order. fertilization implantation somitogenesis begins gastrulation neurulation

decrease urine volume output and cause blood vessel constriction.

ADH functions to

water retention by the kidneys; caffeine and alcohol

ADH is a peptide hormone that stimulates

30 hours

About ___________after fertilization, the zygote undergoes its first cleavage.

Movement of nutrients across the GI tract wall to be delivered to cell via the blood.

Absorption

a. passive b. passive c. active d. active

Active vs Passive Immunity: a. Most newborns are protected from measles when they are born because they have some of their mother's antibodies. b. Snake antivenin is generally an injection of animal antibodies, normally harvested from a horse or sheep. c. Once you have gotten sick with a specific strain of flu, you won't become ill from that strain again. d. Getting a flu shot can protect you from the strains of flu commonly circulating during the flu season.

--highly specialized defense against one pathogen (that is of little value against other pathogens) --Slower response--takes around 7-14 days to be up to full strength

Adaptive Immunity

lymphocytes (B and T)

Adaptive immune response revolves around leukocytes called ___________

proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, then distal convoluted tubule.

After the glomerulus, the order fluid will follow through the nephron tubule is .....

24

After the second meiotic event, imagine you observed spermatids with 12 chromosomes. What would the primary spermatocyte have for a chromosome count?

Autopolyploidy

All chromosomes from a single species?

H+ ions

All of the following are reabsorbed by the nephron EXCEPT --H+ ions. --vitamins --amino acids. --glucose. --Na+ and Cl- ions. --water.

host cell

All viruses require a _________ in order to reproduce • Basically hijack a host and trick it into making more viruses

When populations within different geographic areas split into distinct species

Allopatric speciation

osmoconformers

An animal that maintains an internal osmolarity similar to the environment

The embryo's secretion of hCG maintains the corpus luteum, keeping estradiol and progesterone high until the placenta takes over secretion of these hormones.

An extremely rare occurrence in humans is a multiple pregnancy with the embryos at different stages due to fertilization weeks apart. What mechanism normally prevents this from happening?

causing the walls of the collecting duct to become more permeable to water.

An increase in the production of ADH affects the kidney tubules by

at an average of - 70 mV) --Neg sign indicates the cytoplasm side is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid

An unstimulated neuron maintains a resting membrane potential

Urea

Animals excrete either ammonia, urea, or uric acid as their primary nitrogenous waste product. Drag the statements to the correct corresponding product of excretion. --The primary waste excreted by humans --The primary waste product excreted by cartilaginous fishes

Uric Acid

Animals excrete either ammonia, urea, or uric acid as their primary nitrogenous waste product. Drag the statements to the correct corresponding product of excretion. --The waste product that conserves the most water --The waste product that requires the most energy to produce --The primary waste excreted by birds and reptiles --The waste product that can precipitate in the joints of humans and cause gout

Ammonia

Animals excrete either ammonia, urea, or uric acid as their primary nitrogenous waste product. Drag the statements to the correct corresponding product of excretion. --The waste that is most toxic to organisms --The primary waste excreted by tadpoles (Hint: tadpoles are aquatic) --The primary waste excreted by bony fishes --The first step in the production of waste products resulting from The deamination of amino acids and Nucleic acids

adaptive immunity

Antibodies B cells T cells Response by lymphocytes Produces a specific response for virtually any pathogens

posterior pituitary

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the

distal convuluted tubule (DCT)

Area within the renal cortex where the tubular contents are hypotonic to the blood plasma and where K+ is secreted to maintain K+ homeostasis.

Interneurons

Association neurons that enable complex reflexes and higher functions such as learning and memory

Fallopian tube

At ovulation when the oocyte leaves the ovary, it enters the ...

K+ channels are slow in closing because it only has one gate; Na+ have two gates; NA+ K+ pump helps bring back to resting potential

At the Hyperpolarization phase of an action potential

sodium voltage gated channels are closing and potassium voltage are opening

At the Peak phase of an action potential ...

Potassium voltage gated, k+ going outside

At the Repolarization/ Falling Phase of an action potential...

ball-and-socket joint

At the hip joint, the bones can perform universal movement in all directions making this an example of a ________ joint.

all chromosomes from a single species • Form tetraploids

Autopolyploidy

adaptive immune response

B and T cells belong to the ______________ response

They don't -- each B cell makes only a single variety of antibody.

B cells can generate antibodies with over 1010 different antigen-binding sites. How do so many different antibodies fit onto a single B cell?

helper T cell

B cells usually take the help of a __________ to let the B cell make antibodies

produce antibodies which are proteins secreted into the blood and other body fluids

B lymphocytes or B cells (Adaptive Immune Response)

Midbrain

Match each brain structure to its function. Reflexes involving eyes and ears

can perform universal movement in all directions, plus twisting of the ball ex: The hip joint

Ball-and-socket joint

--Prezygotic --Related species of organisms such as birds often differ in their courtship rituals, which tends to keep these species distinct in nature even if they inhabit the same places.

Behavioral isolation

Stimulates contraction of uterus and milk-ejection reflex

Oxytocin in females

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart

Includes the brain and spinal cord

Central nervous system

narrow end of the uterus which projects into the vagina, dilates to let the fetus pass through

Cervix

derived characters

Characteristics between the branch points of a cladogram that are shared by all organisms above the branch point and are not present in any below it are called

ancestral

Characteristics that have arisen in organisms as a result of common evolutionary descent are said to be ______________ characteristics.

Chondroblasts form cartilage and become chondrocytes (the cartilage cells)

Chondroblasts

Mutation --> Variation --> Selection --> Reproductive Isolation --> Speciation

Choose the best cause and effect sequence for the process of speciation by natural selection

closed; open; closed; open; open

Circulation systems of the following animal groups: --Annelids: --Insects: --Mammals: --Arthropoda: --Mollusca:

lipophilic: --fat soluble --membrane permeable --binds intracellular receptors --carried in blood by binding proteins --tend to act over longer periods hydrophilic: --water soluble --membrane impermeable --binds membrane receptors --tend to act over shorter periods

Classify each description as a characteristic of either lipophilic or hydrophilic hormones.

cytotoxic T

Classify the characteristics into those of cytotoxic T cells and those of helper T cells. --Bind MHC-I --CD8+ --Recognize any body cell --Attack "altered self" cells --Secretes perforin

helper T cells.

Classify the characteristics into those of cytotoxic T cells and those of helper T cells. --Bind MHC-II --CD4+ --Recognize antigen-presenting cells --Secrete cytokines --Bind immune cells

- In the blasotcyst there is a single layer of cells called the trophoblast surrounding a central fluidfilled blastocoel. - One pole of the blastocoel cavity contains the inner cell mass (ICM) which goes on to form the embryo. - Part of the trophoblast enters the endometrium and contributes to the placenta.

Cleavage

contains erectile tissue

Clitoris

Those that have movement characteristics of two or more joint types. ex: typical mammalian jaw joint

Combination joint

HCl - protects us from pathogens in food and water, unfolds proteins in our food, & helps activate the pepsin Pepsin - enzyme that breaks down proteins

Components of gastric juice:

--population size is very large --random mating --no mutation --no gene input from external sources --no selection occurring

Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

different areas evolve similarities through natural selection acting on those characteristics.

Convergent evolution occurs when two species living in

Where light enters the eye; transparent; begins to focus the light; focusing occurs because light is refracted when it travels into a medium of different density

Cornea

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Crosses the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber to produce a muscle contraction

1) The heavens and the earth. God also created light and separated it from darkness on this day. 2) Earth's atmosphere by separating the waters of the earth from each other. (Oceanic and subterranean water and Atmospheric water) 3) dry land on Earth; the oceans; vegetation, seed-bearing plants, and fruit-bearing trees 4)the sun and the moon, and they served as signs to mark the seasons, days, and years 5) creatures of the sea and of the sky 6) living creatures of the land among the following categories: livestock, creatures that move along the ground, and wild animals; man (Adam) in His own image 7) rested

Days of creation

Prevent hybrids from reproducing.

Define post-zygotic isolating mechanism.

Prevents the formation of zygotes.

Define prezygotic isolating mechanism

- Most double-stranded - DNA is replicated in the nucleus of their eukaryotic host cells ex: Varicella-zoster virus (chicken pox) Hepadnavirus (Hep-B), Herpes simplex virus (Herpes), Epstein-Barr (Mono), Variola (small pox)

Describe DNA viruses

--The movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals --Tends to homogenize allele frequencies

Describe Gene flow (migration)

- Most are single-stranded - Replicated and assembled in the cytosol of infected cells - Replication is error-prone leading to high rates of mutation (ex: flu) ex: Enterovirus (Polio) Flavivirus (West Nile), Influenza, HIV, Filoviruses (Ebola), Paramyxoviruses (measles), Coronavirus (SARS), Rhabdovirus (Rabies)

Describe RNA viruses

--random reduction in population size changes the allele frequency in the population (due to chance) --Bottleneck effect --Founder's effect

Describe genetic drift

--Changes in actual genetic codes (base sequences) --May influence natural selection (inherited variability) • Ex. Sickle cell anemia

Describe mutation

-Mating is rarely completely random -Organisms normally mate with individuals in close proximity -This promotes inbreeding and could lead to a change in allelic proportions favoring individuals that are homozygous for certain traits

Describe nonrandom mating

the genome is reversetranscribed into DNA using the enzyme reverse transcriptase • DNA fragments are often integrated into a host's chromosomal DNA • Ex: HIV (AIDS)

Describe retroviruses

• Total gene pool is reduced (usually due to chance events) • New population much different from original. • Ex. Natural disaster

Describe the bottleneck effect (genetic drift)

• New population established. • Limited variety of genes. • New population less diverse than original one. -rare allele occur in a higher frequency in a new population than they do in the general population • Ex. Island colonization

Describe the founder's effect (genetic drift)

Mucosa is a epithilial layer on inside of digestive tract. The submucosa is the second layer of lumen. The serosa lines the external surface.

Describe the structure of the gastrointestinal tract.

Muscularis is double layered with smooth muscle. The inner layer constricts, so it has a circular orientation. The outer layer has a longitudinal orientation to shorten the tract.

Describe the structure of the muscularis.

When action potentials arrive at the end of the axon, they stimulate the opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ (calcium) channels, causing a rapid inward diffusion of calcium. This influx of calcium triggers a complex series of events that leads to the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane and the release of neurotransmitter by exocytosis

Describe what happens from the time the action potential (the nerve impulse traveling down the axon) arrives at the end of the axon until the signal is received by the postsynaptic cell.

luteal phase

Development of Graafian follicle into the coprus luteum occurs during the ____ of the menstrual cycle.

mechanically or chemically breaking down food into their subunits.

Digestion

no

Do YE believe in death before the fall?

no

Do young earth creationists believe in physical death before the fall?

Na+ moves into the cell, causing the intracellular space to become positive and the extracellular space to become negative.

During an action potential, the relative charge across the membrane of an axon is reversed. Which ion makes the largest contribution to this change in potential, and in what direction does the ion move?

3, 4

During contraction some regions and subunits of the sarcomere change in length while others do not. From the list below, identify the structures and regions that change in length during sarcomere contraction. 1. A band 2. Actin 3. H zone 4. I band 5 Myosin 6. Z line

1, 2, 5, 6

During contraction, specific regions and subunits of the sarcomere remain unchanged while others do not. From the list below, identify the structures and regions that remain constant. 1. A band 2. Actin 3. H zone 4. I band 5 Myosin 6. Z line

The follicle develops in the ovary, and the oocyte will travel to the fallopian tube.

During the menstrual cycle the oocyte is released from the follicle. In what organ does the follicle develop, and what is the immediate destination of the oocyte?

Z band

Each I band divided in half by disc of protein called the

Z line; thin filaments

Each I band in a myofibril is divided in half by a disk of protein called a _______ because of its appearance in electron micrographs. The __________ are anchored to these disks

medulla oblongata

Each breath is initiated by neurons in the "respiratory control center" located in the

Bowman's capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct

Each nephron of the kidney consists of a long tubule and associated small blood vessels. Blood cells and plasma proteins are too large to enter with the glomerular filtrate. What is the correct path for the filtrate to follow through the nephron in the production of urine?

motor neurons

Efferent neurons that carry impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands

6 - 7; blastocyst

Embryo reaches the uterus _______ days after fertilization and has developed into a ___________.

lining of uterus, surface is shed during menstruation

Endometrium

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

Entire cerebrum divides into lobes:

A species is groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups

Ernst Mayr's biological species concept:

Secreted by the kidney. Stimulates red blood cell production

Erythropoietin

Stimulates development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics; prompts monthly preparation of uterus for pregnancy

Estradiol in females (Estrogen)

the reproductive cycle is called the estrous cycle; these continue in females until they become pregnant.

Estrous cycle

Most female mammals are "in heat," or sexually receptive to males, only around the time of ovulation.

Estrus

1) Comparative Anatomy 2) Embryology & Development 3) Fossil Record 4) DNA Comparisons

Evidence for Evolution Independent Lines of Evidence: All living things are related by a common ancestor

Innate Immunity

Evolutionary ancient Complement system Recognition of conserved molecules MAMPs Skin Mucous membranes Urine Vomiting Diarrhea Phagocytic cells Recognition of LPS in Gram negative cells Diverse responses Dominant early in an infection

most marine invertebrates; hagfish

Examples of osmoconformers

1)Relaxation 2)Relaxation 3)Decreased 4)Relaxed 5)Away from the lungs

Exhalation: 1)What happens to diaphragm? 2)What happens to the external intercostal muscles? 3)What happens to the volume of the chest cavity? 4)What happens to the pressure in the chest cavity? 5)What direction does air flow?

Variation between individuals in a species exists due to preexisting genetic differences among individuals (ie this variation that allows evolution is NOT caused by the actions of individuals)

Explain Charles Darwin's theory of evolution

Evolution occured by the inheritance of acquired characteristics (meaning changes an organism acquired during their lifetime were passed on to offspring)

Explain Jean Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution

Birds break up food in their two-chambered stomachs. In one of these, the gizzard, small pebbles ingested by the bird are churned together with the food by muscular action. This grinds up the seeds and other hard plant material into smaller chunks that can be digested more easily.

Explain how birds, which lack teeth, use an alternative structure to grind up food.

Countercurrent: blood flows opposite to the direction of water movement, maximizes the oxygenation of the blood. Concurrent: blood and waste flow in the same direction

Explain the difference between countercurrent flow and concurrent flow

Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and secretion of estradiol

FSH in females

where fertilization occurs, transport ova to uterus

Fallopian tubes (oviducts)

For close up items, the focus of the image is behind the retina because the distance from the lens to the retina is too short

Farsighted people

Sperm fusion activates egg (changes in membrane)

Fertilization

produce collagen and other fibers

Fibroblasts

oocytes; secondary; ovum; 3

Fill in the blank for each term regarding oocyte production: Germinal cells in the ovaries produce diploid cells called primary ________ Meiosis 1 produces a haploid cell called a _______ oocyte that will give rise to an egg Meiosis 2 produces 1 haploid _____ At the end of oogenesis, a total of ______ polar bodies have been produced

1) axon 2)Ca+2 3) inward diffusion 4) synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane 5) synaptic gap; ligand-gated receptors in the postsynaptic membrane.

Fill in the missing pieces below for the steps leading to the release of a neurotransmitter: 1) The action potential arrives at the end of an _______. 2) The action potential stimulates the opening of _______ channels. 3) This causes a rapid __________ of calcium ions into the end of the axon. 4) The calcium ions trigger the fusion of the _________________ 5) The neurotransmitters are released into the _______________ and bind to ___________

Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment

Fitness

Stimulates spermatogenesis via Sertoli cells

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in males

the dominant follicle achieves full maturity as a late tertiary, or Graafian follicle under FSH stimulation. The follicle forms a thin-walled blister on the surface of the ovary.

Follicular phase of the ovaries

where the eye forms sharpest vision

Fovea

1)Osmoregulator 2)Hypertonic to their environment 3)Eliminating (water tends to enter) 4)Retaining (Ions tend to leave) 5)Avoid Drinking 6)Dilute urine 7) Reabsorb ions across the nephron tubules

Freshwater fish: 1.Osmoconformer or osmoregulator? 2.hypertonic or hypotonic to their environment? 3. Problem retaining water or eliminating water? 4. Problem retaining ions or eliminating ions? 5. Avoids drinking or drinks? 6. Dilute urine or concentrated urine? 7. Gills and nephron tubules actively absorb Na+ and Cl- or excrete such ions?

Molecules and ions are reabsorbed from the nephron into the blood

From what do the kidney tubes reabsorb molecules?

after fertilization

Gametogenesis is requires the conclusion of meiosis II. When does this occur in females?

Creates the 3 primary germ layers: endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm

Gastrulation

--The vertebral projections are paired and extend from the front and back of each vertebra, facing in opposite directions. --The projections in front are a little lower, and each slip along the undersurface of the posterior projection from the vertebra just ahead of it. --This sliding joint gives stability to the vertebral column, while allowing some flexibility of movement between vertebrae ex: skulls of a number of nonmammalian vertebrates; also present between the lateral vertebral projections in many vertebrates, including mammals

Gliding joint

Slow changes that accumulate over time Simple definition of species: a kind of an organism that is different from other organisms

Gradualism

p=frequency of the dominant allele q=frequency of the recessive allele p2 = freq of homozygous dominant genotype 2pq = freq of heterozygous genotype p2 + 2pq = freq of dominant phenotype q2 = freq of homozygous recessive genotype = frequency of the recessive phenotype

Hardy Weinberg Mathematical representation: p = q = p2 = 2pq = p2 + 2pq = q2 =

One individual has both testes and ovaries, and so can produce both sperm and eggs --Ex: tapeworms and earthworms

Hermaphroditism

Lipophobic (polar)

Hydrophilic Hormones can also be called

The simplest type of joint; where movement of the forearm is restricted to rotate forward or backward, but not side to side ex: The elbow

Hinge joint

Match each brain structure to its function. Memory; emotion

Hippocampus

structures of animals that have different appearances and functions but seem to have evolved from the same body part in a common ancestor.

Homologous structures are

A favored allele from one gene may decrease the fitness of an allele from a different gene.

How could epistasis constrain genetic change by natural selection?

This hormone is released in the brian to enhance water conservation by kidneys.

How does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) affect urine formation?

sensory neurons pressure waves cilia embedded in a gelatinous matrix several stereocilia and one kinocilium hair cells

How is the lateral line of a fish similar to the ears of a human?

This system provides a sense of "distant touch,"; supplements the fish's sense of hearing.

How is the lateral line system advantageous?

2

How many chambers are in a fish heart?

8% dissolved in plasma 20% is bound in hemoglobin 72% converted to carbonic acid and transported as bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion

How much CO2 is transported through the respiratory system?

6000-12000 years

How old is the earth according to young earth?

--Postzygotic --In hybrids, the genetic complements of two species may be so different that they cannot function together normally in embryonic development.

Hybrid inviability

--Postzygotic --Even when hybrids survive the embryo stage, they may still not develop normally. If the hybrids are less physically fit than their parents, they will almost certainly be eliminated in nature. Even if a hybrid is vigorous and strong, it may still be sterile and thus incapable of contributing to succeeding generations.

Hybrid sterility

blood; cell membrane

Hydrophilic hormones are freely soluble in ___________, but cannot pass through the membrane of target cells. They must therefore activate their receptors from outside the ________.

5,2,1,3,4

Identify the sequence of travel by an action potential through the heart. 1. atrioventricular bundle 2. atrioventricular node 3. bundle branches 4. Purkinje fibers. 5. sinoatrial node

sympatric; allopolyploidy

If a new species is produced by the interbreeding of two members of distinct species, this would be __________ speciation achieved via _________.

Lower amounts of luteinizing hormone would be released and therefore lower amounts of estrogen would be produced.

If gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was removed from the system, what do you predict would occur to the levels of estrogen being released into the bloodstream?

exocrine

If the connection between a gland and the epithelial membrane is maintained as a duct, the gland is called a(n) ___________ gland.

Release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus

If the hypothalamus was not stimulated by estrogen, which pathway would be interrupted first?

sympatric speciation via polyploidy.

If two species are able to mate and produce an offspring which can mate with itself, but is unable to mate with either parent's species, it is an example of

the trophoblast cells of the blastocyst digest their way into the endometrial lining of the uterus

Implantation of blastocyst

the release of calcium ions.

Impulses conducted along the transverse tubules of the muscle fiber stimulate

active

In ________ immunity, your body is exposed to the pathogen and develops its own immune response and memory cells (ex: colds, flu, vaccines)

passive

In _________ immunity, you obtain antibodies from another individual (ex: a mother to child via breast milk)

node; clade

In a Cladogram, 1) Each branch point or _____ represents a common ancestor 2) The branches above a node represent a _______ 3) All the organisms in a clade share a number of features

troponin

In a stimulated muscle fiber, the calcium ions released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum bind to the protein _______.

Z;Z;sarcomere

In an electron micrograph of a myofibril, the structure of the myofibril can be seen to repeat from __ line to __ line. This repeating structure, called a ______, is the smallest subunit of muscle contraction

directional selection

In early ancestors of the modern giraffe, longer necks allowed animals to reach higher tree branches as food. This would lead to _________ in the ancestral giraffe population.

countercurrent flow

In fish, within each lamella, blood flows opposite to the direction of water movement. This arrangement is called ______________

always the same; genomic rearrangements

In innate immunity, proteins and cells that recognize the pathogens are _________throughout your life, they do not undergo _________________

vas deferens

In males, sterilization involves a vasectomy, which removes a portion of what structure?

trophoblast

In mammals, embryonic cells form an inner cell mass that will become the body of the embryo and a layer of surrounding cells that will become the chorionic membrane and placenta. What are these surrounding cells called?

dendrites, axons, muscle cells

In motor neurons, action potentials would result from neural signals received by the ___________, which would travel down __________ in order to stimulate ___________

troponin

In order for a muscle to contract, calcium ions released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum must bind to

somatic and autonomic

In the PNS, motor pathways are divided into the ________ nervous system and the _________ nervous systems

closed; closed

In the Resting phase, the Voltage-gated Na+ channels are ________, while the Voltage-gated K+ channels are _________, but there is some diffusion of K+ though leakage channels

opening; depolarization; closed

In the Rising phase, the the Voltage-gated Na+ channels are ________, allowing Na+ to diffuse into the axon causing a rapid _____________; Voltage-gated K+ are _____________

sodium voltage open, Na+ inside the cell

In the Rising phase/ Depolarization of an action potential...

myosin; A

In the Sliding Filament Mechanism of Contraction, thick myofilaments (made of ___________) produce _______ bands.

closed; open; diffuse out; repolarizing

In the falling phase, voltage-gated sodium channel are _________; voltage-gated potassium channel are __________, causing K+ to __________of the axon ___________ the membrane.

sinus venosus & atrium

In the fish heart, the ___ and ___ form the first chamber.

sinoatrial node

In the heart, an action potential originates in the

stereocilia;kinocilium

In the lateral line system, hair cells have several hair-like processes, called __________, and one longer process called a __________.

Diaphragm

In the mammal ventral body cavity, the thoracic body cavity and the abdominopelvic body cavity are divided by the

close;open

In the peak phase, Na+ channel inactivation gates _________, preventing further Na+ diffusion; Voltage-gated potassium channels begin to _____

slow

In the undershoot phase, potassium channels are _______ to close

iris

In the vertebrate eye, what structure controls the amount of light that reaches the retina?

retina

In the vertebrate eye, what structure is light focused onto?

Ascending

Indicate whether each of the following is a characteristic of the ascending limb or the descending limb of the Loop of Henle in a mammalian nephron --Filtrate osmolarity decreases as it passes through --Permeable to solutes --Impermeable to water

Descending

Indicate whether each of the following is a characteristic of the ascending limb or the descending limb of the Loop of Henle in a mammalian nephron --Filtrate osmolarity increases as it passes through --Permeable to water --Impermeable to solutes

Reabsorbed

Indicate whether each of the following substances is reabsorbed from the filtrate or secreted into the filtrate. --Glucose --Water --Na+ --HCO3- --Amino acids --Vitamins

Secreted

Indicate whether each of the following substances is reabsorbed from the filtrate or secreted into the filtrate. --Penicillin --H+

Intake of food via the mouth

Ingestion

1)Contraction 2)Contraction 3)Increased; expands 4)Negative pressure ventilation 5)Toward the lungs

Inhalation: 1)What happens to diaphragm? 2)What happens to the external intercostal muscles? 3)What happens to the volume of the chest cavity? 4)What happens to the pressure in the chest cavity? 5)What direction does air flow?

Recognizes specific molecules that are conserved in particular pathogens

Innate Immunity

a. Innate b. Adaptive c. Innate d. Adaptive

Innate or adaptive response? a. Interferon interferes with viral replication b. Helper T cells help B cells get ready to start fighting this infection c. Natural killer cells attack and kill infected nasal cells d. Antibodies bind to the virus and stop it from infecting other body cells

A. Innate B. Adaptive C. Adaptive D. Innate

Innate or adaptive response? a. Neutrophils (most abundant white blood cells; first responders; phagocytosis) attack bacteria b. some of the bacteria travel in the lymphatic fluid to the lymph node where they trigger a B cell to get involved c. your immune system has fought one of these bacterial strains before so memory cells begin to multiply to attack the pathogen d. macrophages sense the lipopolysaccharides in the bacteria and attack them

- sodium potassium pump - brings 2 K+ into cell for every 3 Na+ it pumps out - Ion leakage channels in the cell membrane are more numerous for K+ than Na+ • That means it's easier for K+ to diffuse out of the cell than for Na+ to diffuse back in

Inside of cell more negatively charged because:

The eggs, after being fertilized internally, are deposited outside the mother's body to complete their development

Internal Fertilization: Oviparity

Fertilized eggs are retained within the mother to complete their development, but the embryos still obtain all of their nourishment from the egg yolk. The young are fully developed when they are hatched and released from the mother

Internal Fertilization: Ovoviviparity

The young develop within the mother and obtain nourishment directly from their mother's blood, rather than from the egg yolk. A placenta, the structure through which blood and gas exchange occurs, has not evolved only in mammals, but also several times in fishes and lizards

Internal Fertilization: Viviparity

Brain and spinal cord

Interneuron typical location

CNS; motor

Interneurons in the ____ provide links between sensory and ______ neurons.

Bean-shaped, fist-sized organ where urine is formed

Kidneys

egg and sperm production aka Gonadotropic hormones

LH and FSH are hormones that are essential for

Stimulates ovulation, conversion of ovarian follicles into corpus luteum, and secretion of estradiol and progesterone by corpus luteum

LH in females

creating germ layers

Lewis Wolpert once said, "It is not birth, marriage, or death, but gastrulation, which is truly the most important time in your life." What important thing is achieved by gastrulation?

an axon will fire; action potentials

Ligand-gated channels lead to grades potentials that determine whether ___________, and voltage-gated channels produce ______________

--emotions --hypothalamus, part of the thalamus, amygdala (active in producing aggressive behavior) and hippocampus (plays a role in the ability to remember new information).

Limbic system

1) Multiple phenotypic effects of alleles (pleiotropy) 2) Lack of genetic variation 3) Epistasis (fitness of one allele may vary depending on the genotype of a second gene)

Limits of Selection

fat

Lipophilic Hormones are ______ soluble

Hydrophobic (nonpolar)

Lipophilic Hormones could also be called

transport proteins; intracellular receptors

Lipophilic hormones travel in the blood attached to ________________. Their lipid solubility enables them to cross cell membranes and bind to _________________

1)detoxification of harmful substances 2)protein synthesis 3)glycogen storage 4)chemically modifies the substances absorbed into the gastrointestinal tract before they reach the body to maintain homeostasis 5) removes toxins, pesticides, carcinogens, and other poisons, converting them into less toxic forms 6) regulates the levels of many compounds produced within the body; produces most of the proteins found in blood plasma (maintaining osmotic balance)

List other roles for the liver outside of the digestive system:

Gills, tracheae, and lungs

List several respiratory organs that increase the surface area for diffusion.

1)Tympanic membrane 2)Malleus 3)Incus 4)Stapes 5)Oval window

List the order of these bones from tympanic membrane to the oval window:

LH stimulation completes the development of the Graafian follicle into a structure called the corpus luteum. The combination of estradiol and progesterone cause the endometrium to become more vascular, glandular, and enriched with glycogen deposits

Luteal phase

Stimulates secretion of testosterone by Leydig cells

Luteinizing hormone (LH) in males

bile

Main digestive role of the liver is the production of ______

osmoregulators

Maintenance of an internal osmolarity that differs significantly from the environment

epididymis (f), vas deferens (A), seminal vesicles (H), prostate gland (J)

Male accessory sex organs

founder effect

Maple syrup urine disease is due to a failure to break down certain amino acids. The disorder is more common in Amish, Mennonite, and Jewish communities. This is best explained by?

1) Osmoregulator 2) hypotonic to their environment 3) Problem retaining water 4) Problem eliminating ions 5) Drinks 6) Salts excreted 7) Excrete ions

Marine Bony Fish: 1. Osmoconformer or osmoregulator? 2. Fish are hypertonic or hypotonic to their environment? 3. Problem retaining water or eliminating water? 4. Problem retaining ions or eliminating ions? 5. Avoids drinking or drinks? 6. Salts excreted or retained from digestive waste? 7. Gills and nephron tubules actively absorb Na+ and Cl- or excrete such ions?

--includes opossums and kangaroos --give birth to small, fetuslike offspring that are incompletely developed --The young complete their development in a pouch of their mother's skin, where they can obtain nourishment from nipples of the mammary glands.

Marsupials

Cerebral Cortex

Match each brain structure to its function. Cognitive functions; interprets sensory input and organizes motor output

corpus collasum

Match each brain structure to its function. Connects and relays information between the two hemispheres

Cerebellum

Match each brain structure to its function. Coordination of movements; balance

Basal Ganglia

Match each brain structure to its function. Motor control

Hypothalamus

Match each brain structure to its function. Neuroendocrine control

meroblastic cleavage

Match each item to the correct type of clevage --Telolecithal eggs --Centrolecithal eggs --Discoidal cleavage --Syncytial cleavage --Fish --Insects --Reptiles --Birds --Incomplete cleavage

Ovoviviparity

Match each item to the correct type of developmental process. --Fertilized eggs develope in mother, but do not receive additional nutrients from her --Mosquito fish --Guppies

Viviparity

Match each item to the correct type of developmental process. --Live birth --Most mammals --Nourishment from mother's blood

Oviparity

Match each item to the correct type of developmental process. --Yolk is the only source of nutrients --Birds --Most reptiles --A few mammals --Development is completed independently of mother's body

1) natural selection 2) Mutation 3) Genetic Drift 4) Gene Flow 5) Natural Selection 6) Gene Flow 7) Genetic Drift 8) Nonrandom mating

Match the examples indicated here with the agent of evolutionary change: 1) white fur in a snowy environment 2) nucleotide change from A to G 3) A few birds colonize an island 4) Plant hybridization producing fertile offspring 5) Antibotic resistance 6) Transfer of a gene from one bacteria species to another 7) A few ancestors of cheetahs survived and reproduced 8) Male fish prefer females with the same colors.

--three layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord --From the outermost layer inward they are: the dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater.

Meninges

1. Proliferation—aka the follicular phase; estradiol causes growth of the endometrium 2. Secretory phase—the endometrium's glandular appearance and function is the reason this portion is called the secretory phase of the endometrium 3. Menstruation—the built-up endometrium is sloughed off with the accompanying bleeding

Menstrual cycle

--duck-billed platypus and the echidna --Oviparous --incubate their eggs in a nest or specialized pouch, and the young hatchlings obtain milk from their mother's mammary glands by licking her skin (monotremes lack nipples)

Monotremes:

proteins

Most viruses form a capsid around their nucleic acid core. This capsid is composed of

PNS; impulses

Motor neurons of the _____ system carry ________ or "commands" to muscles and glands (effectors).

myosin & actin (contractile functions)

Muscle tissue contains myofilaments called

heterozygote advantage

Mutts tend to be healthier than purebreed dogs... this illustrates

Z lines

Myofibril contractile subunits, the sarcomeres, are bounded on each end by a disc of protein called the

1) Longitudinal 2) Circular 3) Oblique

Name all three layers of smooth muscle in the stomach:

1. Increase in surface area 2. Decease in distance 3. Increase in the concentration difference

Name the 3 evolutionary changes that optimize the rate of diffusion for respiration.

reproduction; reproductive isolation

Natural selection favors the perfection of ___________ Random changes may cause _____________

capsid

Nearly all viruses form a protein sheath, or ________________, around their nucleic acid core - Composed of repeats of 1 to a few proteins

Can see near things but not distant For distant items, the image comes to a focus in front of the retina, and the image thus appears blurred.

Nearsighted people

--Air is pulled into the lungs --Most reptiles breathe by expanding their rib cages by muscular contraction. This action creates a lower pressure inside the lungs compared with the atmosphere, and the greater atmospheric pressure moves air into the lungs --I.e. sucking water through a straw

Negative pressure breathing

oxytocin

New mothers may benefit from the aid of lactation consultants when learning to breastfeed. These consultants give advice on technique, and help the mother to feel relaxed and confident. What hormone is associated with calm, warm emotions and is also critical for the milk let-down reflex?

milk-ejection and uterine contractions (bonding sensations)

Oxytocin is a peptide hormone involved in

The platelets adhere to the break and become sticky.

Once the blood vessel is damaged, how does the body make the initial plug to the damaged vessel wall?

have the enzyme reverse transcriptase

One way in which retroviruses differ from all other types of viruses is that retrovirus

posterior

Only the _______ air sacs fill with newly inhaled air in birds

diseases that normally do not cause disease in healthy individuals (see AIDS)

Opportunistic infections

Elasmobranchs, adult amphibians, and mammals

Organisms that secrete urea

- Organs form from interactions of cells within and between the 3 germ layers - Early cells can become any part of the body but development leads to cell determination where a cell becomes specialized for its role.

Organogenesis (4th week)

are bone-forming cells

Osteoblasts

--bone-removing cells --not derived from the mesenchyme cells --formed by fusion of monocytes, a type of white blood cell.

Osteoclasts

Retrovirus carry an enzyme within the virion

Other than the presence of RNA vs. DNA, how is a retrovirus different from other viruses?

1. Follicular phase 2. Ovulation 3. Luteal phase

Ovarian Cycle

microscopic structures that contain a potential egg cell called a primary oocyte and smaller granulosa cells

Ovarian follicles

contain ovarian follicles which each contain an egg cell and smaller granulosa cells.

Ovaries

cycling in females involves the periodic release of a mature ovum from the ovary in a process called ovulation

Ovulation

luteinizing hormone

Ovulation occurs by a surge in the secretion of what hormone?

The increasing level of estradiol in the blood during the follicular phase stimulates the anterior-pituitary gland to secrete LH about midcycle. This sudden secretion of LH causes the fully developed Graafian follicle to burst in the process of ovulation, releasing the secondary oocyte.

Ovulation of the ovaries

thyroid; parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Parathyroid glands are four small glands attached to the ________ Produces ____________ which regulates blood Ca2+ levels (nervous system, muscle contraction, bone building)

Adaptive

Passive and Active Immunity belong to the _________ response

Includes nerves and ganglia

Peripheral nervous system

bacteria

Phages are viruses that can infect

1) Who made things happen? (as in did God placed Joseph in Egypt or Joseph's brothers made him go to Egypt) 2) Why do things happen? (as in God's plan vs brother's selfishness)

Philosophy and/or theology can answer ...

--This gland is an outgrowth from the posterior or back portion of the third ventricle. --In some mammals, it controls the response to darkness and light. --In humans, it has some role in sexual maturation, although the exact function of the pineal gland in humans is unclear.

Pineal gland

--often called the "master gland" because it controls the secretion of hormones --responsible for controlling and coordinating the following: 1) Growth and development, 2) The function of various body organs (i.e. kidneys, breasts and uterus), 3) The function of other glands (i.e. thyroid, gonads, and adrenal glands)

Pituitary gland

4,7,5,1,3,6,2

Place the respiratory structures below in the order that air would pass through them as it moves from outside your body to the inside of your lungs. 1. Trachea 2. Alveoli 3. Bronchus 4. Nose 5. Larynx 6. Bronchioles 7. Pharynx

--retain their young for a much longer period of development within the mother's uterus --The fetuses are nourished by a structure known as the placenta, which is derived from both an extraembryonic membrane (the chorion) and the mother's uterine lining --fetus can obtain nutrients by diffusion from the mother's blood.

Placental mammals

--Air is pushed into the lungs --Used by Amphibians --force air into their lungs, filling their oral cavity with air, closing their mouth and nostrils, and then elevating the floor of their oral cavity. This pushes air into their lungs in the same way that a tank is used to fill balloons.

Positive pressure breathing

--Prezygotic --In animals that shed gametes directly into water, the eggs and sperm derived from different species may not attract or fuse with another. Many animals that have internal fertilization may not hybridize successfully because the sperm of one species function so poorly within the reproductive tract of another that fertilization never takes place.

Prevention of gamete fusion

hybrid zygotes

Prezygotic mechanisms lead to reproductive isolation by preventing the formation of

potential egg cell

Primary oocyte

6

Prior to the first meiotic event, you observed a spermatocyte with 12 chromosomes. What would spermatids have for a chromosome count?

Completes preparation of uterus for pregnancy; helps maintain female secondary sexual characteristics

Progesterone in females

Stimulates milk production

Prolactin in females

milk production in the mammary glands

Prolactin is a hormone that stimulates

contributes a milky alkaline fluid to semen and controls the flow of urine during ejaculation

Prostate gland

short;few

Protein diets are more easily digested; thus, insectivorous and carnivorous mammals have ___________ digestive tracts with ______ specialized pouches.

increasing the surface area for diffusion

Protruding papulae on the surface of echinoderms improve respiratory efficiency by ______.

• Evolution normally proceeds in spurts, with long periods of little movement in between

Punctuated equilibrium

1)stimulus moves voltage above threshold 2)voltage-gated sodium channels open 3)sodium enters the cell 4)cell depolarizes 5)voltage-gated sodium channels close and voltage-gated potassium channels open 6)potassium leaves the cell 7)cell hyperpolarizes 8)voltage-gated potassium channels close 9)sodium-potassium pump restores resting potential

Put the steps required for production of an action potential in the correct order. The first step should be listed as number 1.

Ion channels in the cell membrane are more numerous for K+ than for Na+, making the membrane more permeable for K+

Role of the membrane leakage channels for K+

salivary amylase (initiates breakdown of food)

Saliva contains what enzyme?

produce myelin in PNS

Schwann cells

How things happen but never who is ultimately responsible for the universe and.or why the universe exists the way it does

Science can answer ...

true

Short wavelengths, from high-pitched sounds, cause displacement of the basilar membrane near the oval window. t/f

intracellularly; extracellularly

Single-celled organisms as well as sponges digest their food _______________. Other multicellular animals digest their food____________, within a digestive cavity.

-multinucleate -striated -voluntary

Skeletal muscle tissue is

contract; pull, push

Skeletal muscles produce movement of the skeleton when they _______________________. Muscles only __________, never __________________

Reverse transcriptase

Some viruses store specialized enzymes with nucleic acid core - ____________________ not found in host

seminiferous tubules

Sperm are produced in

seminiferous tubules.

Spermatogenesis occurs in the

1. Fertilization 2. Cleavage 3. Gastrulation 4. Organogenesis 5. Neurulation

Stages of Animal Development

1. Integration 2. Propagation 3. Induction

Stages of Lysogenic Cycle (simple)

1. Attachment 2. Penetration 3. Synthesis 4. Assembly 5. Release

Stages of Lytic Cycle (simple)

plug; platelets; fibrin; clot

Steps of clotting: --Platelets adhere and become sticky forming a ________ --A cascade of enzymatic reactions is triggered by damaged tissue, plasma factors, and _____ --Threads of ______ trap erythrocytes and form a clot --Once the tissue damage is healed, the ______ dissolveS

true

Steroid hormones travel in the blood attached to protein carriers.

• head w/ a compact nucleus, • cap called acrosome that contains enzymes to aid in egg penetration • flagellum

Structure of Spermatozoa (sperm)

analogous structures

Structures in different species with different evolutionary backgrounds that serve the same function

vestigial structures

Structures that have no apparent function but had a function in ancestral species are

Bowman's capsule

Surrounds the filtering system and has slit opening for entry of filtrate into the nephron tubule.

sympathetic (fight or flight) parasympathetic (rest and digest)

Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic

the thyroid

TSH is a hormone that stimulates

--Prezygotic --When species of closely related organisms have different breeding seasons that prevent hybridization.

Temporal isolation

internal fertilization

Terrestrial vertebrates and some fish evolved a form of fertilization in which the male gametes are introduced into the female reproductive tract. What is this called?

--Stimulates development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics, accessory sex organs, and spermatogenesis

Testosterone

--serves as a relay station for almost all information that comes and goes to the cortex --plays a role in pain sensation, attention and alertness. --consists of four parts: the hypothalamus, the epythalamus, the ventral thalamus and the dorsal thalamus. --The basal ganglia

Thalamus

depolarization of the atria

The P wave of the ECG represents

medulla oblongata

The ___ controls breathing, blood pressure, heart rhythms and swallowing.

false

The action of the sodium-potassium pump is an example of passive transport. t/f

ventricular diastole.

The atrioventricular valves open during

asexually-reproducing organisms

The biological species concept of Ernst Mayr cannot be applied to

basilar membrane

The bottom of the cochlear duct is called the ____ and it contains sensory hair cells.

RNA to DNA to mRNA to protein

The direction of genetic information transfer in a retrovirus (such as HIV) is

the high error rate of reverse transcriptase

The enormous genetic diversity of HIV has made it especially difficult to create a vaccine against the virus. We can attribute this genetic diversity to

digestive enzymes

The epithelial cells that form the microvilli have _____________ in their plasma membranes that aid in digestion.

simple squamous epithelium

The epithelial tissue that lines the lungs and the walls of capillaries is called ___.

Postzygotic hybrid sterility

The horse, donkey, & mule relationships best illustrates:

ganglion cells -> bipolar cells -> rods and cones

The human retina is composed of three cell layers. Which represents the correct order of these layers, starting with the layer that is closest to the iris?

epididymis

The immotile sperm develop motility in about 18 hours after arriving at the long, coiled tube called the

increasing the surface area for diffusion

The large number of alveoli in lungs improve gas exchange by _____.

collecting tubule

The last portion of the nephron, which penetrates through the renal medulla and where water is reabsorbed to produce a hypertonic urine.

egg activation sperm penetration and membrane fusion nuclear fusion

The male has outcompeted the other males to win the mate. She has ovulated and is receptive. They have mated, and the sperm swim up the vagina, through the cervix, along the uterus and into the correct Fallopian tube. A sperm encounters the egg. What three steps must still be completed to finally achieve fertilization? (Check three.) --nuclear fission --nuclear fusion --sperm agglutination and membrane fusion --egg activation --sperm penetration and membrane fusion

convergent evolution

The marsupials in Australia closely resemble the placental animals of the rest of the world. This is an example of

birds

The most efficient lungs with respect to oxygen uptake are found in this group of vertebrates.

myosin

The myofibrils consist of both thin filaments made of actin and thick filaments composed of

Acetylcholine

The neurotransmitter released from the nerve terminus at the neuromuscular junction is __________.

convergent evolution

The observation that different geographical areas sometimes exhibit plant and animal communities of similar appearance, even though the individual plants and animals are not closely related, is called

1)digest proteins 2)digests starch 3)digests fat

The pancreas contains a host of enzymes including: 1)trypsin and chymotrypsin 2pancreatic amylase 3)lipase

ADH and oxytocin (bonding hormone)

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

Hypertonic

The presence of a loop of Henle in nephrons is an evolutionary adaptation that enables mammals and birds to reabsorb water efficiently and produce a ____________ urine.

one large daughter cell, the secondary oocyte, and one tiny daughter cell, called the polar body, which eventually disintegrates.

The primary oocyte within the Graafian follicle complete the first meiotic division during the follicular phase. Instead of forming two equally large daughter cells, however, it produces

reabsorption; secretion

The process of _______ describes the transport of substances out of the kidney tubule and into the surrounding body fluids, while _______ describes the process of transporting substances from the body fluid into the tubule.

Lower temperature is required for normal development of sperm.

The scrotum is a sac-like structure outside the abdomen in which the testes are suspended. Why is this structure essential?

lower

The scrotum keeps sperm at _______ temp required for normal sperm development

occipital lobes

The section of the cerebrum that lets you recieve and process visual information is the ___.

sarcomere

The smallest subunit of a muscle contraction is the _____ which is a repeating section of the myofibril that goes from Z line to Z line.

Potassium outside the cell, sodium inside the cell, and ATP.

The sodium-potassium pump moves ions across a cellular membrane. What conditions need to be met for a single cycle of Na+/K+ pump activity to occur?

acrosome

The sperm head encloses a compact nucleus and is capped by a vesicle called what?

Steroid hormones are not soluble in water therefore they have an affinity for the lipids of the cell membrane.

The steroid hormone requires a protein carrier while being transported in the bloodstream and in the cytosol. What features make it possible to pass through the membrane without the carrier?

neurotransmitters

The synaptic vesicles of the presynaptic cell contain ____ which are released into the synaptic cleft.

neutralization of the acidic chyme in the duodenum enzymatic digestion of proteins, fats and starch in the duodenum

The thick, sticky mucus that clogs the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) also blocks pancreatic secretions from reaching their destination. Check all of the digestive processes that would be inhibited in CF patients. a) enzymatic digestion of protein in the stomach b) acidification of the stomach contents c) emulsification of fats in the duodenum d) neutralization of the acidic chyme in the duodenum e) enzymatic digestion of proteins, fats and starch in the duodenum f) enzymatic digestion of starch in the mouth

Erythrocytes; hemoglobin

What is the scientific word for red blood cells? What molecule helps them transport oxygen?

allopatric

The type of speciation that results in the formation of separate species as a result of geographic isolation is called ____________ speciation

surface area; absorption

The villi and microvilli greatly increase the __________ of the small intestine which greatly increases the area for ___________

sclera

The white covering on the eyeball which is made of connective tissue is called the ____.

There was death before the fall, just not death in sin

Theistic evolutionists believe what about death before the fall

development of the mature (tertiary) follicle development of fluid filled vesicles

There are two phases to the human menstrual cycle. Select the events that occur during the follicular phase. (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY). --development of the mature (tertiary) follicle --development of fluid filled vesicles --rapid growth of granulosa cells --presence of corpus albicans --presence of the corpus luteteum --oocyte released from the follicle

rapid growth of granulosa cells presence of the corpus lueteum presence of corpus albicans

There are two phases to the human menstrual cycle. Select the events that occur during the luteal phase. (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY) --oocyte released from the follicle --presence of corpus albicans --development of the mature (tertiary) follicle --development of fluid filled vesicles --presence of the corpus lueteum --rapid growth of granulosa cells

actin; I

Thin myofilaments (made of ________) produce ______ bands.

adaptive response

This immune response is highly specific.

adaptive response

This immune response requires rearrangement of the genomic DNA of the immune cells.

Lens

Transparent; completes the focusing of the light onto the retina at the back of the eye; shape is influenced by the amount of tension in the suspensory ligament

false

True or False: Acetylcholine is actively transported from the pre-synaptic membrane to the post-synaptic membrane.

True; true

True or False; Adam and Eve could be seen as historical. True or false; Theistic Evolutionist believe that God is the creator.

Glomerulus

Tuft of capillaries within the renal cortex where blood is filtered by blood pressure forces.

Epithelial; covers the external surface of the tract

What is the serosa?

air sacs

Upon inhalation in birds, both posterior and anterior________ Expand

Small muscular tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Ureters

--The ovary is in the luteal phase and will progress into luteal regression if pregnancy does not occur. --Progesterone levels will reach their highest point in the cycle (assuming that pregnancy does not occur).

Use the diagram you labeled about the menstrual cycle to answer this question. During days 15-28 of the human menstrual cycle, which TWO of the following statements are true? --The ovary is in the luteal phase and will progress into luteal regression if pregnancy does not occur. --Progesterone levels will reach their highest point in the cycle (assuming that pregnancy does not occur). --The endometrium is in the proliferative phase and will progress into menstruation if pregnancy does not occur. --LH and FSH are at their peak level.

thick-walled, muscular organ where fetus develops.

Uterus

cones within the fovea

Visual acuity is highest when an image is focused on what part of the retina?

The beginning of food being swallowed from the mouth into the pharynx.

Voluntary phase of swallowing

Because the extracellular fluids are isotonic to seawater, no osmotic gradient exists and there is no tendency for water to leave or enter the body

Water movement in Osmoconformers

Long extensions that usually carry impulses AWAY from cell body.

What are axons?

1. Skin-skin is a physical barrier and the oil and sweat glands make it acidic (pH 3-5) The acidity inhibits some bacterial growth 2. Digestive System-saliva contains lysozyme and the environment is highly acidic 3. Respiratory Tract-mucosal layer traps pathogens and cilia sweeps it away

What are the 3 defenses to protect against pathogens?

Stores food, starts digestion of proteins, and create/controls movement of chyme into the small intestine

What are the functions of the stomach?

1. Excretion of metabolic waste 2. Maintenance of water-salt balance 3. Maintenance of acid-base balance 4. Hormone secretion: renin and erythropoietin (EPO) 5. Reabsorb filtered nutrients and convert vitamin D

What are the functions of the urinary system?

Kidneys, ureter, bladder, and urethra

What are the structures of the urinary system?

glial cells

What are the supporting cells of neurons called?

Sponge, Nematoda, and hydras

What are three examples of animals with no circulatory system?

Structures that no longer serve a purpose to an organism, but served a purpose to their ancestors

What are vestigial structures

Progesterone

What completes preparation of uterus for pregnancy?

There is a concentration gradient with more K+ in the intracellular space and more Na+ in the extracellular space.

What conditions exist across a cell membrane due to action of the Na+/K+ pump?

-Inside of the neuron contains large, negatively charged molecules like phosphate ion, amino acids, and proteins. -The sodium potassium pumps transport 3 sodium ions out of the neuron for every 2 potassium ions brought into the neuron.

What contributes to the resting potential of the neuron?

twins

What could be the result if somehow two follicles made it to the late tertiary stage and burst from the ovary?

Produces collagen and elastic fibers.

What do fibroblasts do?

Help propagate the nerve impulse and provide nutrients to neurons

What do glial cells do?

Cells that specialize in transmitting nerve impulses

What do neurons do?

Plants and animals died before the fall but humans did not.

What do old earth believe about death before the fall in the garden?

They evolved from apes, following the scientific understanding of evolution. They evolved into the image of God where they reached the ability of free thinking.

What do theistic evolutionists believe about the origin of human beings?

The positive feedback cycle of gonadotropin releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, and estrogen would continue.

What do you predict would occur if progesterone release was inhibited?

Bible only unless science supports it fully

What do young earth believe are reliable sources of how life was created

It is 100% completely true. No exceptions whatsoever

What do young earth creationists believe about the Genesis account of creation.

They believe it has no impact on creation because they don't believe it occurs at all

What do young earth creationists believe is the role of macroevolution in creation?

Fictional Jewish poetry that is meant figuratively to imply that God created the universe.

What does a theistic evolutionist believe about the Bibles creation account?

God created mankind in His image as a result of supernatural intervention

What does old earth believe about the creation of mankind?

BOTH the Bible and Science

What does old earth believe is a reliable source for the explanation of creation?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH) Growth Hormone (GH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Prolactin

What does the Anterior Pituitary (true gland/glandular side) release?

Water and small molecules move from the glomerulus o the glomerular capsule, while large molecules and formed elements remain in the glomerular blood vessels.

What does the glomerulus filter?

three ossicle bones

What does the middle ear consist of?

The O.E. explains the fossil gap as a result of God's supernatural invention, when He deemed necessary, to create new creatures.

What does the old earth believe about the gaps in the fossil record?

A day or long period of time

What does yom mean?

Microevolution is accepted because it is a minor change within species

What does young earth believe about microevolution

They believe it was a worldwide flood that created the layers of the earth. This explains the fossil record

What does young earth believe about the role of Noah's flood

amount of yolk

What factor has the strongest influence on the cleavage pattern of an embryo?

oxytocin and prostaglandins

What factors stimulate uterine contractions and birth?

Both contract. Diaphragm lowers and flattens, increasing in chest cavity space. External intercostal muscles raises the ribs and expands the rib cage.

What happened to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles upon inhalation?

--Alcohol inhibits the secretion of ADH by the posterior pituitary gland, thereby decreasing water reabsorption. --Liver must go into overdrive to detoxify

What happens when you drink a lot?

hCG hormone

What hormone is tested for in pregnancy tests?

Innate Immunity

What immunity works immediately—rapid response

It allows an individual to change to a more optimal sex, based on social cues.

What is a benefit of sequential hermaphroditism, sometimes seen in fish?

God created the earth in 6 days without the use of macroevolution

What is a brief account of creation according to young earth

the digestive cavity has only one opening that serves as both mouth and anus; no specialization; every cell is exposed to all stages of food digestion.

What is a gastrovascular cavity and what types of organisms have one?

The synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber; Acetylcholine (Ach) is the neurotransmitter used

What is a neuromuscular junction and what neurotransmitter is used at one?

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.

What is allopatric speciation?

When two species hybridize and the the hybrids chromosomes are doubled spontaneously.

What is alloploidy?

Saltwater/ marine animals

What is an example of an osmoconformer?

--Osteoclasts are bone destroying (i.e. break down) cells --Osteoclasts are formed from white blood cells.

What is an osteoclast

The interaction of genes that are not alleles, in particular the suppression of the effect of one such gene by another.

What is epistasis?

change within a species

What is microevolution?

When organisms with the same genotype mate.

What is nonrandom mating?

the process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region • One species diverging into two due to reproductive isolation

What is sympatric speciation?

glomerulus

What is the beginning of the tubule system which filters blood and only lets small molecules to pass through to the kidney tubules while retaining large molecules such as cells and proteins in the blood

the microvilli resemble the bristles of a brush, and for that reason the epithelial wall of the small intestine is also called a brush border.

What is the brush border of the small intestine?

several nephrons share a collecting duct which serve to carry urine to the renal pelvis

What is the collecting duct?

Positive pressure breathing: air is push into the lungs Negative pressure: air is pulled into the lungs

What is the difference between positive pressure breathing and negative pressure breathing?

(F) made of epithelial cells rich in mitochondria and thus is important for movement of molecules from the blood to the tubule (tubular secretion)

What is the distal convoluted tubule?

Thrombin

What is the enzyme that converts Fibrinogen to Fibrin?

Functions in absorption of nutrients.

What is the function of the small intestine?

A knot of capillaries inside the glomerular capsule where pores produce a blood filtrate.

What is the glomerulus?

The lateral line system consist of a series of sensory organs that project into a canal beneath the surface of the skin.

What is the lateral line system?

U-shaped structure that has a descending limb to allow water to leave and an ascending limb that pushes out salt

What is the loop of Henle (nephron)?

It maintains the corpus luteum.

What is the main role of human chorionic gonadotropin?

the way in which pathogens are recognized

What is the most fundamental difference between the innate immune system and acquired immune system?

The innermost later of the GI tract (epithelium); lines the lumen (1)

What is the mucosa (label it)

Just outside the submucosa; consists of a double layer of smooth muscles; the muscles in the inner layer have a circular orientation and serve to constrict the gut, whereas those in the outer layer are arranged longitudinally and work to shorten it

What is the muscularis?

cleavage

What is the period of rapid cell division in which the embryo does not increase in overall size?

asexual reproduction

What is the primary means of reproduction among the protists, cnidaria, and tunicates?

(C) Epithelial layers with a brush border of microvilli to allow reabsorption of filtrate components.

What is the proximal convoluted tubule?

Bible

What is the reliable source for YE?

produce many cells

What is the role of cleavage in the early embryo?

Macroevolution is credited except when it comes to the creation of mankind.

What is the role of macroevolution in old earth creationists?

Neutralizes the HCl from the stomach and gives the chyme in the duodenum a slightly alkaline pH

What is the role of the bicarbonate produced by the pancreas?

The next major tissue layer after the mucosa; connective tissue; nerve networks, intertwined in plexuses between muscle layers, are located in the submucosa and help regulate the gastrointestinal activities

What is the submucosa?

--The potassium channel gate is open so that potassium ions can flow through this voltage-gated potassium channel. --The neuron is becoming hyperpolarized.

What is true about the falling phase of an action potential?

secondary

What kind of oocyte is released from the ovary at ovulation?

Alloploidy

What kind of polyploidy is this? One species of buttercup pollinates another species of buttercup. Later in development the hybrid's chromosome doubles.

Nitrogenous Wastes: Ammonia (NH3) Urea Uric Acid

What kind of waste is excreted by the kidneys?

myoglobin

What molecule contributes to the red color of slow-twitch muscle fibers?

Protein synthesis detoxification glycogen storage.

What other roles does the liver play other than digestion?

menstruation

What process is absent in mammals with an estrous cycle?

agree: what/how disagree: why/who

What questions can atheists and Christians agree upon? disagree?

Who and why

What questions can religion answer?

How and what happened

What questions do science answer?

interoreceptors

What sensory receptors sense stimuli that arise from within the body?

FSH

What stimulates growth of ovarian follicles?

prolactin

What stimulates milk production in mammary alveoli?

LH

What stimulates ovulation?

LH

What stimulates secretion of testosterone by Leydig cells?

FSH

What stimulates spermatogenesis?

Glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of nephron, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting ducts

What structures make up the nephron?

1. Phenotypic variation must exist among individuals in a population 2. Variation among individuals must result in differences in the number of offspring surviving in the next generation 3. Phenotypic variation must have a genetic basis

What three conditions are required for selection to occur?

retrovirus

What type of virus contains RNA and uses the enyzyme reverse transcriptase to make DNA using the original viral RNA as a template?

in cnidarians and in flatworms such as planarians

What types of organisms have a gastrovascular cavity?

The daughter spermatogonium would go through a mitotic division producing another daughter spermatogonium and a primary spermatocyte.

What would you predict is the fate of the daughter spermatogonium that resulted from the first mitotic division?

passive immunity

When a person obtains antibodies from another individual or source, it is best described as _ _ _.

secondary follicle.

When a primary follicle enlarges, and there are several layers of granulosa cells, it is called a

body

When air is exhaled in birds, air from the anterior air sacs leaves the ______

synaptic vesicles to fuse to the plasma membrane

When an action potential reaches the end of the axon, it triggers an increase in the levels of calcium ions which causes ....

osteocyte

When an osteoblast becomes trapped in the bone matrix it is constructing, it becomes an ___________, or bone cell.

Starts once the food is in the pharynx, and swallowing becomes a reflex.

When does the involuntary phase of swallowing start?

prezygotic

When species are kept separate by preventing the formation of hybrid zygotes, the mechanism that keeps the species separate is known as a _____________ isolating mechanism.

sudden drop in progesterone and estradiol

When the placenta is delivered, what event allows secretion of prolactin and milk production?

negatively; positively; -70

When the resting potential is established, the inside of the neuron is more ________ charged while the outside of the neuron is __________ charged with a measured electrical potential of around ____ mV.

Target cells have membrane receptors for hydrophilic hormones

Where does a hydrophilic hormone bind to its receptor on its target cell?

Bind to transport proteins that make them soluble in blood; Target cells have intracellular receptors for lipophilic hormones

Where does a lipophilic hormone bind to its receptor on its target cell?

in the Fallopian tube

Where does normal fertilization of an egg by a sperm in a human female occur?

--the temperature at which eggs are incubated --the Y chromosome --the X chromosome

Which can influence sex determination? Check all that apply. --the temperature at which eggs are incubated --the Y chromosome --the length of time during which eggs are incubated --the pH at which eggs are incubated --the X chromosome

thyroxin

Which hormone sets the body's basal metabolic rate?

GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland.

Which is a correct description of hormone action? --Testosterone regulates LH and FSH in a positive feedback loop. --Testosterone stimulates corpus luteum. --GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland. --LH stimulates Sertoli cells in the testes. --FSH stimulates Leydig cells in the testes.

--One side effect can be irregular or absent periods. --This method of birth control works by releasing hormones that block ovulation.

Which of the following TWO statements are true regarding birth control implants like Norplant? --This method of birth control works by placing a barrier to prevent the union of sperm and egg. --One side effect can be irregular or absent periods. --This method of birth control works by releasing hormones that block ovulation. --One disadvantage is that it must be taken daily to be effective.

the response involves B cells a specific immune response occurs a wide variety of antigens can be recognized the response may be active or passive the response involves T cells

Which of the following are characteristics of adaptive immunity? (Check all that apply.) --a wide variety of antigens can be recognized --the main adaptive response is a function of neutrophils --the response involves T cells --a specific immune response occurs --the response involves B cells --the response may be active or passive

--muscles --skeleton --heart --blood --kidney --somites

Which of the following are derived from mesoderm? Select all that apply. epidermis of skin muscles nervous system skeleton heart blood lining of the digestive tract kidney somites lining of the respiratory tract

gas exchange secretion of hCG delivery of nutrients

Which of the following are functions of the placenta? (Check all that apply.) monthly sloughing during menstruation and renewal in the follicular phase gas exchange secretion of hCG blocking drugs and alcohol from reaching the baby delivery of nutrients

A) memory cells

Which of the following aspects of the immune response is NOT part of the innate immune response? A) memory cells B) natural killer cells C) complement proteins D) neutrophils

the surface of the egg is lifted off of the plasma membrane additional water moves between the egg and the plasma membrane all sperm nuclei except one are removed the egg membrane potential changes upon fertilization sperm receptors on the coat of the egg are removed

Which of the following block polyspermy? (Check all that apply.) --the egg membrane potential changes upon fertilization --additional water moves between the egg and the plasma membrane --sperm receptors on the coat of the egg are removed --all sperm nuclei except one are removed --the surface of the egg is lifted off of the plasma membrane

mature follicle

Which of the following has an antrum? --secondary follicle --primordial follicle --mature follicle --primary follicle --corpus luteum

calcium and ATP

Which of the following is/are required with actin and myosin in order to initiate muscle contraction?

estrogen

Which of the following ovarian hormones is involved in a positive feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

-Amphibians and some turtles -lions and tigers -fish -owls and robins -Amphibians and some turtles

Which organisms utilize cutaneous respiration?

They disable T-helper cells

Which statement best explains how HIV compromises the body's immune system?

Ovoviviparity

Which strategy provides the most protection to its developing embryos?

Columnar epithelium interspersed with goblet cells.

Which type of epithelia tissue is this? What other type

Cuboidal epithelium, which forms the walls of kidney tubules

Which type of epithelial tissue is this?

Noah's flood was geographically localized

While YE believe Noah's flood was an event that covered the earth, what do OE believe?

Mammals, birds and crocodiles

Who possesses a 4 chambered heart?

Epithelial tissues play a critical role in transport, and must be thin to allow diffusion to occur.

Why are epithelial membranes not very thick?

Only certain immune cells have the protein CD4 on the plasma membrance that allows for viral attachment.

Why can't HIV infect all types of human cells?

more Na+ diffuse into the cell than K+ diffuse out of it

Why does depolarization of a cell occur?

K+ ions continue to diffuse out of the cell after the inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ ion channels close.

Why does repolarization of a cell occur?

Diets that are low in fiber result in a slower passage of food through the colon

Why is a high fiber diet healthier?

lungs

With exhalation air in birds from the posterior air sacs enters the _______

One of the male fish underwent protandry and became a female.

You notice that in your aquarium, previously full of undoubtedly male fish, one is laying eggs. Upon a bit of research, you find out that the species of fish you purchased is a sequential hermaphrodite. Which of the following is true?

science; philosophy; religion

____________ can answer questions of what happened and how it happened. Big questions of why it happened and who made it happen are the realm of ______________ and _____________.

Adaptive

_______________ Immunity requires genetic rearrangement of the immune cells to produce a very specific response

Adaptive

__________________ immunity develops memory so that the next time you see this pathogen you can destroy it without getting sick

two species hybridize now offspring has one copy of each chromosome from each species so infertile but if spontaneously double chromosome number now can interbreed with each other

allopolyploidy

antigens

antibodies bind to

molecules, usually but not always foreign, that provoke a specific immune response (on the molecule itself)

antigens

the type of mating that occurs when an organism selects a mating partner that resembles itself

assortative mating

important in emulsifying fat

bile salts

Expandable organ that stores urine until it is expelled from the body

bladder

-When a population is reduced in size and the surviving population may constitute a random genetic sample of the original population. This results in alterations and loss of genetic variability

bottleneck effect

-controls the flow of messages between the brain and the rest of the body -controls basic body functions such as breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness, and whether one is awake or sleepy

brain stem

-uninucleate -striated -intercalated discs -contraction properties -involuntary

cardiac muscle tissue characteristics

fibroblasts (CT proper) osteo(bone) chondro(cartilage) hemo (blood)

cell types of connective tissue

--Small extension of the hindbrain ("little cerebrum") --plays an increasingly important role as a coordinating center for movement --processes data on the current position and movement of each limb, the state of relaxation or contraction of the muscles involved, and the general position of the body and its relation to the outside world

cerebellum

Center for correlation, association, and learning; receives sensory data from the thalamus and issues motor commands to the spinal cord via descending tracts of axons

cerebrum

more dilute(lower solute concentration);less dilute

concentration (higher solute concentration) Osmotic movement of water always occurs from a ___________ solution to a _________ solution.

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

convergent evolution

spermatogonium -> primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte

correct sequence of cells in spermatogenesis?

menstrual phase → proliferative phase → ovulation → secretory phase → menstrual phase

correct sequence of events of the human menstrual phase, beginning and ending with the menstrual cycle

Carnivorous animals have pointed teeth that lack flat grinding surfaces. Such teeth are adapted for cutting and shearing. Carnivores often tear off pieces of their prey but have little need to chew them, because digestive enzymes can act directly on animal cells.

describe carnivorous teeth

In contrast, grass-eating herbivores must pulverize the cellulose cell walls of plant tissue before the bacteria in their rumens or cecae can digest them. These animals gave large, flat teeth with complex ridges well suited to grinding

describe herbivorous teeth

•4% of absorption of fluids •No villi •Absorbs water, remaining electrolytes, and products of bacterial metabolism •Prepares waste material to be expelled from the body

describe the large intestine

long outer segment dim illumination black and white vision ~100 million in each human retina mostly absent from the fovea rhodopsin

describe the rods of the retina

1. Carrier in membrane binds intracellular sodium 2. ATP phosphorylates protein with bound sodium 3. Phosphorylation causes conformational change in protein, reducing its affinity for Na+. The Na+ then diffuses out 4. This conformation has higher affinity for K+. Extracellular potassium binds to exposed sites 5. Binding of potassium causes dephosphorylation of protein 6. Dephosphorylation of protein triggers change back to original conformation, with low affinity for K+. K+ diffuses into the cell, and the cell cycle repeats

describe the steps of the sodium-potassium pump

short outer segment color vision high visual acuity ~3 million in each human retina mostly located in the fovea photopsins red, blue, and green absorption

describes cones in the retina

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas

digestive system: List the names of the accessory organs

phenotypically different individuals mate; produces excess of heterozygotes

disassortative mating

when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time

divergent evolution

no

do hyrdophilic hormones require a transport protein?

-Space that is within the skull and spinal cavity -cranial cavity and spinal cavity -fluid filled

dorsal body cavity (yellow)

--Prezygotic --Even if two species occur in the same area, they may utilize different portions of the environment and thus not hybridize because they do not encounter each other --Ex: Lions and tigers

ecological isolating mechanism

regulates blood glucose levels by secreting hormones such as insulin and glucagon

endocrine functions of the pancreas

duodenum; trypsin

enzymes from the pancreas are released into the __________ primarily as inactive enzymes and are then activated by ____________, which is first activated by a brush border enzyme of the intestine

tube where sperm develop motility

epididymis

Releasing hormones; inhibiting hormones; ADH; Oxytocin, etc

examples of hydrophilic hormones

behavior, learning, personality, and voluntary movement

frontal lobe

--at puberty, these cells begin to secrete the major female sex hormone, estradiol (aka estrogen), triggering menarche --Estradiol also stimulates the formation of the female secondary sexual characteristics, including breasts development and the production of pubic hair. --Estradiol and progesterone help maintain the female accessory organs: the fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.

granulosa cells

Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools.

heterozygote advantage

to maintain the corpus luteum to prevent menstruation and further ovulation

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

water; polar; lipophobic

hydrophilic hormones are _______ soluble and ________

provides sense of vertical acceleration

inner ear receptors: Saccule

oriented in 3 different planes & provide sense of angular acceleration

inner ear receptors: Semicircular canals

provides sense of horizontal acceleration

inner ear receptors: Utricle

--produced by the beta cells of the islets of langerhans --reduces blood glucose levels

insulin

Sense stimuli arising from within the body

interoreceptors

open; open in response to stimuli

ion channels can either be leakage channels, which are ___________ all the time, or gated channels, which _________________

i. macrophages—ingest bacteria, viruses, cellular debris, and (in lungs) dust ii. neutrophils—first cell to appear when tissue damage or infection, also ingest bacteria iii. natural killer (NK) cells—attack body cells infected by invading microbes

leukocytes in innate immunity

graded; whether an axon will fire; action; propagate along the axon

ligand-gated channels lead to ________ potentials that determine ________, while voltage-gated channels produce ____________ potentials that ___________

Primary inductive event

match each event to the correct category --Induction between germ layers --Formation of central nervous system

Secondary inductive event

match each event to the correct category --Inductions between tissues already on a fixed developmental pathway --Development of the vertebrate eye lense

viral

measles is a __________ disease

--Prezygotic --Structural differences prevent mating between some related species of animals. Aside from such obvious features as size, the structure of the male and female reproductive organs may be incompatible.

mechanical isolation

Sense touch and hearing by detecting physical pressure

mechanoreceptors

Sensory nuclei; reticular-activating system; autonomic functions; containing control centers for the heart and lungs

medulla oblongata

-A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. -The only agent that produces adaptive evolutionary changes.

natural selection

The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane.

osmosis

divided into two functional regions. One involves sensation and perception and the other is concerned with integrating sensory input, primarily with the visual system

parietal lobe

mouth/nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

pathway of air

space between the mesodermal layers that surround the heart

pericardial cavity

1) Squamous-flattened and scalelike 2) Cuboidal-square shaped 3) Columnar-column shaped simple=one layer stratified=more than one layer

shape of epithelium

-rich in capillaries -have numerous mitochondria and a high conc of the enzymes for aerobic respiration -high conc of myoglobin -"dark meat" in poultry

slow-twitch fibers are

-uninucleate -spindle shaped -involuntary -non-striated

smooth muscle tissue characteristics

the somatic nervous system activates voluntary muscles and the autonomic nervous system activates involuntary muscles

somatic vs. autonomic

1) as food moves to the back of the mouth, the soft palate seals off the nasal cavity 2) during swallowing, the larynyx rises and is sealed off by the epiglottis. This forces the bolus into the esophagus and prevents entry into the trachea 3) As the bolus moves into the esophagus, the larynyx relaxes

steps of swallowing

true

t/f A positive feedback loop causes a self-amplifying cycle where a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction.

understanding of speech

temporal lobe

four sets of chromosomes

tetraploid

sarcomere

the ________ is the smallest subunit of muscle contraction

glucose and protein levels

the adrenal cortex is involved in daily regulation of ______________

ACTH

the adrenal cortex receives hormonal signals, primarily regulated by ______ from the anterior pituitary

fight or flight; female sex hormones; epinephrine/norepinephrine

the adrenal glands control the ________________ response and release ___________ and ___________

inner

the adrenal medulla _____ layer of the adrenal glands

sympathetic and parasympathetic

the autonomic nervous system is divided into the __________ and __________ nervous systems

cell respiration

the thyroid helps set basal metabolic rate by stimulating the rate of __________________

hair cells

the lateral line system consists of ____________ within a longitudinal canal in the fish's skin, which are innervated by sensory neurons that transmit impulses to the brain

PTH

the parathyroid secretes the

--Regulates circadian rhythm (sleep cycle) --Relatively large in children & begins to shrink with the onset of puberty --in humans, melatonin secretion increases soon after a person is placed in the dark and decreases soon after exposure to light.

the pineal gland does what?

melatonin (derived from tryptophan)

the pineal gland secretes

the cells to rearrange their genetic material

the process of making B and T cells requires

action of the sodium-potassium pimp and the greater permeability of the membrane to K+

the resting potential arises primarily due to the

3;2

the sodium potassium pump moves ________ Na+ outside for every _____ K+ inside, which creates a small imbalance in cations outside the cell

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

the thyroid gland secretes __________ and __________ and

A

thick myofilaments are stacked together to produce the dark bands, called ___ bands

I

thin filaments alone are found in the light bands, or ___ bands

-pericardial cavity (heart) -pleural cavities

thoracic body cavity

false

ture/false Steroid hormones are water-soluble.

1) Ligand-gated (chemical signals) 2) Voltage-gated (changes in membrane potential)

types of gated channels:

t helper cells (help B cells make antibodies) cytotoxic T cells (attack your infected body cells)

types of t cells

Much less toxic; water-soluble—can be excreted in large amounts in the urine; carried in the bloodstream from its place of synthesis in the liver to the kidneys, where it is excreted

urea

Tube (longer in men than women) that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

urethra