BIO FINAL 7

In a typical human gene, about ______ consists of exons that encode a polypeptide, while ______ consists of introns.

5%; 95%

When making an mRNA transcript, RNA polymerase moves from ______.

5' to 3' adding RNA nucleotides to the 3' end

About how much of a typical human gene consists of noncoding introns?

95%

Choose the order that correctly describes the transfer of information in living organisms according to the central dogma.

DNA to RNA to protein

Select all that apply Select all of the following that are true about transcription.

It is the first stage of gene expression. Information is transferred from DNA to RNA. An mRNA copy of the DNA is produced.

Select all that apply Select all of the following that are true about the genetic code.

Most amino acids are specified by more than one codon. UAA, UAG, and UGA are "stop" codons. AUG can be a "start" codon.

True or false: Most organisms use the same genetic code.

True

In translation, a codon is ______.

a group of three nucleotides that determine the amino acid to be added to a polypeptide

Over 50 different proteins and rRNA make up ______.

a ribosome

What is a gene?

a section of DNA that encodes a particular protein

Select all that apply Modifications to the primary mRNA transcript include which of the following?

addition of a 3' poly-A tail addition of a 5' cap removal of introns

Alternative splicing of the exons of an RNA transcript ______.

allows the production of different mRNAs from the same gene

The removal of specific segments of the primary mRNA transcript called introns and the joining up of the remaining exons in different ways is called ______.

alternative splicing

In translation, a sequence of nucleotides is translated into a sequence of ______.

amino acids

One end of tRNA binds an amino acid, while the other contains an anticodon that binds to ______.

an exposed complementary codon on the mRNA

The _____ is a three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to an mRNA codon.

anticodon

The correct amino acid is added to a growing polypeptide when an anticodon on the tRNA ______.

binds to a matching codon on the mRNA

During protein synthesis, transfer RNA ______.

brings amino acids to the ribosome

The triplet of nucleotides in mRNA that determines the amino acid to be added to a polypeptide sequence is called a(n) ______.

codon

RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into mRNA using ______.

complementary base pairing rules

Select all that apply Select all of the following that are true about an anticodon.

complementary to a codon determines which amino acid will attach to a tRNA molecule

The proteins of a ribosome are located on the ______ of a ribosome and function as ______.

exterior; stabilizing scaffolding

In gene expression, ______.

information in DNA directs the synthesis of a specific polypeptide

Sections of a eukaryotic gene that do not encode polypeptides and that are removed during RNA processing are called ______.

introns

Starting at the ______ located at the beginning of a gene, RNA polymerase synthesizes ______.

promoter; an mRNA transcript of the DNA

The mRNA product of ______ is used by ribosomes to produce a polypeptide in ______.

transcription; translation

In a process called ______, the order of nucleotides in mRNA is converted into an order of amino acids in a polypeptide.

translation

In gene expression, the production of a protein from RNA is called ______.

translation.

The unprocessed mRNA transcript is called a ______ transcript.

primary RNA

Select all that apply Select all of the following that describe genes in eukaryotes.

-have interrupting segments called introns -contain sections called exons that encode polypeptides

How many subunits make up a ribosome?

2

Transfer RNA (tRNA) carrying an amino acid binds to a ribosome at the ______.

A site

Select all that apply Select all of the following that are steps leading to the production of a protein in eukaryotes.

DNA is transcribed into mRNA. The primary mRNA transcript is processed to form mRNA. tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome.

According to the central dogma, the genes contained in ______ are copied into RNA, which is used to direct the assembly of a sequence of amino acids in a ______.

DNA; protein

Select the correct statement about genes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

In prokaryotic cells, genes occur as unbroken sections of DNA, while in eukaryotic cells, genes have interrupting segments called introns.

What protein is responsible for the production of mRNA during transcription?1

RNA polymerase

Select all that apply Select the correct statements about the process of translation.

The sequence of the mRNA determines what tRNAs will bind, and what amino acids will be added to the polypeptide. The tRNA bound at the P site moves to the E site as the ribosome moves to the next codon. At translation initiation, mRNA binds to the small subunit of a ribosome, and then the large subunit binds to form a complete ribosome. The ribosome moves down the mRNA three nucleotides at a time.

A site

The site where incoming tRNAs with bound amino acids enter the ribosome.

P site

The site where peptide bonds form between the incoming amino acid and the growing peptide chain.

E site

The site where tRNAs are released from the mRNA.

The use of information contained in DNA to direct the production of specific proteins is known as ______.

gene expression

The information specifying hereditary traits is encoded in blocks of DNA called ______.

genes

Select all that apply Select all of the following that are true about transfer RNA (tRNA).

has a folded, three-loop structure contains an anticodon on one of its loops has an amino acid attachment site at its 3' end

A primary transcript of mRNA ______.

includes both exons and introns

What molecule brings the information from the DNA to the ribosomes for translation of the nucleotide sequence into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide?

messenger RNA

What type of RNA conveys the information contained in a DNA sequence to the cytoplasm and directs the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide?

messenger RNA

The removal of introns and the addition of a poly-A tail and a 5' cap are all ______.

modifications of the primary transcript of mRNA

The subunits of a ribosome ______.

nest together to form a functional unit

The components of ribosomes are ______.

proteins and rRNA

What part of a ribosome functions to catalyze the synthesis of proteins during translation?

rRNA

The type of RNA that is a component of ribosomes is ______.

rRNA.

A region of ______ found in the small subunit of the ribosome corresponds to the leader region of all genes and causes the ______ to bind correctly to the ribosome during initiation of translation.

rRNA; mRNA

The site of protein synthesis is the ______.

ribosome

Exons are ______.

sections of eukaryotic genes that encode polypeptides

A ribosome functions in the ______.

synthesis of proteins

Transcription refers to the process of ______.

synthesizing RNA from a DNA template

The three sites on the ribosome that form dents or pockets are the sites where _____ binds

tRNA

What type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

tRNA

What is the same in practically all organisms?

the genetic code

Translation is the term used to describe ______.

the production of a protein using mRNA

Given the following steps of translation, the formation of a peptide bond between an existing polypeptide and an amino acid forms right before ______.

the tRNA in the P site moves to the E site

In the genetic code, each sequence of ______ nucleotides corresponds to a(n) _______.

three; amino acid

Artificial mRNA consisting of repeated nucleotides, such as UUUUUUUUUUUUU, were used ______.

to determine which codons correspond to which amino acids

In a process called _____, an mRNA copy is made of DNA.

transcription

In gene expression, the production of RNA from DNA is called ______.

transcription

RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA during ______.

transcription

What process results in the production of messenger RNA?

transcription

Select all that apply What did biologists use to help them determine which amino acid matched to a codon?

trial and error artificial mRNA

During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to one strand of DNA and adds complementary nucleotides to the DNA, using ______ instead of thymine.

uracil