Bio Final Exam #1, Biology II Exam 2, chapters 27, 28, 29, 30, Bio II exam III, Bio II exam IV, Bio II Final Exam, Bio II Exam 1, Basically test 1 and two bio

humans first appear

170 million years ago

Fossil evidence indicates that the following events occurred in what sequence, from earliest to most recent? 1. Protostomes invade terrestrial environments. 2. Cambrian explosion occurs. 3. Deuterostomes invade terrestrial environments. 4. Vertebrates become top predators in the seas.

2, 4, 1, 3

What is the effective population size (Ne) of a population of 50 strictly monogamous swans(40 males and 10 females) if every female breeds successfully?

20

imagine a population of 1,00 wolves. Of these, 200 are breeding females, 200 are breeding males, and 600 are nonbredding juveniles. What is the effective population size?

400

Bilateral animals have cephalization and dorsal and ventral ends

A dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom) side A right and left side Anterior (head) and posterior (tail) ends Cephalization: the development of a head

medusa

A free-swimming cnidarian with a bell-shaped body and tentacles

There are many ways angiosperms can be classified. Which of the following is not an example of a characteristic that can be used for classification?

A microorganism that is a prey source for a planktonic organism

If two continents converge and are united, then the collision should cause what?

A net loss of intertidal zone and coastal habitat.

notochord

A rod of tough, flexible material that runs the length of a creature's body, providing the majority of its support

systematics

A scientific discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships.

Halophile

An Archaea that lives in ponds that have 3 times the salinity of open ocean water could be described as a...

Wings of birds and insects are an example of

An analogous structure (similarity due to convergent evolution)

ectotherm

An animal whose body does not produce much internal heat

Mycorhizzae

Association: mycorhizzal fungal hyphae penetrate the spaces between root cell walls and grow into the plant roots

Diatoms A. include the malaria parasite. B. are autotrophs with a glassy cell wall that contains silica. C. are heterotrophic protists that decompose dead plants and animals in freshwater habitats. D. are mixotrophs.

B. are autotrophs with a glassy cell wall that contains silica.

The reason that two sperm nuclei travel down the pollen tube is that A. they both stimulate growth of the pollen tube. B. one fertilizes the egg, and the other merges with the two nuclei of the central cell. C. one is for fertilizing the egg, and one directs the pollen tube toward the egg. D. if one fails in fertilization, there is a backup nucleus.

B. one fertilizes the egg, and the other merges with the two nuclei of the central cell.

Photoautotrophic bacteria obtain their carbon from ______ and their energy from _________.

CO2 ..... sunlight

Chemoatutrophic trophic bacteria obtain their carbon from... and their energy from...

CO2...reactions involving inorganic chemicals.

Prokaryotes that use carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in place of carbon dioxide and water to produce energy are..

Chemoautotrophs.

Chordates:

Chephalochordata, Urochordata, Vertebrata

Defining species based on molecular features

Compare DNA sequences -within genes -gene order along chromosomes -chromosome structure & number

Which of the following statement about seed plant life cycle is true? A. Sporocytes are multicellular structure where spores are formed B. Microspores give rise to female gametophytes C. Seed plants exhibit homospory D. Gametophytes are highly reduced in size E. Spores are diploid

D. Gametophytes are highly reduced in size

Which of these is NOT a common agent of pollination in seed plants? A. Insects, as pollen sticks to their bodies while they eat nectar B. Hummingbirds, as pollen sticks to their bodies while they eat nectar C. Wind, which can carry pollen to another plant D. Rodents, as undigested pollen is released in their feces after they eat fruit

D. Rodents, as undigested pollen is released in their feces after they eat fruit

HGT: transduction

DNA transfer mediated by bacteriophages

Which of the following cellular structures is characteristic of excavates?

Feeding grove

If the flow of energy in an arctic ecosystem goes through a simple food chain, perhaps involving humans, starting from phytoplankton to zooplankton to fish to seals to polar bears, then which of the following could be accurate?

Fish can potentially provide more food for humans than seal meat

What is the relationship between genetic variation in populations and natural selection?

Genetic variation must exist in populations before natural selection can occur.

Both sporophyte and gametophyte generations

If you walk through an area with mosses and ferns, you are seeing ____________.

Pollen

In addition to seeds, which go the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants?

both A and B

In apple trees, dispersal can occur via... A. Seeds B. microspores and male gametophyte C. megaspores and female gametophyte D. Both A and B E. A, B, and C

operculum

In aquatic osteichthyans, a protective bony flap that covers and protects the gills.

When climbing a mountain, we can observe transitions in biological communities that are analogous to the changes...

In biomes with increasing latitude.

How are bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike?

In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia.

Fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia

In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a ____________.

Starting from the wild mustard, breeders have created the strains known as Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Therefore, which of the following statements is correct?

In this wild mustard, there is enough heritable variation to permit these different varieties.

Amniotes include 5 extant classes

Reptile classes: Turtles Lepidosaurs Crocodilians Birds Class Mammalia

Which would be most likely to be fossilized?

a common thick shelled crustacean

A land snail, a clam, and an octopus all share

a mantle

Cladogenesis

a species diverges into 2 or more species

Which of the following characteristics is shared by a hagfish and a lamprey?

a well-developed notochord

When did life first appear on Earth?

about 3.7 billion years ago

Cambrian explosion

abrupt increase in diversity of animal species. Although new animal species have arisen since, no major reorganizations of body plans

Which of the following characteristics tends to limit bryophytes and seedless vascular plants to habitats that are relatively moist?

absence of flagellated sperm

porifera, Amoebocytes

absorb food from choanocytes, digest it, and carry to other cells

Which term describes a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment?

adaptation

Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of _____.

adaptive radiation

Which of the following locations are large reservoirs for carbon for the carbon cycle? I. atmosphere II. sediments and sedimentary rocks III. fossilized plant and animal remains (coal, oil, and natural gas) IV. plant and animal biomass

all four

The difference between the processes involved in allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation is

allopatric speciation requires geographic isolation

Most members of which of the following groups are most closely associated with a wet or moist environment?

amphibians

The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to _____.

an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition

The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to ________.

an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition

A test tube is inoculated with 200 cells of a bacterial strain that has a generation time of 60 minutes. The carrying capacity of the test tube for this strain is 2 billion cells. What will the bacterial population be after 120 minutes of culturing?

around 800

Which of the following is the most inclusive (most general) group in which all of the members have fully opposable thumbs?

arthropods

Arthropods invaded land about 100 million years before vertebrates did so. This most clearly implies that _____.

arthropods have had more time to coevolve with land plants than have vertebrates

Broccoli is one of many vegetables that can be found in a modern supermarket that came from wild mustard plants. The process that led to the morphological changes from wild mustard to broccoli is

artificial selection and directional selection

Which of the following locations is the main reservoir for nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle?

atmosphere

A full grown oak tree is a.... a.) zygote b.) mature sporophyte c.) sporangium d.) mature gametophyte

b

A particular species of protists has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. YOu know this because the chloroplasts _______. a.) are exceptionally small b.) have 3 or 4 membranes c.) have nuclear and cyanobacterial genes d.) have only a single pigment

b

Cynobacteria are important ecologically because a.) they increase the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and oceans b.) they are primarily producers that fix carbon c.) They turn ammonium into atmospheric nitrogen d.) all of the above

b

______ is a liverwort that carries its gametangia on gametophores. a. Frullania b. Marchantia c. Anthoceros d. Riccia e. Ricciocarpus

b. Marchantia

Similar to most amoebozoans, the forams and the radiolarians also have pseudopods, as do some of the white blood cells of animals (monocytes). If one were to erect a taxon that included all organisms that have cells with pseudopods, what would be true of such a taxon?

be polyphyletic

Natural selection

beneficial, heritable traits become more common in successive generations

Intersexual selection

between members of opposite sex

Intrasexual selection

between members of the same sex

Explain the biases of the fossil record

biased in favor of -species that existed for long time -were abundant and widespread in certain kinds of environments -had hard shells, skeletons, or other parts that facilitated their fossilization

Compared to non-vascular plants, vascular plants have a relatively _________ sporophyte generation, which means that they tend to have comparatively _______ dispersal potential.

big.. high

An aquatic predatory animal is a fast swimmer and chases prey through the ocean. Which of the following body plans would be most advantageous?

bilateral

Bilateria

bilateral symmetry & triploblastic

Relatively small geographic areas with high concentrations of endemic species are known as

biodiversity hot spots.

What term did E. O. Wilson coin for our innate appreciation of wild environments and living organisms?

biophilia

In a population of ground squirrels, many individuals begin to die off due to an outbreak of Leptospirosis, a bacterial disease. Of the remaining individuals, many become susceptible to predation by foxes after a forest fire destroys many of the trees they live in. this is an example of __________ factors influencing the population.

both abiotic and biotic

The domains Bacteria and Archaea...

both have DNA that is not contained inside a nucleus

If you walk through an area with mosses and ferns, you are seeing...?

both sporophyte and gametophyte generations

You've found a new species of plant. It has a dominant gametophyte generation, along with no true roots or leaves. This organism is most likely a

bryophyte

Movement of minerals (nutrients) in a plant should be the slowest in:

bryophytes

Which of the following diseases is caused by pathogenic bacteria? a.) breast cancer b.) Type 2 diabetes c.) Lyme disease d.) influenza

c

A peristome is a capsular structure characteristic of members of the phylum ______, class ______. a. Bryophyta; Sphagnidae b. Bryophyta; Andreaeidae c. Bryophyta; Bryidae d. Hepatophyta; Sphagnidae e. Hepatophyta; Bryidae

c. Bryophyta; Bryidae

Triplobastic animals

can be grouped based on embryonic development

Secondary metabolites

can be used for competition against neighboring plants

Exponential growth of a population..

can occur under some circumstances for a range of species but can't continue forever because resources ultimately limit abundance.

Speciation eventS

can occur very rapidly

Sexual reproduction

can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in

Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria

can use atmospheric nitrogen create organic molecules

Facultative aerobes

can use oxygen or not

Which of the following substances is cycled between organic matter and abiotic reservoirs?

carbon

You've come across a small, sessile organism sprouting from the ground. You're not sure if you found a fungi or a plant. Which of the following tests could help you determine this?

chemically testing what the cell wall is made of

In the accompanying figure, which of these countries has the highest total CO2 emissions?

china

Basidiomycota

club fungi

In the late 1960's, Robert Paine conducted landmark studies on diversity in the rocky intertidal zone, comparing species diversity in control plots with diversity in experimental plots from which he removed the top predator, sea stars. After 5 years, 15 species of intertidal invertebrates lived in the control plots, while the experimental plots were dominated by only two species, one mussel and one barnacle. The process MOST likely responsible for the loss of species diversity in the experimental plots was:

competitive exclusion

The survivorship curve for Belding's ground squirrels shows a relatively____________ death rate

constant

The rate of increase is__________, but the population accumulates more new individuals per unit time when it is_________ than when it is__________

constant; large; small

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?

contain collagen in their extra-cellular matrix. nervous conduction and muscular movement

Monophyletic group

contains a common ancestor and all its descendants

Paraphyletic group

contains a common ancestor but not all descendants

Polyphyletic group

contains groups of species with different common ancestors

Visceral Mass (Mollusca)

contains the heart and the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction

The process by which the major land masses have shifted their positions, changed shapes and separated from each other, is known as

continental drift

Some beetles and flies have antler like structures on their heads, much like male deer. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of

convergent evolution

You find a reptile like vertebrate with the following characteristics: Scales, four-chambered heart, ectothermy, and amniotic egg. To which group does this animal most likely belong?

croc

Which of the following is not a reptile?

cuban tree frog

Ecologists conclude there is a biodiversity crisis because

current extinction rates are very high and many species are threatened or endangered.

Plant-like photosynthesis that releases O2 occurs in

cyanobacteria

In tropical rainforests, a large amount of leaves are not eaten by herbivores and instead accumulate as leaf litter on the forest floor. In Malaysian tropical forests, Burkholderia spp. bacteria are an important group breaking down the organic molecules in this leaf litter and releasing inorganic nutrients; hence their activity boosts plant photosynthesis and growth. Burkholderia spp. are considered

decomposers

Which of the following characteristics generally applies to protostome development?

determinate cleavage

Which clade does NOT include humans?osteichthyans vertebrates lobe-fins diapsids

diapsids

We find many adaptations among animals that increase the amount of surface area of a whole or part of the body in relation to the animal's total volume.

diffusion of oxygen in body

Most of the growth at a fungal hyphal tip is accomplished directly through the mechanism of?

diffusion of water into the hyphae from the environment via osmosis

In a large population of woodpeckers, individuals vary in the length of their beaks. You note that individuals with longer beaks tend to be more successful at obtaining food than individuals with shorter beaks. You also note length of beak in offspring is determined by the length of beak in parents. Based on this information, you expect that this population is likely to experience...

directional selection for longer beaks

A very abundant fruit-eating bird in Texas is particularly attracted to red foods. You would expect that a plant in this area may experience

directional selection for red fruit

Porifera

does not have tissues, displays no symmetry,

disruptive selection

during a drought, it was discovered that finches with large beaks and those with small beaks were more successful due to the food sources available during the drought.

Which of the following statements concerning the bryophytes is FALSE? a. Some can grow in Antarctica. b. Some can grow above timberline. c. Some can grow in deserts. d. Some can grow in freshwater. e. Some can grow in high-salinity salt water.

e. Some can grow in high-salinity salt water

In bryophytes, fertilization takes places in the: a. open water. b. capsule. c. seta. d. antheridium. e. archegonium.

e. archegonium.

The ________ is located between the sporophyte and gametophyte generations. a. seta b. capsule c. calyptra d. venter e. placenta

e. placenta

Which of the following organism is most closely related to fungi?

elephant

Which of the following organisms is most closely related to fungi

elephant

seed

embryo and food supply

Which of the following outcomes is caused by excessive nutrient runoff into aquatic ecosystems?

eutrophication

Which of the following statement about evolution is correct?

evolution can lead to the loss of a useful trait

Adaptive radiation

evolution from a common ancestor of many species adapted to diverse environments. Single species evolves into array of descendants

Macroevolution:

evolutionary changes that create new species and groups of species

Eukaryotic cells

evolved through the union of bacterial & archaeal cells

Sympatric speciation: sexual selection

example: certain females prefer males with one color pattern, while other females prefer males with a different color pattern

While looking at some seawater through your microscope, you spot the egg of an unknown animal. Which of the following tests could you use to determine whether the developing organism is a protostome or a deuterostome? See whether the embryo

exhibits spiral cleavage or radial cleavage

Many Archaea are

extremophiles

macroevolution

form of Speciation

The water vascular system of echinoderms..?

function in locomotion and feeding

The water vascular system of echinoderms

functions in locomotion and feeding

The area shaded gray in the figure on the left represents the ______ of Species A

fundamental niche

homology

fundamental similarity due to descent from a common ancestor

What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates

have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do not

dikaryotic

having two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent, in a fungal mycelium

Fungi share the following traits with animals...

heterotrophy via absorptive nutrition

According to the small-population approach, what would be the best strategy for saving a population that is in an extinction vortex?

introducing individuals from other populations to increase genetic variation

Bipedalism

is a key trait found in humans but not other apes

Why is the amniote egg considered an important evolutionary innovation?

it allows for embryonic development out of the water

Half-life

length of time required for 1/2 of original isotope to decay, Measure amount of a given isotope & decay product

What percentage of known bacteria are pathogenic?

less than 1 percent

The water vascular system of echinoderms is part of which of the following functions?

locomotion and gas exchange

seedless vascular plants

lycophytes and monilophytes

Balancing selection

maintains genetic diversity In a population. Two or more alleles are kept in balance, and maintained over many generations

Indeterminate cleavage

makes possible identical twins and embryonic stem cells.

Which of the following lists of organisms is ranked in correct order from lowest to highest percent in production efficiency?

mammals, fish, insects

Which of the following organisms should have the HIGHEST primary productivity?

mangrove tree

All molluscs have a

mantle

Which of the following life history traits can potentially influence effective population size (Ne)?

maturation age genetic relatedness among individuals in a population family and population size gene flow between geographically separated populations

In animals, the process of ______ results in haploid gametes.

meiosis

As you go from the equator to the poles in the terrestrial environment...

moisture levels will peak near the equator, and gain near 60 degrees latitude, temperature will steadily decrease

Which of the following animals is NOT an ape?

monkey

Which of these are amniotes?

more than one of these is correct

Order the following from smallest to largest sporophyte

moss, fern, apple tree

Ray-finned fishes

most numerous and familiar fishes. fins are webs of skin over delicate rays of bone

population of butterfly has two alleles for color: blue (b) and red (r). bb individuals are blue; rr individuals are red; heterozygotes are purple. Which of the following mechanisms could led to appearance of a new allele in this population (e.g. y for yellow)?

mutation

Which of the following would, if it had acted upon a gene, prevent this gene from acting as a reliable molecular clock?

natural selection

You would expect a flagellate to have:

one or two long extensions from its cell, used in locomotion or to create a water current

individuals that are the most "fit" are

ones that produce the most offspring, not ones that live the longest

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

operate before production of a fertilized egg

Which animal species is most closely related to humans?

orangitan

Finding which of the following in a cell of an organism would represent evidence of endosymbiosis in the ancestors of the organism?

organelles surrounded by two plasma membranes

In mutualistic symbioses between mycorrhizae and plants, the fungal partner obtains___________ from its symbiont

organic molecules

The greatest cause of the biodiversity crisis that includes all of the others is

overpopulation of humans

Brown-headed cowbird populations require forested habitat where they can

parasitize the nests of other forest-adapted host birds.

directional selection example

peppered moth

Most bacteria use

peptidoglycan

When sexually reproducing, the two types of fungus are called?

positive and negative

Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle?

post-anal tail

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Bryophytes?

presence of a large sporophyte generation

The first living organisms were

prokaryotes, which appeared in oceans

Which distinction is given more emphasis by the morphological phylogeny than by the molecular phylogeny?

protostome and deuterostome

amoeba

pseudopodia

Eumetazoans can be grouped based on the number of germ layers

radial and bilateral

Fungus-like

resemble fungi in body form and absorptive nutrition

This exponential curve is only possible if there are no _____________ of the population

resource or other limits on the growth

Heterozygote advantage

results in more genetic variation in the population.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of both animals and fungi?

rigid cell wall due to chitin layer

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of animals?

rigid cell walls

In the phylogenetic tree below, which of the following trait appeared at #2?

roots

In the phylogenetic tree below, which of the following trait appeared at #2? (between mosses and club mosses)

roots

green algae

same type of plastids and photosynthetic pigments as land plants

Which of the following animals is most closely related to Taylor Swift?

sea star

Dry and cool conditions in the terrestrial environment should most favor

seed plants due to their ability to disperse sperm inside pollen

Punctuated equilibrium

short, rapid bursts of changes

Molecular Homology

similar DNA (amino acid sequences) among different species from a common ancestor

Which of these is NOT a way to classify protists?

size

Compared to vascular plants, non-vascular plants have a relatively ________ sporophyte generation, which means that they tend to have comparatively _________dispersal potential.

small..... low

What is contained in pollen?

sperm only

Tetrapods have adaptations to support their bodies outside water

strong bones, ribs

vestigial structure

structure that is inherited from ancestors but has lost much or all of its original function

Sporangium:

structure where spores are formed

Molecular systematics

study genetic homologies and propose phylogenetic trees. DNA and amino acid sequences from closely related species are more similar to each other than to those of more distant species

Primary Productivity is affected by the availability of

sunlight, water, and nutrients

Considering the global carbon cycle, where are humans having a great impact?

terrestrial ecosystems, oceans, and atmosphere

which of the following would decrease a reefs carrying capacity of corals

the destruction of rocks on which corals attach and grow

The Cambrian Period saw a rapid increase in..

the diversity of animals, because of interactions between predators and prey

Discuss how eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells

the endosymbiont theory-mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells-the prokaryotic ancestors of mitochondria and plastids probably entered the host cell as undigested prey or parasites

Subtraction of which of the following will convert gross primary productivity into net primary productivity?

the energy used by autotrophs in respiration

Community resistance refers to ________.

the extent to which a community remains unchanged during a disturbance

Which of the following was probably the least important factor in bringing about the Cambrian explosion?

the movement of animals onto land

As population size approaches carrying capacity for a certain population, which of the following outcomes is predicted by the logistic equation?

the population growth rate will approach zero

Although extinction is a natural process, current extinctions are of concern to environmentalists because ________.

the rate of extinction is higher than background extinction rates

A mushroom is

the result of a mating event between hyphae of two different mycelia.

In close comparisons, external fertilization often yields more offspring than does internal fertilization. However, internal fertilization offers the advantage that

the smaller number of offspring produced often receive a greater amount of parental investment

Introduced species are a threat to biodiversity because

the species can have negative impacts on species native to this area

In the fungi life cycle, diploid nuclei are found in.__________ therefore fungi have a ________.

the zygote only, zygotic

for a given gene

there is usually variation in nucleotide sequences between individuals in a population.

The most likely reason that different islands in the Galápagos each have different species of giant tortoise on them is

tortoises very rarely travel between islands.

An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry is most certainly also

triploblastic.

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is the characteristic of having _____.

true tissues or no tissues

extracellular digestion

type of digestion in which food is broken down outside the cells in a digestive system and then absorbed

Which of the following evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth? All organisms ________.

use essentially the same genetic code

In the life cycle of a dinoflagellate shown below, the sexual part of the life cycle depicts a

zygotic life cycle

Protostomes

(mouth first): blastopore develops into the mouth

Deuterostomes

(mouth second): blastopore develops into the anus

The existence of evolutionary trends, such as increasing body size among horse species, is evidence that

In particular environments, similar adaptations can be beneficial in more than one species.

Punctuated equilibria

In the fossil record, long periods of apparent stasis, in which a species undergoes little or no morphological change, interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change.

Zygotic life cycle

In the life cycle of a dinoflagellate shown below, the sexual part of the life cycle depicts a

Why does evolution require that traits be inherited?

Increased fitness must be passed on to offspring.

Some protists can also reproduce sexually

Increased genetic variability

Mycorhizzal fungi are symbiotic with plant roots. What is the main benefit of this association to the plant?

Increased nutrient and water acquisition

At the edge of two populations of snails, some individuals mate with each other to produce hybrids. This hybrid zone...

Increases gene flow between the populations

t the edge of two populations of snails, some individuals mate with each other to produce hybrids. This hybrid zone...

Increases gene flow between the populations

Which factor most likely caused animals and plants in India to differ greatly from species in nearby southeast Asia?

India was a separate continent until 45 million years ago.

Directional selection

Individuals at one extreme of a range have greater reproductive success in a particular environment.

The theory of evolution as typically described in biology textbooks does not attempt to explain the origin of which of the following?

Information

Anoles lizards display sexual dimorphism, meaning that males and females look different. In some species, only the male lizards have a dewlap, which is a colored flap under their chin (see image below). In these species, the male will extend its dewlap in courtship displays. The presence of these features for these lizards is likely the result of..

Intersexual selection

In the species of cichlid fish, females are grey while males have blue flanks with vertical black bars. Color is an important element of mate choice in cichlid. Based on this information, you conclude that the different colors between males and females of this species is an example of...

Intersexual selection

Biogeography

Isolated continents and islands have many endemic species

What is TRUE concerning the high consumption of fossil fuels?

It affects biodiversity both directly and indirectly via climate change.

In what way does the green alga Ulva lactuca shown below resemble land plants?

It has a complex life cycle with alternation between multicellular diploid and haploid generations.

What is true of the clade Ecdysozoa?

It includes all animals with genetic similarities that are shared with no other animals.

You have found a new prokaryote. What line of evidence would support your hypothesis that the organism is a cyanobacterium?

It is able to form colonies and produce oxygen

Which of the following statements is correct about landscape ecology?

It is the application of ecological principles to land-use planning.

Often the growth cycle of one population has an effect on the cycle of another. As moose populations increase, for example, wolf populations also increase. Thus, if we are considering the logistic equation:DN/Dt = r * N(K-N)/K for the wolf population, which of the factors accounts for the effect of the moose population?

K

Which of the following groups is NOT in the same supergroup as land plants?

Kelp

Order of Domain

King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

Holothuroidea: Sea cucumbers

Lack spines Endoskeleton is reduced Elongated

Which of the following observations gives the LEAST support to the time hypothesis of global diversity patterns?

Lakes that have more recently unglaciated have a higher diversity than lake that unglaciated further in the past.

reptiles

Land & water animals, Have amniotic egg and keratinized scales, Respiration with lungs

Which of the following is a characteristic that differentiates algae from land plants?

Land plants have multiple adaptations to reduce water loss such as stomata and cuticle while algae do not

Overharvesting encourages extinction and is most likely to affect _____.

Large animals with low intrinsic reproductive rates

Subphylum Urochordata: Tunicates

Larvae are tadpole-like & exhibit all 4 chordate traits Adults are sessile with only pharyngeal slits Filter feeders with incurrent and excurrent siphon

Which of the following clades of animals are amniotes? 1.) Lepidosaurs 2.) Amphibians 3.) Monotremes 4.)Apes

Lepidosaurs and Monotremes and Apes

lichen

Lichens can live almost anywhere where there is moisture

Many fungi form mutualistic associations with photosynthesizers

Lichens: partnerships fungi and certain green algae and/or cyanobacteria. Photosynthetic partner provides organic molecules & O2. Fungal partner provides CO2, water, and minerals

The Panspermia Theory

Life on planet Earth came from elsewhere, like rocks from mars

Which of the following statements can be accurately made about the light in aquatic environments?

Light penetration largely limits the distribution of photosynthetic species

Some fungi are dimorphic

Live as spore-producing hyphae in the soil. Transform into pathogenic yeasts when mammals inhale their wind-dispersed spores

Lungfishes: 3 genera with 6 species

Live in oxygen-poor freshwater: both gills and lungs In most species, gills atrophied—fish must breathe air Lungs are homologous to tetrapod lungs

phloem

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant

Flatworms can reproduce sexually and asexually

Many flatworms are free-living or live as parasites (Typically with intermediate hosts, A tapeworm is a good example)

many animals

Many have specialized sensory structures and complex nervous system

Lampreys are found in marine and freshwater

Many lampreys are parasitic as adults Oral disk and rasping tongue covered with tooth-like keratin plates

Crustaceans: crabs, lobsters, barnacles, shrimps, copepods

Marine, fresh water and terrestrial Fused cephalothorax Unique 2 pairs of antennae

Defining species based on reproductive isolation

May be difficult to determine in nature, Some species can interbreed and yet do not, Does not apply to asexual species, Can't be applied to extinct species

Monilophytes (ferns and whisk ferns, horse tails)

Megaphylls: leaves with branched vascular system, seedless vascular

Within a gymnosperm megasporangium. which of the following developmental sequences is correct, assuming fertilization occurs?

Megaspore, female gametophyte, egg cell, sporophyte embryo.

Which of the following is a density-independent factor that can limit the size of a population of penguins on an ice shelf in Antarctica?

Melting of the sea ice by global warming.

What will happen if a population exceeds the carrying capacity?

Members of the population will die off until the population returns to carrying capacity or below.

Hox genes were important in speciation of animals with different body plans

More complex animals have more Hox genes and Hox clusters

Hox genes were important in speciation of animals with different body plans

More complex animals have more Hox genes and Hox clusters, known to control fate of regions along the anteroposterior axis

Prezygotic barrier: mechanical isolation

Morphological differences can prevent successful mating: size or incompatible genitalia

You are contacted by a biologist with the Jamaican government, who has access to a large collection of shells that came from marine snails collected on local coral reefs. She asks you to determine how many species are represented in the group. Employing which of the following approaches would be MOST useful for this task?

Morphological species concept

The protist ancestor to animals most likely looked most like which of these?

Most likely ancestor is a colonial flagellated protist similar to choanoflagellates. (one that looks like a jellyfish)

Phylum Arthropoda:"jointed foot"

Most successful animal phylum ¾ of all described living species Majority of animal biomass

The appearance of photosynthetic prokaryotes lead to dramatic increases in oxygen levels on the Earth. This allowed for the evolution of which of the following?

Multicellular eukaryotic colonies from communities of prokaryotes.

Kingdom Plantae: Plants (land plants)

Multicellular eukaryotic organisms , Cells have plastids, primarily live on land

Asteroidea: Sea stars

Multiple arms radiating from a central disk. Underside of the arms bear tube feet

Great white sharks are at the top of their food web. The total amount of energy in the biomass of all the great white sharks within an ecosystem...

Must be lower than the energy of the lower trophic levels.

A population of butterfly has two alleles for color; blue (b) and red (r). bb individuals are blue; rr individuals are red; heterozygotes are purple. Which of the following mechanisms could lead to appearance of a new allele in this population?

Mutation

Many species of shark travel with smaller fish, called remoras that attach themselves to the shark via a sucking disk. The remora will eat ectoparasites found on the skin of sharks as well as bits of food dropped by the sharks. In turn, the remoras are protected from other predators. This relationship between sharks and remoras is an example of:

Mutualism

Many species of deep-sea fish exhibit bioluminescent properties. This is due to:

Mutualistic relationships with Vibrio bacteria

fungi

Mycelium growth form is varied and depends on food supply

Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?

Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others.

Wallace independently conceived mechanism of natural selection

Naturalist in the Amazon and Southeast Asia. Interested in biogeography

Cnidarians have cnidocytes: cells that contain nematocysts

Nematocysts discharge toxin catch prey defense

Nematodes have a complete digestive tract

Nematodes reproduce sexually

Dr. House has a patient that is showing gastrointestinal symptoms. He uses a scope to look inside his patient's intestines. He finds that his patient is infected with a type of worm that has an round-shaped body. Upon further investigation, Dr. House discovers that this worm is able to molt its outer cuticle. Which phylum does this worm most likely belong too?

Nemotoda

All animals can trace their lineage to a common ancestor that lived in the __

Neoproterozoic era

Molecular clocks work best with neutral mutations

Neutral mutations do not affect the phenotype so they are not acted upon by natural selection

Initiators of directional selection:

New allele with higher fitness introduced, Prolonged environmental change

Experimental selective breeding of plants and animals by inducing mutations supports the view that...

New animal and plant varieties becomes less and less until no new ones are produced.

All extant animal phyla were present by the end of the Cambrian

New species have evolved since, but no new major body plans

Cnidarians have nerve cells arranged in nerve net

No central control organ

The red line shows the growth predicted by the logistic model, and the black dots show the measured growth of the population of Daphnia (water fleas). Does the measured growth match the predicted growth pattern?

No; it is lower than the predicted values in some parts and higher in other parts.

Birds are endotherms

Non-bird reptiles are ectotherms

Hagfishes are jawless, finless, marine fishes with highly reduced vertebrae

Notochord Cartilaginous skull Important deep-sea scavengers

All chordates exhibit 4 characteristics at some point in their lives

Notochord - single flexible rod Dorsal hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits Post-anal tail

Taxonomic groups

Now based on hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships derived from systematics. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Inside your gut there typically isn't any oxygen. In fact, many of the bacteria that live in your gut, your "gut microbiome", are actually killed by the presence of oxygen. These bacteria are therefore best described as..

Obligate anaerobes

hybrid zones

Once gene flow through the hybrid zone is greatly diminished, the two populations can have enough reproductive isolation to lead to speciation

The product of double fertilization are...

One diploid zygote and one triploid endosperm.

A paleontologist works at two different sites. At his inland site , he finds fossils of a unice protist at a density about 3 ividuals / (m^2) , within sedimentary rock with some igneous he dates to about one million years old. At the coastal site, in rocks of about the same age , hem fossils of large mussels , also at an average density of 3 indviduals / (m^2) What is the most conclusion the can be drawn from this ?

One million years ago, the protist in the inland environment were likely more abundant than the mussels were in the coastal environment

A paleontologist works at two different sites. At his inland site, he finds fossils of a unicellular protist at a density about 3 individuals/m2, within sedimentary rock with some igneous rock that he dates to about one million years old. At the coastal site, in rocks of about the same age, he finds fossils of large mussels, also at an average density of 3 individuals/m2. What is the most likely conclusion the can be drawn from this?

One million years ago, the protist in the inland environment were likely more abundant than the mussels were in the coastal environment

lichens

One of the first models for symbiosis. Involves a fungus (mycobiont) and a photosynthetic organism (photobiont)

Assuming that the additional heat from global warming is relatively evenly distributed around the Earth, which species is most likely to see their geographic range shrink?

One that lives in the Arctic.

I'm interested in building a nice coffee table from a plant in my backyard. What kind of plant would be the LEAST useful for my project?

One with flagellated sperm

How were conditions on the early Earth of more than 3 billion years ago different from those on today's Earth's?

Only early Earth was intensely bombarded by large space debris.

Which of the following statements is true?

Organisms can experience sub-lethal stress outside the range of optimal temperatures

Protists include

Organisms in four different eukaryotic supergroups, some of which are able to reproduce sexually

Protists include:

Organisms in four different eukaryotic supergroups, which mostly live in aquatic or moist environments

What is the assumption used when arranging species on a phylogenetic tree?

Organisms with the most traits in common are the most closely related

Which of the following does NOT support the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotes?

Over 90% of the DNA coding for mitochondrial and chloroplast proteins ins found in the nucleus

Which of the following ecological problems might result from applying phosphorous-rich fertilizer to a golf course?

Overabundance of algae and cyanobacteria in nearby lakes and rivers caused by phosphorous runoff

Which of the following is a shared derived characteristic seed plants?

Ovules

At which location in the Americas would you expect to find the highest diversity of flowering plants?

Panama

Land plants evolved from green algae; shared features include

Photosynthetic pigments: Chlorophyll a & b and b-carotene, Cellulose-rich cell walls

Closest relatives of land plants are Charophytes; shared features include

Photosynthetic pigments: Chlorophyll a & b and b-carotene, Cellulose-rich cell walls, Structure of flagellated sperm, Proteins and enzymes, and Details of cell division

seed plants

Pollen allows seed plants to disperse male gametophytes, Ovules provide protection for female gametophyte and developing embryos. Wood strengthens plants, allowing them to grow tall and produce many branches, leaves, and seeds

Two characteristics shared by gymnosperms and angiosperms that are absent from earlier plant groups and represent key adaptations to life on dry land are

Pollen and seeds

Two characteristics shared by gymnosperms and angiosperms that are absent from earlier plant groups and represent key adaptations to life on dry land are...

Pollen and seeds.

Coevolution of pollinators and plants

Pollinators enhance fertilization rate and foster genetic variability, Flowers attract appropriate pollinator using attractive colors, odors, shapes, sizes

How can reproductive berries form n sympatric populations while their members remain in the same geographic area?

Polyploidy

Cnidarians display2 different body forms

Polyps are typically sessile benthic; medusa have some swimming abilities

Charles Darwin would have been likely to agree with which of the following statements?

Populations can evolve if certain individuals have traits that give them greater survival or reproduction

How is habitat fragmentation related to biodiversity loss?

Populations of organisms in fragments are smaller and, thus, more susceptible to extinction

How is habitat fragmentation related to biodiversity loss?

Populations of organisms in fragments are smaller and, thus, more susceptible to extinction.

Which of the following statements correctly describes genetic variation?

Populations with low Ne are relatively susceptible to effects of bottlenecking and genetic drift.

The animal phylum most like the protists that gave rise to the animal kingdom is

Porifera

Lampreys lack hinged jaw and true appendages

Possess a notochord and rudimentary vertebral column made of cartilage

Which of the following are important biotic factors that can affect the structure and organization of biological communities?

Predation, competition

Primates: lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes

Primates have grasping hands, some with opposable thumbs Primates have a large brain and binocular vision Primates have complex social behavior and well-developed parental care

molting

Process in which an arthropod sheds its exoskeleton and manufactures a larger one to take its place

Cycadophyta (Cycads)

Produce coralloid roots with cyanobacteria for nitrogen fixation. Cones are fertilized with help of beetles.

n vascular plants, the sporophyte is the dominant stage

Produce more spores, better dispersal

Basidiomycota

Produce mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, shelf fungi, rusts and smuts as fruiting bodies. Important decomposers and mycorrhizal partners. Named for the fruiting body, which is called a basidocarp

Reproduce through binary fission

Protists may do all of the following EXCEPT:

Stage 3: Formation of boundaries

Protocell: aggregate of pre-biotically produced molecules that acquired a boundary (e.g. lipid bilayer) that allowed it to maintain a distinct internal environment

2 major clades of bilaterians:

Protostomes and Deuterostomes

cleavage types

Protostomes and Deuterostomes

________ are heterotrophic protists; ________ are photoautotrophic protists.

Protozoans . . . algae

...are heterotrophic protists; ... are photoautotrophic protists.

Protozoans...algae

Which of the following statements is correct about the phylogenetic relationships of animals?

Radial symmetry arose independently in echinoderms and in Cnidarians

Elongated, threadlike pseudopodia that can capture prey are generally characteristic of...

Radiolarians

mollusca

Radula - unique tongue-like organ for feeding (used for grazing and protection)

What is true of the Cambrian explosion?

Recent evidence supports the contention that the Cambrian explosion may not have been as "explosive" as was once thought.

Archaea

Recently, a microbe that is able to digest cellulose was discovered in a hot spring with an average temperature of 95 degrees Celsius. Predict the group to which this microbe most likely belongs.

land plants reduce water loss

Reduced surface area to volume ratio, waxy cuticle (Helps prevent pathogen attack, Reduces desiccation). Stomata are pores that open and close to allow gas exchange while minimizing water loss

Stage 1: Origin of organic molecules

Reducing atmosphere hypothesis: Miller and Urey made a "reducing atmosphere", After sparking, they found that amino acids and other organic compounds had formed

Which change would likely have the biggest impact on the makeup of a terrestrial forest community in Florida?

Reduction of annual rainfall from 100 cm to 50 cm

Which change would likely have the biggest impact on the makeup of a forest in Oregon?

Reduction of annual rainfall from 200 cm to 100 cm.

What impact will increased carbon dioxide absorption by the oceans have on coral reefs?

Reefs will degrade over time, ultimately resulting in large-scale mortality.

Animals are eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophs

Rely on absorptive nutrition: secrete enzymes. organic molecules are broken down inside body

Phylum Annelida: segmentation has advantages

Repetition of components provides backup More flexibility in how coelom can be used as hydrostatic skeleton Allows specialization

Homo spp: increased brain size, stone tools

Replaced H. neanderthalensis taller

Protists may do all of the following EXCEPT:

Reproduce through binary fission

Gymnosperms: "naked seeds"

Reproduce using spores and seeds (like angiosperms), Seeds are "naked", not contained in fruit, Dominated in the mezosoic era

bryophytes

Reproduction requires water: sperm needs to swim to an egg

How are microevolution and macroevolution related?

Reproductive isolation between populations is needed to maintain the genetic differences

Which of the following provides the strongest empirical (direct observational) support that cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) may have evolved from terrestrial (land dwelling) mammals with four legs?

Resorption of hind limb buds in cetacean embryos.

White-breasted nuthatches and Downy woodpeckers both eat insects that hide in the furrows of bark in hardwood trees. The Downy woodpecker searches for insects by hunting from the bottom of the tree trunk to the top, while the White-breasted nuthatch searches from the top of the trunk down. These hunting behaviors best illustrate which of the following ecological concepts?

Resource partitioning

Methylmercury is a toxic metal that builds up in the tissues of organisms, and has been linked to birth defects in humans. For this reason, Inuit women in the Arctic should most avoid which of the following traditional foods when in their chilbearing years?

Ringed seal, which feed on Arctic cod, herring and other fish

Phylum Annelida: segmented worms

Rings are distinct segments separated by a septumz

The primary difference between the small-population approach (S-PA) and the declining-population approach (D-PA) to biodiversity recovery is

S-PA is interested in bolstering the genetic diversity of a threatened population rather than the environmental factors that caused the population s decline.

Scientists burn down four sections of Florifa oak forest to study the process of succession in the return of the oak trees. Their data on how long it took for different plant species to reestablish is listed below. Which statement is most likely accurate regarding the system?

Saw palmetto facilitates the growth of oak trees

Echinoidea:

Sea urchins and sand dollars

Natural selection has limitations

Selection can only act on existing variation

Class Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous fishes

Sharks, skates, rays, chimaeras Skeleton made of flexible cartilage Derived not ancestral character Among earliest fish to develop teeth, Not set into jaw

Analagous Structures

Similar function but different structure - does not show common ancestry - Ex: butterfly wing and bat wing)

Systematics is based on homology

Similarities among various species that occur because they are derived from a common ancestor Morphological Developmental Genetic

Examples of convergent evolution

Similarities between slime molds and fungi are now considered to be ____________.

Marsupials: Young finish development in marsupium

Simple placenta for short development inside mother's reproductive tract Further development occurs in the pouch Once widespread, now confined mostly to Australia

Mammals have a large brain and skull

Single lower jaw bone External ears 3 inner ear bones

Genes are usually polymorphic

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs): smallest type of genetic change in a gene. Most common - 90% of variation in human gene sequences

Both cyanobacteria and some species of eukaryotes are able to photosynthesize. What is the reason for this?

Some eukaryotes originally obtained the ability to photosynthesize vie horizontal gene transfer from cyanobacteria

Which of the following is NOT true about eukaryotic cells?

Some eukaryotic cells experienced mutations that gave them the ability to photosynthesis without endosymbionts

fungal predators

Some fungi are predators trapping tiny soil nematodes

Which statement best describes the theory of evolution proposed by Darwin and Wallace?

Some individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce than others.

Which of the following is NOT a reason that only ~10-15% of the energy at one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level in a wetland foodweb?

Some of the energy is transferred back to a lower trophic level

Which of the following is NOT a reason that only ~15% of the energy at one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level in a wetland foodweb?

Some of the energy is transferred back to a lower trophic level.

In which part(s) of the sexual fungus life cycle does the fungus have only one copy of the genetic material?

Some parts of the mycelium and the spores

Tunicates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates

Some tunicates are pelagic: salps

Echinoderms have great powers of regeneration

Some undergo autotomy - intentionally detach body part that will later regenerate

Prezygotic barrier: habitat isolation

Species occupy different areas or habitats, Geographic barrier prevents contact

What is true regarding species and populations?

Species usually contain multiple populations

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are more likely to be successful in the desert than lycophytes or monilophytes. That is mostly because

Sperm cells can reach the egg without water

Seed plants are more likely to be successful in the desert than seedless vascular plants. That is largely because

Sperm cells can reach the egg without water

Seed plants

Sperm enclosed in pollen grain, transported by wind and animals, Gametophyte and embryo in tough seed that can disperse and tolerate desiccation

Porifera Reproduction

Sponges can reproduce sexually or asexually Asexual: sponges can bud or even just fragment

Parazoa: Phylum Porifera

Sponges: Have specialized cells that are loosely organized, but lack actual tissues Multicellular with several types of cells No apparent symmetry Adults sessile, larvae free-swimming 8,000 species, mostly marine

Animal body plans can be grouped based on tissue organization

Sponges: no specialized tissues or organs Eumetazoa: more than one type of tissue that develop from 2 or 3 germ layers

symmetry

Sponges: no symmetry Eumetazoa: radial symmetry (Cnidaria/Ctenophora) or bilateral symmetry (Bilateria)

Cephalopods are fast predators, mostly with shell reduced or absent

Squids, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus Closed circulatory system, well-developed sense organs, and a complex brain.

Study of the origin of life has resulted in the breakdown of cellular development into overlapping stages, beginning with the synthesis of precursor molecules for the synthesis of nucleotides and amino acids and ending in polymers enclosed in membranes acquiring cellular properties. Which of these stages were a focus of study for Miller and Urey in their FIRST experiment?

Stage 1: Nucleotides and amino acids were produced prior to the existence of cells

You find an organism that lives in the wet sand at the beach. You take it back to your lab and look at it under the microscope. Under the microscope, you can see that this organism has a long flagella that is lined with tiny hair-like protrusions. You can also see that there are some organelles that appear to be brown in color. After running some tests, you find that this organism is able to photosynthesize. How can this organism most likely be classified?

Stramenopile

Earliest Confirmed Fossils: Stromatolites

Stromatolites are large fossilized mounds of cyanobacteria, Played a key role in the generation of an oxygenic atmosphere

Radula (Mollusca)

Structure found in the mouths of all mollusks except the bivalves; flexible tongue-like tissue covered with tough, abrasive teeth that point backward

homologous structure

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.

Class Amphibia: frogs, salamanders, caecilians

Successfully invaded land but must return to water to reproduce Fertilization generally external Larval stages completely aquatic

giraffes

Such changes in characteristics acquired during an individual's lifetime are due to changes in gene expression and are not passed on to offspring

_____ are close interactions between species that have evolved over long periods of time. When these interactions enhance the reproduction and population growth of both species, they are called ______.

Symbioses; mutualisms

econdary sexual trait, male mating coloration Males of both species have black vertical bars, but P. pundamilia males have blue -gray flanks , whereas males are bright yellow between the bars and crimson red above the lateral line. Fully viable and fertile interspecific hybrids can be obtained in the laboratory through several generations but hybrids rarely occur in the wild. Therefore , the restriction of gene flow between these two species , as observed in nature is arising ..

Sympatrically due to female choice

The upper portion of a thalloid liverwort is thinner than the lower portion.

T

Old world monkeys: Africa and Asia

Tail, but not prehensile

New world monkeys: South and Central America

Tails, usually thinner and longer, and capable of grasping

You find a dinoflagellate that has a plastid with 4 membranes. How was that plastid obtained?

Tertiary endosymbiosis

What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg?

Tetrapods are no longer tied to the water for reproduction.

You find a reptile-like animal, but you can't tell if it is actually a reptile or an amphibian. Discovering which of the following characteristics of the animal would be LEAST helpful in determining its identity?

That its oxygenated blood mixes with its deoxygenated blood during circulation That it is an ectotherm

Evolution requires

That the conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are not met

bird wing and bat wing

The BONES are an example of homology, but the WING like structure is an example of convergent evolution

n a population of Sisserou parrots on the island of Dominica in the Caribbean, the gene for plumage color has two alleles, CG and CW. Individuals that are homozygotes for CW are white and suffer high mortality from predation. Individuals that are heterozygotes (CWCG) are light green in color and have a lower predation rate than white individuals. Individuals that are homozygotes for CG are dark green in color and blend in best against the dark jungle habitat, but they are also highly susceptible to avian psittaco

The CW allele will decrease in frequency in the Martinique population

All animals with eyes or eye spots that have been studied so far show a gene in common. When mutated, the jeans Pax-6 causes lack of eyes in fruit flies, tiny eyes in mice, and missing irises and other eye parts in humans. The sequence of Pax-6 in humans and mice is identical. There are so few sequence differences with fruit fly Pax-6 that the human/mouse version can cause eye formation in eyeless fruit flies, even though vertebrates and invertebrates last shared a common ancestor more than 500 million years ago. The appearance of Pax-6 in all animals with eyes can be explained in multiple ways. Based on the information above which explanation is most likely?

The Pax-6 gene was an innovation of an ancestral animal of the early Cambrian.. Animals with eyes or eyespots are descendants of this ancestor

A small plant species lives on the edge of ponds and relies on diffusion to bring various molecules to different parts of the body. The evolution of vascular tissue in this plant would allow it to gain which of the following advantage? a.) The ability to reproduce away from water b.) The ability for the female gametophyte to provide protection and nourishment to the embryo c.) The ability to grow taller thereby increase spore dispersal d.) The ability to produce specialized tissue and organs

The ability to grow taller thereby increase spore dispersal

How might the extinction of some Pacific Island bats called flying foxes threaten the survival of over 75% of the tree species in those islands?

The bats pollinate the trees and disperse seeds.

What is a limitation of the biological species concept?

The biological species concept does not apply to forms of life that reproduce asexually, are extinct, or naturally geographically isolated organisms

Holothuroidea, Echinoidea and Urochordata all share the following trait:

The blastopore becomes the anus.

The key difference between protostomes and deuterostomes is the fate of the blastopore during their embryonic development.

The blastopore in a protostome develops into a mouth, whereas the blastopore in deuterostomes develops into an anal opening.

Which of the following could be evidence that whales are descended from terrestrial ancestors?

The blowhole of whales develop at the end of the snout when it first appears in embryonic development, before migrating to the top of the head.

The common ancestor of the protostomes had a coelom. What does this suggest?

The body cavity evolved before the lophophore

hyphae

The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

After the Panama isthmus emerged about three million years ago and connected North and South America, cats of North America began to migrate into South America. Today South America has several cat species descended from these previous migrants. What best explains this biogeographic pattern?

The cats have always been able to live in South America but were previously unable to get there.

Demographic Transition

The change from high birth and death rates toward low birth and death rates, which tends to accompany industrialization and improved living conditions

A fish swimming into an estuary from a river would have which of the following as its greatest physiological challenge?

The change in water solute content would challenge the osmotic balance of the fish.

Gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos

The closest relatives of the familiar pine and spruce trees are ____________.

A species of coral is found in the warm tropical waters along the equator of the Pacific ocean. Which is the most likely change to the geographic range of the coral after several decades of ocean warming?

The corals northern range boundary will extend northward, and its southern range boundary will extend southward

Extinction is a natural phenomenon. It is estimated that 99% of all species that ever lived are now extinct. Why then do we say that we are now in a biodiversity crisis?

The current rate of extinction is high and human activities threaten biodiversity at all levels.

Which of the following would decrease a forest's carrying-capacity of rabbits?

The destruction of shrubs under which the rabbits build their nests

Which of the following statements is true?

The earth's atmospheric concentration of CO2 has increased in the last 100 years

If the sex ratio in a population is significantly different from 50:50, then which of the following will always be true?

The effective population size will be less than the actual population size.

Spinach, bananas, strawberries, corn, and broccoli are all plants that can be purchased at your local grocery store. What feature unites all of these plants?

The evolution of all of them was shaped by thousands of years of artificial selection.

The oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. Which of the following took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans atmosphere?

The evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules.

Which of the following statement is a reasonable hypothesis about the appearance of the first organic molecules on Earth?

The first organic molecules appeared before the first living cells, in the deep sea.

Mitosis

The following question refers to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. In the figure, the process labeled "6" involves ____________.

In a species of hamlet fish, an individual that is homozygous for the recessive color allele (cc) turns out brown, while those with one or two of the dominant allele C are red. The frequency of the c allele in an isolated population of hamlets is determined to be 0.2. What should we predict to happen to the frequency of the c allele if we learn that the brown color morph makes the individual hamlet less attractive to mates than the dominant red color?

The frequency of the c allele should become less than 0.2

plasmogamy

The fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs as one stage of syngamy.

Current evidence from molecular phylogeny indicates that...

The genome of humans and chimpanzees is at least 97% identical, the phylogenetic tree of life is actually a web of life, and comparing the molecular sequence of different genes among members of different taxonomic groups results in similar phylogenies.

Discuss why variation in populations is common and is necessary for natural selection

The greater the genetic variation, the better change that an individual in the population have a favorable gene that can help survival

Gibbons are arboreal apes that climb trees, and humans are terrestrial apes that walk on the ground.. As a result, gibbons have arms that are nearly twice as long as their legs ave legs that are slightly longer than their arms. What kind of patterns of gene expression would we expect to underly these differences?

The growth genes in gibbon arms should be active for longer those in the legs of gibbons.

Which human activity would most rapidly reduce the amount of available nutrients in an ecosystem?

The harvesting of decomposing fungi for food.

Fungi have an extremely high surface-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this characteristic to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption

The high ratio allows for more material to be acquired from the surroundings and transported through the cell membrane.

Alternation of generations, haploid spores

The life cycle below is a __________, and the unicellular structures shown in #1 are ____________.

An archaeologist is working at a dig site in sedimentary rocks. At 10m depth, she finds a large number of fossils that resemble modern birds. At 15m depth, she finds an equal density of lizard-like fossils. What can you say about these fossils?

The lizard fossil is most likely older than the bird fossil

The map below shows the distribution of three species of anole lizards in the genus Norops. Which of the following distribution shift might be expected for these species in light of climate change?

The mainland species probably will expand its range, to the north and south. The species in Cuba and Jamaica are unlikely to see a substantial range shift.

Tunas are some of the fastest marine fishes. They can achieve this largely because of their stiff, torpedo-shaped body and skinny, crescent shaped tail fin which makes for very efficient swimming. According to the evolution theory, why has natural selection not led to all fish being torpedo-shaped with a skinny crescent tail?

The mutations that allowed for these traits may have not appeared in other species of fish.

The clade Bilateria is divided into two sub-clades. Which of the following is NOT one of the differences between these two groups?

The number of germ layers

In models of logistic population growth.

The population growth rate slows as N approaches K.

Which of these conditions are always true of populations evolving due to natural selection?

The population must vary in traits that are heritable. Some heritable traits must increase reproductive success.

What do all deuterostomes have in common?

The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.

Which characteristics define a chordate?

The presence of four specific morphological traits

Age Structure

The relative number of individuals of each age in the population

What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means?

The seed coat should be able to withstand high acidity, and the seed coat should be resistant to the animal's digestive enzymes

What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means?

The seed coat should be able to withstand high acidity, and the seed coat should be resistant to the animal's digestive enzymes.

What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means?

The seed cot should be able to withstand high acidity, and the seed coat should be resistant to the animal's digestive enzymes

A land developer and several ecologists are discussing how a parcel of private land should be developed with housing while saving 20 hectares as natural habitat. The land developer suggests that the 20 hectares be divided into 20 separate 1-hectare areas, spread across the area. The ecologists suggest that it would be better to have one intact parcel of 20 hectares on one side of the larger area. What is the significance of these different arrangements of the 20 hectares?

The single intact parcel would have a smaller amount of edge than the 20 separate parcels

Success in the restoration of ecosystems is positively correlated with ________.

The size of the area restored and The intactness of surrounding areas

Describe how the spatial expression of genes affects pattern formation

The spatial expression of genes such as BMP4 and Gremlin affects pattern formation because the changes in developmental genes (such as the proteins) can be acted on by natural selection. Thus the different protein levels can be effective as it provides two different species.

While observing a gram stained bacteria, you note that the specimen has a purple color. This means that...

The specimen's peptidoglycan's layer is thick, making it a Gram positive bacteria.

While observing a gram stained bacteria, you note that the specimen has a pink color. This means that:

The specimen's peptidoglycan's layer is thin, making it a Gram negative bacteria

Which of the following statements about human evolution is correct?

The upright posture and enlarged brain of humans evolved separately.

Which of the following is not a trait that land plants had to overcome in order to colonize land?

The use of carbon dioxide

Based on their body plan, which of the following animals is likely to be able to move around the fastest in order to catch prey?

The worm, because its symmetry allows the concentration of sense organs in the head

At the farmer's market, you buy spinach, tomatoes and bell pepper. All of these foods have in common that:

Their ancestors have been affected by both natural selection and artificial selection

Suppose you attend a town meeting at which some experts tell the audience that they have performed a cost-benefit analysis of a proposed transit system that would probably reduce overall air pollution and fossil fuel consumption. The analysis, however, reveals that ticket prices will not cover the cost of operating the system when fuel, wages, and equipment are taken into account. As a biologist, you know that if ecosystem services had been included in the analysis the experts might have arrived at a different answer. Why are ecosystem services rarely included in economic analyses?

Their cost is difficult to estimate and people take them for granted.

Today, there are around 250,000 species of angiosperms, yet fewer that 1000 species of gymnosperms. In many ecosystems, angiosperms also dominate in terms of biomass. Which of the following is a likely reason for the success of angiosperms?

Their flowers attract pollinators, which enhances fertilization rate and reproductive success

Today, there are around 250,000 species of angiosperms, yet fewer than 1000 species of gymnosperms. In many ecosystems, angiosperms also dominate in terms of biomass. Which of the following is a likely reason for the success of angiosperms?

Their flowers attract pollinators, which enhances fertilization rate and reproductive success.

Most molluscs have an open circulatory system

There is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid, and this general body fluid is called hemolymph

Which of the following is a requirement for natural selection to occur?

There must be genetic variation in the population

You're sent to look for life on a remote hot-spring where the temperature of the water is nearly 96oC. When you get there, the water is also incredibly salty, yet in spite of this you manage to find living cells. These organisms would best be described as what?

Thermophiles and Halophiles

Secondary sexual characteristics

These are traits that may have nothing to do with the actual act of reproduction but contribute to opportunities for mating, weapons or ornaments

Which of the following is characteristic of the phylum Platyhelminthes?

They are dorsoventrally flattened

Which of the following statements about biodiversity hot spots for plants is correct?

They are locations that have high concentrations of endemic species.

Cyanobacteria are important ecologically because...

They are primary producers that fix carbon.

While examining a skeleton of a snake you notice that it has a pelvis with tiny limb bones, like other reptiles. The most likely explanation for the presence of these pelvic bones in this snake is:

They are vestigial structures, present in snakes because the ancestors of snakes had limbs

Why are scientists doing research in an underwater lab in the Great Barrier Reef?

To replicate future carbon dioxide levels and measure the changes in coral reef productivity, mortality and health

Their flowers attract pollinators, which enhances fertilization rate and reproductive success

Today, there are around 250,000 of angiosperms, yet fewer than 1000 species of gymnosperms. In many ecosystems, angiosperms also dominate in terms of biomass. Which of the following is a likely reason for the success of angiosperms?

Given an ancestor species with the DNA sequence TCTT and three decendent species with the sequences ACTT, AGTA, and AGTT, what is true of the different phylogenetic relationships represented below?

Tree 1 is more likely than the others based on this sequence, but a longer or different DNA sequence could change our understanding of which tree is most likely the correct representation

A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies; but after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed. Which of these statements explains why the pigweed reappeared?

Triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce

Which of the following is the correct way to write the scientific name of the West Indian Manatee, which is in the family Trichechidae?

Trichechus manatees (first word capitalized and both words italicized).

Which of these is a potential reason why tropical communities tend to have greater species diversity than temperate or polar communities

Tropical communities are generally older than temperate and polar communities

Which of these is a potential reason why tropical communities tend to have greater species diversity than temperate or polar communities?

Tropical communities are generally older than temperate and polar communities.

Bacteria can gain new genetic material in many ways. How many of the following pairs are correct? Binary fission - two bacteria fuse together, then come apart again. Transduction - a bacteriophage virus injects DNA through cell wall Transformation - a bacteria takes up free floating DNA from the environment Conjugation - a bacteria uses a pili or direct contact to transfer DNA to another cell

Two are correct

Bacteria can gain new genetic material in many ways. How many of the following pairs are ways new genetic material can be obtained? Binary fission - two bacteria fuse together, then come apart again Transduction - a bacteriophage virus injects DNA through cell wall Transformation - a bacteria takes up free floating DNA from the environment Conjugation - a bacteria splits into two bacteria after copying its genetic material

Two are correct

In which of the following examples would speciation most likely occur?

Two populations of oak trees being releasing pollen at different times of the year, one in spring and one in fall.

Over long periods of time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive tracts. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses?

Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits.

he ancestors of cetaceans (dophins and whales) are mammals with hair. Hair helps insulate the body of mammals and allows many species to keep a warm and stable body temperature even in cold climates. However, modern cetaceans are hairless, even those that live in very cold water. How can natural selection account for this loss?

Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, hair presented greater costs than benefits.

On a coral reef in the Florida Keys, a population of damselfish has two color variations: brown and pink. These fish seek habitats that provide good camouflage, so brown individuals mostly associate with stands brown elkhorn coral, and oink individuals are found exclusively in colonies of pink finger coral. Mating occurs within these coral patches, with females laying eggs onto rocks or dead coral, which is immediately fertilized by a male. Over time, these two groups of damselfish are likely to...

Undergo sympatric speciation due to habitat speciation

Shared derived characters appear only once

Unless they arose independently during evolution more than once—convergent evolution

What feature is shared by Archaea and Eukaryotes, but not found in Bacteria?

Use of Histones

Apes don't have tails

Usually larger than monkeys Brachiation - moving by swinging by your arms Gibbons, gorillas, orangutans, chimpanzees and humans

Birds: only extant group of reptiles descended directly from dinosaurs

Variation in beak morphology delineates variation in feeding strategies

natural selection

Variation in traits; many are inherited. More offspring than can survive; resources are limited; organisms compete.

Which trait appeared at #2 in the cladogram below?

Vascular tissue

Which of the following adaptations would be most helpful in allowing a plant to grow taller than its competitors?

Vascularization

A species of weed with short spines develops long spines over many years after the introduction of a beetle which eats the weed. Which is the best explanation of this change?

Weed plants with the shortest spines were more readily eaten, leaving those with longer spines to have more offspring

Which of these species are most likely to be preserved in modern fossils?

Whale from the Tertiary period (~10 million years ago) in shallow coastal waters

Anatomical homology

Whales have no hind limbs but many still have hind limb bones, Because their terrestrial ancestors had legs

Which would be an example of a postzygotic barrier of reproduction?

When a lion and tiger mate, they produce a hybrid ( a Liger) that is sterile

Presence of flagellated sperm

Which of the following characteristics tends to limit bryophytes and seedless vascular plants to habitats that are relatively moist?

Binary Fission

Which of the following is LEAST associated with the others?

Elephant

Which of the following is most closely related to fungi?

The group "protist" is paraphyletic and the group "Opisthokonta" is monophyletic

Which of the following statement about protists phylogeny is correct?

2. presence of cell wall 4. presence of DNA

Which of the following traits are present in both archaeans and bacteria? 1. ester linkages in cell membranes 2. presence of cell wall 3. presence of mitochondria 4. presence of DNA

Use a chemical that breaks down ether-bonded phospholipids

Which of the following treatments would be most effective in destroying archaea cells?

2) Radiolarians 3)Foraminifera

Which two organisms are most closely related? 1) Dinoflagellates 2) Radiolarians 3)Foraminifera 4)Diatoms

Discuss why reproductive isolation is necessary for divergence in populations

Without reproductive isolation the same gene pool would always be used and the population wouldn't change

In your Biological Diversity course, you learn that animals should be grouped as shown in "tree 1" in the figure below. This is based on morphological data: Species A and B have radial symmetry and species C, D, and E all have bilateral symmetry. Further, species D and E have a shell, while no other species shown here have one. Your lab partner undertakes an undergraduate research project in which she sequences part of the genome of these species, and finds that species C and D have much more similar DNA sequences than either of them share with species E. Based on that information, she proposes that the phylogenetic tree should be revised as is "tree 2" below. Is this a reasonable

Yes, as species that are more closely related have more similar nucleotide sequences. The presence of a shell in species D and E could be the result of convergent evolution, or shells may have evolved in the common ancestor of species C, D, and E then subsequently lsot in species C

Dinoflagellate

You are hanging out at Clearwater Beach when a bunch of dead fish come floating by. Over the next few hours hundreds more fish wash up on the beach. Later, you see on the news that the Clearwater Marine Aquarium responded to several calls about marine mammals in distress in the area. Based on this information, you would conclude that the organism causing these events is a...

Biologists consider many characteristics when distinguishing species. Which scenario best exemplifies using anatomical data to define a morphological species?

You dig up a new fossilized skull of a dinosaur. It looks similar to a Triceratops but with smaller proportions and a truncated snout. You declare that you've found a new species and name it after yourself.

It is able to form colonies and produce oxygen

You have found a new prokaryote. What line of evidence would support your hypothesis that the organism is a cyanobacterium?

In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a protostome and not a deuterostome?

You see a mouth, but not an anus.

Eutherians: Placental mammals

Young complete their embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta

Mitochondria are thought to be the descendants of certain alpha proteobacteria. They are, however, no longer able to lead independent lives because most genes originally present on their chromosomes have moved to the nuclear genome. Which phenomenon accounts for these genes? a.) horizontal gene transfer b.) conjugation c.) plasmolysis d.) translation

a

Plants had to overcome many challenges in order to colonize land. Which of the following is NOT one of those challenges? a.) using carbon dioxide for photosynthesis b.) resisting desiccation c.) ability to resist gravity d.) dispersal of gametes

a

Spruces and pines both have needle like leaves, with the adaptive advantage of _________. a.) decreased surface area, reducing water loss b.) increased surface area, increasing water loss c.) increased surface area, increasing gas exchange d.) decreased surface area, reducing gas exchange

a

Which of the following is a characteristic that differentiates algae form land plants a.) Land plants have multiple adaptations to reduce water loss such as stomata and cuticle while algae do not b.) Algal tissue arise from apical meristems whereas plant tissue grows most actively near the base of the sporophyte c.) Algae have a sporic life cycle while land plants have a zygotic life cycle d.) Land plants contain plastids for photosynthesis while algae photosynthesize using non-plastids organelles

a

Red Mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) are a local species of tree that exhibits a high amount of parental investment in each seed. The seeds each have a relatively high chance of surviving to adulthood, and the adults occupy almost all of the area available to them. This plant is a good example of

a K selected species

Coconut trees are a tropical species of tree that exhibits a high amount of parental investment in each seed. The seeds each have a relatively high chance of surviving to adulthood, and the adults occupy almost all of the area available to them. This plant is a good example of...

a K-selected species

Reproductive isolating mechanism

a biological characteristic that prevents the gene flow between genetic pools of two species. mechanisms prevent interbreeding between different populations/species

Protobionts are thought to be the first nonliving structures that evolved into living cells. A critical characteristic of a protobiont that is found in both modern day prokaryotes and eukaryotes is

a boundary membrane that separates external from internal environments.

polytomy

a branch point from which more than two descendant groups emerge, unresolved pattern of divergence

endosymbiont

a cell that lives within a host cell

A genetic change that caused a certain Hox gene to be expressed along the tip of a vertebrate limb bud instead of farther back helped make possible the evolution of the tetrapod limb. This type of change is illustrative of

a change in a developmental gene or its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts.

Crusraceans, insects, and chelicerates, and nematodes all share the following trait?

a cuticle

Biodiversity hot spots are not necessarily the best choice for nature preserves because

a hot spot for one group of organisms may not be a hot spot for another group.

alteration of generations

a life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte

There are more species in tropical areas than in places more distant from the equator. This is probably a result of ________.

a longer time frame for evolution and speciation, compared to areas subject to glaciation events

An animal is an endotherm, has hair and lay amniotic eggs that develop outside the mother's body. It is...

a monotreme

An animal is an endotherm, has hair and lays amniotic eggs that develop outside the mother's body. It is...

a monotreme

cloaca

a muscular cavity at the end of the large intestine through which digestive wastes, urine, and eggs or sperm leave the body

You are looking at a water sample with your trusty microscope (you all have one of these, right?) and you want to tell if the organism you're looking at is a prokaryote or a eukaryote. What do you look for?

a nucleus

Three living species X, Y, and Z, as well as extinct species U and V, share a common ancestor T. A grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z (but not U or V) makes up

a paraphyletic group

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs)

a single nucleotide difference in a gene, is the most common type of polymorphism

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a

a single-celled protist with flagella

In the green alga Chlamydomonas spp. the zygote divides only by meiosis, never by mitosis. Haploid cells undergo mitotic divisions. This is an example of

a zygotic life cycle

The evolutionary relatedness between green algae and bryophytes is indicated by the observation that green algae contain ______ plastid(s) per cell and the reproductive cells of many bryophytes contain ______ plastid(s) per cell. a. 1; 1 b. 2; 2 c. 1; 2 d. 2; 1 e. 3; 3

a. 1; 1

Peat mosses belong to the phylum ______, class ______. a. Bryophyta; Sphagnidae b. Bryophyta; Andreaeidae c. Bryophyta; Bryidae d. Marchantophyta; Sphagnidae e. Marchantophyta; Bryidae

a. Bryophyta; Sphagnidae

The two clades of liverworts are the _______ liverworts and the _______ liverworts. a. complex thalloid; leafy liverworts and simple thalloid b. leafy; thalloid c. simple thalloid; leafy liverworts and complex thalloid d. complex leafy; simple leafy liverworts and thalloid e. simple leafy; complex leafy liverworts and thalloid

a. complex thalloid; leafy liverworts and simple thalloid

The ______ is embedded in the archegonium. a. foot b. seta c. capsule d. neck canal e. sporangium

a. foot

The function of elaters is to: a. help disperse spores. b. help disperse gemmae. c. strengthen the spore wall. d. conduct water and nutrients through the plant body. e. support the archegoniophores.

a. help disperse spores.

When the cells of the ________ disintegrate, they form a tube through which sperm move to the egg. a. neck canal b. capsule c. calyptra d. venter e. placenta

a. neck canal

Bryophytes share all of the following features with charophytes except: a. the presence of archegonia. b. chloroplasts with well-developed grana. c. flagella that extend from the sides of the cell. d. a nuclear envelope that breaks down during mitosis. e. persistent spindles or phragmoplasts.

a. the presence of archegonia.

Which characteristic of archaea is differentiates them from bacteria and eukarya? a.) The phospholipids in the cell membrane of Archaea are linked differently than those in Bacteria and Eukarya b.) members of the archaea don't have a membrane-bound nucleus c.) the histones that are present in Archaea are not found in either bacteria or eukarya d.) members of archaea use RNA as their genetic code e.) members of archaea are able to live in extreme environments.

a.)

Speciation

accumulation of genetic changes that ultimately promote enough differences so that a population constitutes a unique species

natural selection

acts on individuals, but only populations evolve

Darwin's Theory

adaptations and natural selection - reproduce at higher rates bc of their traits descent with modification - common ancestor - led to diversity today

A ship carrying a population of lizards lands on a small island that doesn't have any lizards, yet there are many different food sources and habitats available that lizards love. A long time after the island was colonized, there are many different species of lizards on the island, each adapted for a different niche. This would be an example of...

adaptive radiation

Which of the following would be considered an example of bioremediation?

adding seeds of a chromium-accumulating plant to soil contaminated by chromium

Researchers have been studying a rare population of 87 voles in an isolated area. Ten voles from a larger population were added to this isolated population. Besides having ten additional animals, what benefits are there to importing individuals?

additional voles from a distant population will likely increase genetic diversity and reduce inbreeding

Why are changes in the global carbon cycle important? I. Burning reduces available carbon for primary producers and, therefore, primary consumers. II. Deforestation and suburbanization reduce an area's net primary productivity. III. Increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide could alter Earth's climate. IV. By using fossil fuels we are destroying a nonrenewable resource.

all four

Mammals have mammary glands that secrete milk

all mammals have some hair and highly specialized teeth

Fungi can be: heterotrophic, saprophytes decomposers

all of the above

Introduced species can have deleterious effects on biological communities by preying on native species. competing with native species for food or light. displacing native species. competing with native species for space or breeding/nesting habitat.

all of the above

clade

all species derived from common ancestor

Which of the following have contributed to the increase in the emission of CO2?

all three

House finches were found only in western North America until 1939, when a few individuals were released in New York City . These individuals established a breeding population and gradually expanded their range. The western population also expanded its range somewhat eastward, and two populations have recently come in contact . If the two forms were unable interbreed when their expanding ranges met it would be an example of

allopatric speciation

Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants _____.

allows it to be nourished by the parent plant

The life cycle below is a ____________ and the arrow indicates __________.

alteration of generations, fertilization

According to most conservation biologists, the single greatest threat to global biodiversity is

alteration or destruction of the physical habitat.

Which of the following traits first appeared at #1 in the tree below?

alternation of generations

The life cycle below is ___, and the multicellular structure shown in #1 is a ____.

alternation of generations; gametophyte

You find a population of terrestrial vertebrates living in the Australian desert. Which adaptation would you most expect to find in these organisms?

amniotic egg

In a plankton tow off the coast of Florida, you collected several embryos in the very early stages of development. You follow these embryos as they develop over several weeks and noticed that they have radial cleavage. The larvae have bilateral symmetry, yet the adults have radial symmetry with many spines protruding from the body. This animal is likely

an echinoderm

According to the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), the difference between an endangered species and a threatened one is that

an endangered species is closer to extinction.

The diagnostic feature of Chondrichthyes is

an endoskeleton of calcified cartilage

A terrestrial animal species is discovered with the following larval characteristics: exoskeleton, system of tubes for gas exchange, and modified segmentation. A knowledgeable zoologist should predict that the adults of this species would also feature ________.

an open circulatory system

Choanoflagellates are protists most closely related to which of the following organisms?

animals, ex. deer

Fungi, along with _______, are in the group _______.

animals, opisthokonta

Seaweeds cannot have highly specialized tissues because they do not have

apical meristems

Soon after the coelom begins to form, a researcher injects a dye into the coelom of a deuterostome embryo. Initially, the dye should be able to flow directly into the

arch

You find a single-celled organism that is heterotrophic, lives in saltwater, and reproduces asexually. Upon inspection you find that its cells contain histones but no nucleus. This organism most likely belongs to what group?

archea

The blastopore denotes the presence of an endoderm-lined cavity in the developing embryo, a cavity that is known as the

archenteron

adult sponges

are benthic, sessile filter feeders

All protists

are eukaryotic

What presents a problem for using reproductive isolation (the ability for two organisms to interbreed) as the definition of a "species"?

asexual reproduction

An advantage of asexual reproduction is that

asexual reproduction enables individuals to rapidly reproduce in favorable environments.

In which of the following regions would you MOST LIKELY find a species of plant that requires a hot and rainy environment to flourish?

at the equator

You have a pine tree in your back yard and your little cousin marks it with a knife to mark his love for his girlfriend. In 10 years, this mark will be..

at the same height

Photoautotrphic bacteria obtain their carbon from ____ and their energy from ____. a.) organic molecules... reactions involving inorganic molecules b.) CO2... sunlight c.) organic molecules... sunlight d.) methane ... sunlight e.) CO2... reactions involving inorganic molecules

b

Similarities between slime molds and fungi are now considered to be _______. a.) variations of common ancestral traits b.) examples of convergent evolution c.) adaptations for much different functions d.) homologies

b

You are hanging out at Clearwater beach when a bunch of dead fish come floating by. Over the next few hours hundreds more fish wash up on the beach. Later, you see on the news that the Clearwater Marine Aquarium responded to several calls about marine mammals in distress in the area. Based on this information, you would conclude that the organism causing these events is the reason for this? a.) rhizarian b.) dinoflagellate c.) diatom d.) excavate

b

Male fiddler crabs grow one very large claw, which it uses to attract female crabs and to scare off potential male competitors . The claw of the crab is involved in

b oth inter and intra

A researcher has developed two stains for use with seed plants. One stains sporophyte tissue blue; the other stains gametophyte tissue red. If the researcher exposes pollen grains to both stains, and then rinses away the excess stain, what should occur? a) The pollen grains will be pure blue. b) The pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors. c) The pollen grains will have blue interiors and red exteriors. d) The pollen grains will be pure red.

b) the pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors

The granite mosses belong to the phylum ______, class ______. a. Bryophyta; Sphagnidae b. Bryophyta; Andreaeidae c. Bryophyta; Bryidae d. Hepatophyta; Sphagnidae e. Hepatophyta; Bryidae

b. Bryophyta; Andreaeidae

Which two organisms are most closely related? 1) Dinoflagellates 2) Radiolarians 3) Foraminifera 4) Diatoms a. 3 & 4 c. 1 & 2 b. 2 & 3 d. 1 & 3

b. Radiolarians and foraminiferas, which are both in supergroup Rhizaria

The genus ______ is characterized by capsules raised on a pseudopodium. a. Andreaea b. Sphagnum c. Polytrichum d. Anthoceros e. Ricciocarpus

b. Sphagnum

Which of the following statements about bryophytes is FALSE? a. They lack xylem and phloem. b. The cell walls of their water-conducting cells are lignified. c. They exhibit alternating heteromorphic generations. d. The sporophyte is usually nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte. e. The gametophyte is usually larger than the sporophyte.

b. The cell walls of their water-conducting cells are lignified.

Anthoceros is an example of a: a. moss. b. hornwort. c. leafy liverwort. d. thalloid liverwort. e. vascular plant.

b. hornwort.

Matrotrophy refers to the: a. attraction of sperm by the egg. b. nourishment of the zygote by the archegonium. c. transport of sugars through the placenta. d. division of the zygote within the venter. e. movement of sugars through plasmodesmata.

b. nourishment of the zygote by the archegonium.

A major difference between the spore walls of bryophytes and charophytes is that the bryophyte spore walls contain: a. lignin. b. sporopollenin. c. cellulose. d. phenolic materials. e. stomata.

b. sporopollenin.

The protonema of Andreaea consists of ______ of cells. a. a single row b. two or more rows c. a two-layer-thick plate d. a one-layer-thick plate e. two overlapping plates

b. two or more rows

You find a single-celled organism that is heterotrophic, lives in saltwater, and reproduces asexually. Upon inspection you find that its cells no nucleus and the lipids in its cell membrane have ester linkages. This organism most likely belongs to what group?

bacteria

Prokaryotes have a broad metabolic diversity that only exists among

bacterial and archaeal metabolisms

viviparous

bearing live young

Compared to non-vascular plants, vascular plants have a relatively _________ sporophyte generation, which means that they tend to have comparatively _______ dispersal potential.

big, high

What do animals as diverse as fruit flies, fish, and monkeys all have in common?

bilateral symmetry and homeotic genes

Which of the following is least associated with the others?

binary fission

Which of the following terms includes all of the others? biodiversity genetic diversity ecosystem diversity species richness

biodiversity

Your friend has been studying a population of fire ants found on beaches of Tampa Bay for her Honors Thesis. She thinks they might be a distinct species from the fire ants found a bit inland in pine forests. To test this hypothesis, she samples many individuals from the beach at Fort De Soto and many individuals from the pine flatwoods area at Lettuce Lake park near USF. She brings the ants to the lab to see if the queens from the Fort De Soto population can be fertilized by sperm from the Lettuce Lake population. Which definition of species is she using to make her determination

biological species concept

Human use of prokaryotic organisms to help detoxify a polluted wetland would be an example of

bioremediation

as hominids diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first?

bipedal locomotion

You find an endothermic vertebrate that lays eggs. It could belong to one of which pair of groups?

birds or monotremes

pseudocoelom

body cavity between the endoderm and mesoderm tissues that is partially lined with mesoderm tissue

The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence or presence of

body symmetry

Rhodophytes and land plants have the following characteristics in common:

both include organisms that are multicellular both can create a habitat for animals both can photosynthesize

In oceans, most producers are unicellular plankton and most primary consumers are microscopic zooplankton. When the zooplankton consumes the phytoplankton, what is transferred from the phytoplankton to the zooplankton?

both materials and energy

Sometimes members of a population will randomly die off due to some catastrophic event (such as a hurricane) leaving a few survivors. These survivors will then rebuild the population. Usually this will result in a decrease in genetic variation. Which term describes this event?

bottleneck

Which of the following animals is most closely related to the president of the USF, Judy?

brittle star (Ophiuroidea)

What is the primary cause of the nearly 20 percent increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels since the 1960s?

burning of fossil fuels

The multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen ______

by convergent evolution

How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?

by facilitating dispersal of seeds

Both cyanobacteria and some species of eukaryotes are able to photosynthesize. What is the reason for this? a.) Photosynthetic organelles evolved twice: once in cyanobacteria and again in some eukaryotic groups b.) Cyanobacteria and photosynthetic are a monophyletic group c.) Some eukaryotes obtained the ability to photosynthesize through endosymbiosis which at some point involved cyanobacteria d.) cyanobacteria obtained the ability to photosynthesize through vertical gene transfer

c

During the carboniferous period, photosynthesis in immense swamp forests removed _____ from the atmosphere, which produced _______ global climate which eventually promoted the success of plants. a.) oxygen ... drier, cooler b.) carbon dioxide ... wetter, warmer c.) carbon dioxide... drier, cooler d.) oxygen ... wetter, warmer

c

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-produce plant? a.) lignin present in cell walls b.) sporangium c.) pollen d.) cuticle

c

There are many ways in which organisms can be classified. Which of the following is not an example of a characteristic that can be used for classification? A.) A species of bacteria that has a thick peptidoglycan layer b.) A microorganism that lives in a deep sea vent where the average temperature is over 100 degrees C c.) A microorganism that is a prey source for another planktonic organism d.) An organism that does not survive in the presence of oxygen

c

What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperms species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means? a.) The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth, and the seed coat should be able to withstand high acidity b.) The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks, and seed coat should be contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth c.) The seed coat should be able to withstand high acidity, and the seed coat should be resistant to the animal's digestive enzymes d.) The seed coat, upon its complete digestion should be provide vitamins or nutrients to animals.

c

Which of the following characteristics tends to limit bryophytes and seedless plants to habitats that are relatively moist? a.) presence of lignified vascular tissue b.) presence of free-living, independent zygotes and early embryos c.) presence of flagellated sperm d.) absences of cuticle

c

Which of the following describe all existing bacteria? a.) pathogenic, omnipresent, morphologically diverse b.) extremophiles, tiny, abundant c.) tiny, ubiquitous, metabolically diverse d.) morphologically diverse, metabolically diverse, extremophiles

c

The "true mosses" belong to the phylum ______, class ______. a. Bryophyta; Sphagnidae b. Bryophyta; Andreaeidae c. Bryophyta; Bryidae d. Hepatophyta; Sphagnidae e. Hepatophyta; Bryidae

c. Bryophyta; Bryidae

Which of the following is NOT a group of mosses of phylum Bryophyta? a. Peat mosses b. Granite mosses c. Club mosses d. Bryidae e. Andreaeidae

c. Club mosses

Which of the following statements concerning the transport of nutrients from the gametophyte to the embryo is FALSE? a. Transport is apoplastic. b. Transport is facilitated by the placenta. c. Transport occurs via plasmodesmata. d. The archegonium provides sugars to the embryo. e. The archegonium provides amino acids to the embryo.

c. Transport occurs via plasmodesmata.

Embryophytes are characterized by having: a. few mitotic divisions between fertilization and meiosis. b. a multicellular embryo that has stomata. c. a multicellular, matrotrophic embryo. d. a dominant gametophyte generation. e. vascular tissues.

c. a multicellular, matrotrophic embryo.

In bryophytes, rhizoids usually: a. absorb ions. b. absorb water. c. attach to the substrate d. are unicellular. e. are true roots.

c. attach to the substrate

Most liverworts develop close symbiotic associations with the: a. zygomycetes. b. ascomycetes. c. glomeromycetes. d. chytrids. e. basidiomycetes.

c. glomeromycetes.

Bryophytes are a group of organisms at the transition between: a. brown algae and algae. b. fungi and plants. c. green algae and vascular plants. d. nonvascular and vascular plants. e. aquatic and terrestrial plants.

c. green algae and vascular plants.

In the liverworts, an androecium is a: a. structure producing sperm. b. group of water-conducting cells. c. short side branch bearing antheridia. d. tubular sheath surrounding the archegonium. e. structure of the gemma cup.

c. short side branch bearing antheridia.

Lycophytes and monilophytes...

cannot readily reproduce in dry terrestrial habitats due to their flagellated sperm

During the Carboniferous period, photosynthesis in immense swamp forests removed ________ from the atmosphere, which produced a ______ global climate which eventually promoted the success of seed plants.

carbon dioxide . . . drier, cooler

During the Carboniferous period, photosynthesis in immense swamp forests removed________ from the atmosphere, which produced a ______ global climate which eventually promoted the success of seed plants.

carbon dioxide . . . drier, cooler

Xylem and phloem

carry water, nutrients and organic molecules

A more realistic population model limits growth by incorporating _____________

carrying capacity (expressed as K)

Chondrychthans

cartilaginous fishes: they are jawed vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, scales, a heart with its chambers in series, and skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone.

Which of the following is an example of a commensalism?

cattle egrets eating insects stirred up by grazing bison

An early consequence of the release of oxygen gas by plant and bacterial photosynthesis was to _____.

cause iron in ocean water and terrestrial rocks to rust (oxidize)

Sporocyte

cell that produces haploid spores through meiosis

Judging from their body plans, which animal would you predict to have the most active lifestyle?

centipede

Nudibranchs, a type of predatory sea slug, can have various protuberances (that is, extensions) on their dorsal surfaces.

cephalization

Indicate why genetic drift has a greater effect in small populations,

chance events can cause an allele to be disproportionately over- or underrepresented in the next generation-although chance events occur in populations of all sizes, they tend to alter allele frequencies substantially in small populations

Microevolution:

changes in a population's gene pool from generation to generation

adaptations

changes in populations that promote their survival and reproduction in a particular environment

The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of other insects look completely different from adults, eat different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which of the following most directly favors the evolution of the latter, more radical, kind of metamorphosis?

changes in the homeobox genes governing early development

Which of the following statements best explains why modification or change in an organ or tissue during the lifetime of an individual is not inherited?

characteristics aquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes

At one time, Chondrichthyes were thought to have split off from other vertebrates before the evolution of bone. Now we have concluded that the Chondrichthyes split off after the evolution of bone had started. This change demonstrates _______.

characteristics can be lost over evolutionary time

Pyrolobus fumarii is a species of Archaea that lives near hydrothermal vents. It uses inorganic hydrogen sulfide as an energy source to create organic molecules from with carbon from CO2. You could describe P. fumarii as a

chemoautotroph

Pyrolobus fumarii is a species of Archaea that lives near hydrothermal vents. It uses inorganic hydrogen sulfide as an energy source to create organic molecules with the carbon from CO2. You could describe P. fumarii as a

chemoautotroph

Around hydrothermal vents, there are many prokaryotes that use energy from hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and build organic molecules using inorganic compounds. These prokaryotes could be called:

chemoautotrophs

The cell walls of fungi are partially made of

chitin

In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian?

choanocyte

Which of the following groups of protists is most closely related to your pet cat?

choanoflagellates

Which of the following would you classify as something other than an animal?

choanoflagellates

Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes?

chondrichthyans

In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal?

chondrichthyans, osteichthyans, and mammals

ciliates

cilia

Which of these groups is most inclusive?

class

At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a protostome embryo from a deuterostome embryo?

cleavage

a series of mitotic divisions that leads from to a multicellular embryo

cleavage

Deuterostomes:

cleavage is radial, indeterminate (Cell fate is flexible or totipotent)

Protostomes:

cleavage is spiral, determinate (Cell fate is set)

Once a hemlock-spruce forest is established in Glacier Bay, it tends to remain relatively unchanged unless distrubed. This makes it the _____ for the region

climax community

radially symmetrical with a single opening to a central gastrovascular cavity, many produce stinging threads called nematocysts

cnidarians

A researcher is trying to construct a molecular-based phylogeny of the entire animal kingdom. Assuming that none of the following genes is absolutely conserved, which of the following would be the best choice on which to base the phylogeny?

collagen genes

tissues

collections of specialized cells isolated from other tissues by membranes

Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants?

colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells

An ecological _____ is the set of all populations of all species found in a given place.

community

Which of the following is a biotic factor that can limit the distribution and abundance of a species?

competition

Which of the following is considered a likely explanation for the events of the Cambrian explosion?

complex predator-prey relationships and increased atmospheric oxygen levels promoted animal diversification

Managing southwestern forests specifically for the Red-cockaded woodpecker

contributed to greater abundance and diversity of other forest bird species.

The dashed box includes homeothermic animals, or organisms that produce their own body heat (colloquially known as "warm blooded"). This trait is an example of a what?

convergent evolution

The evolution of similar insulating skin coverings such as fur, hair, and feathers in mammals and birds is a result of

convergent evolution

Viviparous sharks, as well as some mammals, feature a placental connection between mother and fetus. This is most likely an example of:

convergent evolution

bottlenecking

conversion of quality habitat into farmland has greatly depleted the greater prairie chicken populations and, as a result, their genetic diversity

Which of the following group evolved the ability to carry out the process of photosynthesis as per the equation below, without the process of endosymbiosis in their evolutionary history?

cyanobacteria

What were the first photosynthetic organisms?

cyanobacteria, which first appeared in oceans

Eukaryotic primary plastids are the result of an endosymbiotic event that involved __________ as endosymbionts. Since this original endosymbiotic event, some DNA may have been exchanged between the two symbiotic partners in a process called __________.

cyanobacteria.....horizontal gene transfer

Eukaryotic primary plastids are the result of an endosymbiotic event that involved __________. Since this original endosymbiotic event, some DNA may have been exchanged between the two symbiotic partners in a process called __________.

cyanobacteria.....horizontal gene transfer

A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the fungal movement, as described here?

cytoplasmic streaming in hypha

A new species of unicellular protist is discovered. This species has a life cycle where the gametes are the only haploid cells produced. Gametes cannot divide to form diploid cells. What type of life cycle is this? a.) clonal life cycle b.) sporic life cycle c.) zygotic life cycle d.) gametic life cycle

d

Gymnosperms pollen can be dispersed thru... a.) wind b.) water c.) animal d.) more than one of these methods

d

Many species of fish that live in the deep ocean once exhibit bioluminescent properties. This is due to: a.) mutualistic relationships with Vibrio bacteria b.) parasitic relationships with Vibrio bacteria c.) methane decomposers that live on the fish produce the light as a by-product d.) Special organs found in the fish that contain certain species of archaea

d

Which of the following could occur only after plants moved from oceans to land? a.) Animals could also move onto land because they had easier accesss to nitrogen b.) plants in the oceans were able to evolve forms that lived in much deeper parts of the ocean c.) cynobacteria could also move onto land because there were opportunities for new food sources d.) animals could also move to land bc new food sources

d

Which of the following is closely related to land plants? a.) kelp b.) euglenoids c.) Red algae d.) green algae e.) amoebozoans

d

Which of the following statements about the pine cycle is accurate? a.) a pine tree is a gametophyte b.) Male and female gametophyte are in close proximity during gamete synthesis c.) Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon d.) Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophyte

d

You find an organism that lives in the wet sand at the beach. You take it back to your lab and look at it under the microscope. Under the microscope, you can see that this organism has a long flagella that is lined with tiny hair-like protrusions. You can also see that there are some organelles that appear to be brown in color. After running some tests, you can find that this organism is able to photosynthesize. How can this organism most likely be classified? a.) Excavate b.) Chlorophyte c.) Alveolate d.) Stramenopile

d

If animals had AOG like plants, a.) The products of mitosis would undergo meiosis b.) The products of meiosis would undergo mitosis and become multicellular c.) The products of meiosis would immediately fuse to form a zygote and then undergo mitosis d.) The would have twice as rapid a population growth rate as compared to their current rates

d sexual reproduction is slow

Immature seed cones of conifers are usually green before pollination, and flowers of grasses are inconspicuously colored. What does this indicate about their pollination? a.) Their pollinating insect are probably color blind b.) They probably self-fertilize and do not need pollen carried from one plant to another c.) They probably attract pollinators using strong fragrances d.) They are wind pollinated

d.

Today, there are around 250,000 species of angiosperm, yet fewer than 100 species of gymnosperms. In many ecosystems, angiosperms also dominate in terms of biomass. Which of the following is likely to a reason for the success of angiosperms? a.) The haploid endosperm provides a back up in case the first sperm cell fails to fertilize the egg, which increases reproductive success. b.) The fruits that grow around pollen grains attract animals and increase dispersal c.) Their flowers concentrate secondary metabolites that are toxic to the pollinators that eat them d.) Their flowers attract pollinators, which enhance fertilization rate and reproductive success

d.

Which of the following statements about sexual reproduction in bryophytes is FALSE? a. Sperm are the only flagellated cells produced by bryophytes. b. The zygote is matrotrophic. c. Sex is governed by the distribution of sex chromosomes. d. In the antheridium, the spermatogenous cells are "sterile." e. Chemicals released from the archegonium attract sperm.

d. In the antheridium, the spermatogenous cells are "sterile."

Which of the following statements concerning hornworts is FALSE? a. Some gametophytes have chloroplasts containing a pyrenoid. b. A meristem develops between the foot and the sporangium. c. The sporophyte contains several layers of photosynthetic cells. d. The sporophyte is covered with a cuticle but lacks stomata. e. The sporophyte dehisces longitudinally.

d. The sporophyte is covered with a cuticle but lacks stomata.

Which of the following statements about bryophytes is FALSE? a. They may be "thalloid" or "leafy." b. Some species contain strands with conducting functions. c. They do not have true stems and leaves. d. They have rhizoids that absorb water and nutrients. e. Some species have plasmodesmata with a desmotubule.

d. They have rhizoids that absorb water and nutrients.

Which of the following statements about stomata is FALSE? a. Each stoma is bordered by two guard cells. b. They aid in the uptake of CO2. c. They generate a flow of water between sporophyte and gametophyte. d. They occur in all bryophytes. e. They are sites of loss of water vapor.

d. They occur in all bryophytes.

The protonema of Sphagnum consists of ______ of cells. a. a single row b. two or more rows c. a two-layer-thick plate d. a one-layer-thick plate e. two overlapping plates

d. a one-layer-thick plate

What is the function of hydroids? a. anchoring the gametophyte b. photosynthesis c. aiding in spore dispersal d. conducting water e. conducting food

d. conducting water

In contrast to the ventral portion, the dorsal portion of a thalloid liverwort: a. contains rhizoids. b. contains scales. c. is thicker. d. contains chlorophyll. e. is colorless.

d. contains chlorophyll.

At maturity, the sporophyte of most bryophytes consists of the: a. foot and seta only. b. seta and capsule only. c. capsule and calyptra only. d. foot, seta, and capsule. e. seta, capsule, and calyptra.

d. foot, seta, and capsule.

A perianth is characteristically found in the: a. thalloid liverworts. b. hornworts. c. mosses. d. leafy liverworts. e. genus Marchantia.

d. leafy liverworts.

The base of the bryophyte archegonium, called the ______, contains ______. a. placenta; a single egg b. capsule; spermatogenous cells c. calyptra; several eggs d. venter; a single egg e. seta; spermatogenous cells

d. venter; a single egg

What should animals with radial symmetry be better able to do than those with bilateral symmetry?

deal effectively with food distributed homogeneously in 360

Which of the following is the most predictable outcome of increased gene flow between two populations?

decreased genetic difference between the two populations

Spruces and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of ________.

decreased surface area, reducing water loss

As you climb a tall mountain in Mexico, from low to high altitude, you see many changes similar to what you would see going from low latitude to high altitude. Which of the following trend with increasing latitude would you NOT expect with increasing altitude on this mountain in Mexico?

decreasing length of growing season due to limited light availability

Chemoautotrophic bacteria (prokaryotes) are the basis of the food web at

deep hydrothermal vents

Biological species concept

defines species as groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

During the origin of the eukaryotic cell, it is thought that engulfed bacteria

did not initially have a mutually beneficial relationship with their hosts, but later evolved one.

which of the following descriptions illustrates phenotype variation caused by environment?

diet of caterpillars changes their morphology

Echinoderm respiration:

diffusion over tube feet or respiratory trees

alimentary canal

digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

You are hanging out at Clearwater Beach when a bunch of dead fish come floating by. Over the next few hours hundreds more fish wash up on the beach. Later, you see on the news that Clearwater Marine Aquarium responded to several calls about marine animals in distress in the area. Based on this information, you would conclude that the organism causing these events is a ...

dinoflagellate

You are hanging out at Clearwater Beach when a bunch of dead fish come floating by. Over the next few hours hundreds more fish wash up on the beach. Later, you see on the news that the Clearwater Marine Aquarium responded to several calls about marine mammals in distress in the area. Based on this information, you would conclude that the organism causing these events is a...

dinoflagellate

Which of the following groups includes the protists that reside within the cells of corals?

dinoflagellates

Due to less snowfall in an area, white mice are eaten by predators more than dark mice. This should lead to...

directional selection

Long necks make it easier for giraffes to reach leaves high on trees, while also making them better fighters in "neck wrestling" contests.

directional selection

Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it ________.

dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations

Leaves of leafy liverworts differ from those of mosses in that liverwort leaves: a. are of equal size. b. are spirally arranged. c. have a thickened midrib. d. are entire rather than lobed or dissected. e. are arranged in two rows with a third row of smaller leaves.

e. are arranged in two rows with a third row of smaller leaves.

Sporopollenin is found in _____ of the charophytes, in _____ of the bryophytes, and in ____ of the vascular plants. a. spores; spores; spores b. zygotes; zygotes; zygotes c. spores; zygotes; zygotes d. spores; zygotes; spores. e. zygotes; spores; spores

e. zygotes; spores; spores

A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise 1 hemisphere of the embryo seem to be rotated 45° and to lie in the grooves between larger, underlying cells. This embryo may potentially develop into a(n) ________.

earthworm

You decide to plant a garden in your backyard. You dig up a strip of grass in a sunny spot. When you have finished digging up the grass, but you haven't planted anything, you have created an _____ in the lawn.

ecological disturbance

Which of the following organisms is most closely related to fungi?

elephant

Fishes that have swim bladders can regulate their density and, thus, their buoyancy. There are two types of swim bladder: physostomous and physoclistous. The ancestral version is the physostomous version, in which the swim bladder is connected to the esophagus via a short tube (see the figure above). The fish fills this version by swimming to the surface, taking gulps of air, and directing them into the swim bladder. Air is removed from this version by "belching." The physoclistous version is more derived, and has lost its connection to the esophagus. Instead, gas enters and leaves the swim bladder via special circulatory mechanisms within the wall of the swim bladder.We should expect the inner wall of the swim bladder to be lined with tissue that is derived from _____.

endoderm

Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit?

endothermy

Which of the following characteristics evolved independently in mammals and birds?

endothermy

Similarities between slime molds and fungi are now considered to be ________.

examples of convergent evolution

Similarities between slime molds and fungi are now considered to be........

examples of convergent evolution

swim bladder is a gas-filled sac that helps fish maintain buoyancy. The evolution of the swim bladder from lungs of an ancestral fish is an example of

exaptation

1 explanation for the evolution of insect wings suggests that wings began as lateral extensions of the body that were used as heat dissipators for thermoregulation. When they had become sufficiently large, these extensions became useful for gliding through the air, and selection later refined them as fligh-producing eings. If this hypothesis is correct, modern insect wings could best be described as

exaptations

A species of historically highland songbird has been documented at lower altitudes in recent decades. This observation is consistent with predictions of biological impacts of global climate change.

false

As development proceeds, an animal embryo undergoes gastrulation, and the blastopore becomes the anus; this animal is classified as a protostome.

false

Biological interactions, such as competition with another species, can sometimes limit the ranges of species, but non-biological factors, such as sunlight, cannot influence the distribution of species.

false

Fossils are primarily found in igneous rocks.

false

Like plants, fungi always produce spores by the process of meiosis

false

Organisms that lived very long ago are more likely to be found as fossils than organisms that lived relatively recently

false

The hard parts of organisms are preserved in their original form in fossils.

false

The most important role that decomposers play in ecosystems is releasing the energy from dead organisms, allowing it to be used by living organisms

false

True or false? An organism that is radially symmetric has many well-developed head region?

false

fossil record: Inland species are more likely to be preserved than marine species

false

Stabilizing selection

favors the survival of individuals with intermediate phenotypes. - Extreme values of a trait are selected against

Disruptive selection

favors the survival of two or more different genotypes, Likely to occur in heterogeneous environments or when 2 phenotypes have high fitness

What is the single unique characteristic that distinguishes extant birds from other extant vertebrates

feathers

The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with _____.

feeding

Which of the following cellular structures is characteristics of excavates?

feeding group

A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was _____.

feet with digits

You find a plant with the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, alternation of generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds.

ferns

coelom

fluid-filled body cavity lined with mesoderm

The global carrying capacity of the human population will most likely be determined by

food supply

A _____ depicts the flow of carbon through an ecosystem, whereas a _____ depicts the transfer of energy.

food web; trophic pyramid

Foot (mussel)

foot is large, muscular, and generally hatchet-shaped. It is used to pull the animal through the substrate

genetic drift

foot randomly squashes more green bugs than brown in the population?

Sympatric speciation: Temporal isolation

form of reproductive isolation in which two or more species reproduces at different times

A storm separates a small number of butterflies in a migrating population. These butterflies end up at a destination different from where they usually migrate and establish a new population in this new area. The new population has a different gene pool and a lower genetic variation than the original population it came from. This is an example of __________. the founder effect

founder effect

A population of butterflies on the island of Grenada, has many individuals which are generally yellow, with variations in color from very pale (almost white) to much darker (almost orange). In a storm, a few individuals are blown to the nearby island of Carriacou, and these individuals go on to build a new population there. However, the population in Carriacou has low diversity in color, with all individualsl being quite pale. The environment is quite similar on both islands. What most likely accounts for the difference in the Carriacou population compared to the Grenada population?

founder effect and genetic drift

Regeneration, the regrowth of lost body parts, normally follows

fragmentation

True muscle tissue and most connective tissue arise?

from the mesoderm in triploblastic animals only

True muscle tissue and most connective tissues arise...

from the mesoderm in triploblastic animals only

Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents. The laying of eggs has what type of analog in angiosperms?

fruit dispersal

cell walls

fungal cells enclosed by tough cell walls composed of chitin Cells cannot engulf food due to rigid cell walls. Cell wall also restricts mobility of nonflagellate cells

When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter?

fungal enzymes

When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the ________.

fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae

A new species of unicellular protist is discovered. This species has a life cycle where the gametes are the only haploid cell produced. Gametes cannot divide to form new haploid cells but they may fertilize other gametes to form diploid cells. What type of life cycle is this?

gametic life cycle

Animals have a ________ life cycle, which means that no mitosis occurs in the _______ stage.

gametic, haploid

Multicellular haploid stage

gametophyte, This produces gametes, which will fertilize each other and make a sporophyte

In a sporic life cycle, which structures have one copy of the genetic material?

gametophyte, gametes and spores

Which of the following is a characteristic of cnidarians?

gastrovascular cavity

At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo?

gastrulation

the developmental process which establishes 3 tissue layers (germ layers) that give rise to all body tissues

gastrulation

The blastopore is a structure that first becomes evident during

gastrulation.

Gene families such as the globin genes are likely the result of

gene duplication

Which of the following genetic processes may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion?

gene duplication

Comparisons of Neanderthal DNA revealed that there are more similarities to non-African DNA than reference sequences from West Africans. Additionally, scientists found that Neanderthal DNA is as closely related to East Asians as to Europeans. This indicates that interbreeding occurred before human migration further east. What process of population genetics generated these results?

geneflow

One chief area of concern among biologists who use the small-population approach is

genetic diversity

What is the biological significance of genetic diversity in wildlife populations?

genetic diversity reduces the probability of extinction

A population of lizards live in a forest; 100 are green, 100 are brown, and 100 are orange. A forest fire kills 85% of the lizard population. The remaining lizards are all green and brown. After 25 generations the lizards are still green and brown; orange lizards never appeared in the population again. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

genetic drift

A population of salamanders live in a forest 150 are green, 150 are blue, and 150 are orange. A forest fire occurs and 85% of the salamanders die. The remaining salamanders are all green and blue. After 30 generations the salamanders are still green and blue, orange individuals never appeared in the population again. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

genetic drift

In a population of 100 spiders, one individual has a mutation that affects a non-coding region of its genome (not expressed into protein). Ten generations later, this mutation is present in about 10% of the population. The increase in frequency of this new allele is most likely due to...

genetic drift

There is a population of frogs living in a pond; 100 are green, 100 are brown, and 100 are yellow. A drought occurred and 85% of the frogs died. The remaining frogs were all green and brown. After 25 generations the frogs still were green and brown; yellow frogs never appeared in the population again. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

genetic drift

A population of fish live in a lake: 60 are blue, 130 are orange and 80 are yellow. A chemical spills occurs and 90% of the fish die. Due to chance, remaining fish are all orange and yellow. After 25 generations the fish are still orange and yellow; blue individuals never appeared in the population again. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

genetic drift and bottleneck effect

speciation is most commonly caused by what process?

geographic isolation

Megaspores

give rise to female gametophyte and egg, and is retained by parent

microspores

give rise to male gametophyte, enclosed with sperm in pollen

Arrange these groups in order from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific).

gnathostomes, osteichthyans, lobe-fins, tetrapods, amphibians

Based on the diagrams in the figure and on the large population of baby boomers in the United States, which graph best reflects U.S. population in twenty years? (This graph represents a 2000 census)

graph B, (looks like a pine cone)

The following graph represents the number of small mouth basses in a lake after they were first introduced in the early 1800s. Based on this graph, you should conclude:

graph is carrying capacity goes up and platues

Lemurs have the following traits:

grasping hands with opposable thumbs

Which of the following organisms is most closely related to land plants?

green algae

Brown algae and green algae can both photosynthesize, yet they differ in that

green algae have primary plastids while brown algae have secondary plastids

The evolution of a vascular system allowed plants to...

grow bigger

The biggest challenge that Costa Rica will likely face in its dedication to conservation and restoration in the future is

growing popuations

seed vascular plants

gymnosperms and angiosperms

What is the single greatest threat to biodiversity?

habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction

Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together, they produce young whose appearance is intermediate between two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees. What keeps these two populations separate?

habitat isolation

What term describes the time it requires for exactly one-half of a given amount of a radioactive isotope of an element to decay?

half life

zygotic life cycle

haploid cells transform into gametes, gametes fuse to form zygotes, Zygotic is different than sporic in that the haploid zygote doesn't develop into a multicellular organism

Evidence of which structure or characteristic would be most surprising to find among fossils of the Ediacaran fauna?

hard parts

Which statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships? The fossil record reveals an increased incidence of _____

hard parts

pseudocoelomate metazoans

have a fluid-filled body cavity, the pseudocoelom, which, unlike a true coelom, does not have a cellular peritoneal lining

lobe-finned fish

have fleshy fins that are supported by a series of bones; ex. coelacanth and lungfish

Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials _____.

have some embryonic development outside the uterus

A particular species of protist has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. You know this because the chloroplasts ________.

have three membranes

What do animals as diverse as a sponge and a shake have in common?

heterotrophy

animals

hey are heterotrophic, multicellular, use absorptive nutrition, have no cell walls, usually have nerves, muscles and the ability to move

The blue whale is the largest animal on Earth. It would be surprising to find which trait associated with the blue whale?

high reproductive rate

Domain

highest levelAll of life belongs to one of 3 domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Which trait is commonly found in both of these two groups: Chondrichthyans and Osteichtyans?

hinged jaws

Mitochondria are thought to be the descendants of certain alpha proteobacteria. They are, however, no longer able to lead independent lives because most genes originally present on their chromosomes have moved to the nuclear genome. Which phenomenon accounts for the movement of these genes?

horizontal gene transfer

While comparing DNA sequences to build a phylogenetic tree of bacteria, Jennifer finds a confusing piece of data: one population which would otherwise fit nicely into a particular clade seems to contain at least one very long DNA sequence that matches to that of a very distantly related clade. What process is most likely responsible for this mystery?

horizontal gene transfer.

Community resilience refers to ________.

how quickly a community recovers following a disturbance

Three types of postzygotic mechanisms

hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown

Specialists outcompete and EXCLUDE generalists when

hyperspace is narrow and food is scarce

To better comprehend the magnitude of current extinctions, it will be necessary to

identify more of the yet unknown species of organisms on Earth

Fossils are typically not found in ______ rock which is why ______ species are unlikely to be fossilized

igneous, inland

Which of the following poses the greatest potential threat to biodiversity?

importing an Asian insect into the United States to control a weed that competes with staple crops

When climbing a mountain, we can observe the transitions in biological communities that are analogous to the changes__________.

in biomes at different latitudes

Competitive exclusion describes

inability of similar ecospecies to coexist

In the life cycle of a lycophyte shown below, the structure inside the dashed line...

includes both haploid and diploid tissue

Lycophytes

includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts. These lack seeds.

If most of the individuals of a human population are in their pre-reproductive years, you would expect the population size to ________ after 20 years

increase

Habitat corridors..

increase gene flow

Habitat corridors

increase gene flow and reduce the likelihood of the extinction vortex.

Globally, primary production in terrestrial ecosystems tends to

increase with increasing rainfall

Some companies advertise and sell mycorrhizae to home gardeners and commercial farms, claiming that the presence of mycorrhizae improves plant growth and survival. If the company conducted experiments on plants with and without mycorrhizae, which of the following measurements would support their claim?

increased production of corn ears in plants with mycorrhizae than in plants without mycorrhizae

At the edge of two populations of salamanders, some individuals mate with each other to produce hybrids. This hybrid zone...

increases gene flow between the populations

Each cell has the capacity to develop into a complete embryo in organisms with...

indeterminate cleavage

Estimates of current rates of extinction

indicate that rates may be greater than the mass extinctions at the close of the Cretaceous period.

Consider the global nitrogen cycle depicted in the figure. How are humans altering this cycle?

industrial nitrogen fixation

Which of the following is a source of human-fixed nitrogen?

industrially produced fertilizers and cultivation of soybeans

What distinguishes animal from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals

ingest the matter before digestion

What are adaptations?

inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival

endoderm

innermost germ layer; develops into the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system

endoskeleton

internal skeleton or supporting framework in an animal

Hooded seals display sexual dimorphism, meaning that males and females look different. Only the males have a "hood" on their head, and can inflate their nasal septum in courtship displays. The presence of these features in male hooded seals is likely the result of...

intersexual

The extravagant courtship rituals (calls/dances/nest site creation) seen in birds of paradise are likely a result of

intersexual

Which of the following criteria have to be met for a species to qualify as invasive?

introduced to a new area, spreads rapidly, and displaces native species

mold

is a fungus that grows in the form of multicellular filaments

Pyropia spp. is the genus of red algae used in sushi. It has an alternation of generation, and the seaweed we eat in sushi is haploid. Based on this information, you can conclude that the seaweed that was harvested for your sushi

is a gametophyte capable of producing gametes

An organism that exhibits cephalization probably also _____

is bilaterally symmetrical

A heritable trait is one that:

is determined at least in part by genes passed from parents to offspring.

The population growth seen here... (curve is upwards and the y is population size and the x is time

is exponential and can only occur this way while resources are not limiting

Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT)

is movement of genes between cells independent of cell cycle. Cells acquire DNA from neighbor cells after cell division

Lignin..

is present in vascular plants only and is important in providing structural support

liginin

is present in vascular plants only and is important in providing structural support

Vertical Gene Transfer

is replication of genome followed by cell division during cell cycle. Daughter cells inherit DNA directly from mother cell

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it _____.

is surrounded by a cuticle

you find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an algae. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an algae if it ___________.

is surrounded by a cuticle

allopatric speciation

is the most common way in which new species arise

Convergent evolution...

is the most likely reason for the presence of a thick layer of fat (blubber) in both polar bears and emperor penguins

An organelle that has two plasma membranes most likely:

is the result of primary endosymbiosis in which one cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell and did not digest it

If we say a species is endemic to a certain area, we mean that

it is found only in one particular area of the world.

Net primary productivity is important because ________.

it is the source of chemical energy used by a species throughout a food web

What is the term for a top predator that contributes to the maintenance of species diversity among its animal prey?

keystone species

Chelicerates: Spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites

lack antennae

Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that attached to its flank is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker, and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey. excludes leech

lack of external segmentation

Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance?

lancelets

Which of the following organisms is not included in the Subphylum Vertebrata?

lancelets

Overexploitation encourages extinction and is most likely to affect

large animals with low intrinsic reproductive rates.

a key adaptive trait in the evolution of humans from an ancestral primate?

large brain, tool use, bipedalism

Macroevolution

larger scale changes relating to formation of new species or groups of species

The clade Anthripoidea includes all the following except:

lemurs

Multicellular animals arose

less than 1 billion years ago, First animals were invertebrates

In the figure, which of the lines represents the highest per-capita rate increase (r)?

line A (the very top one)

porifera, Choanocytes

line spongocoel chamber and trap and eat small particles and plankton

Nonvascular plants (bryophytes)

liverworts, hornworts, mosses. each forms a monophyletic phylum, moist areas small, Dominant gametophyte

The Canary Islands are a chain of seven volanic islands in the Atlantic, off the coast of Morocco. Each island has a different species or subspecies of lizard of the genus Gallotia. The most likely reason for this is

lizards rarely cross bodies of water between islands.

Which of the following is NOT thought to be a key adaptive trait in the evolution of humans from an ancestral primate?

loss of body hair

The most serious consequence of a loss in ecosystem biodiversity would be the

loss of ecosystem services on which people depend.

The underlying cause of the "extinction vortex" (continued population decline to extinction) for very small populations is usually

low genetic diversity

The underlying cause of the "extinction vortex" (continued population decline to extinction) for very small populations is usually...

low genetic diversity

Imagine a hypothetical gymnosperm that has evolved in a remote island of the Pacific which has no herbivores. Compared to similar species on continents with herbivores, you should expect that the island gymnosperm would have

low levels of secondary metabolites in its leaves

Which of the following are NOT considered a nonvascular plant?

lycophytes

how could you determine if a plant is heterosporous?

male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants

Bacteria are important in the global carbon cycle because

many are decomposers and release CO2 from organic molecules

fitness

measure of reproductive success. -Contribution to the gene pool of the next generation 1.Survival to reproductive age 2.Traits directly associated with reproduction

Amniotes

member of a clade of tetrapods that have an amniotic egg containing specialized membranes that protect the embryo; mammals, birds+reptiles

If a multicellular animal lacks true tissues, then it can properly be included among the

metazoans

There are three major groups of mammals, categorized on the basis of their _____.

method of reproduction

Generation-to-generation change in the allele frequencies in a population is

microevolution

mesoderm

middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

A population of butterfly has two alleles for color: blue (b) and red (r). bb individuals are blue; rr individuals are red; heterozygotes are purple. Which of the following mechanisms could lead to appearance of a new allele in this population (e.g. y for yellow )?

migration

Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans?

mineralized bony skeleton

Anthropoidea:

monkeys and apes

If you walk through an area dominated by ferns and pine trees, you are seeing ________.

mostly sporophyte generations

Lophotrochozoans are protostomes

mouth develops from blastopore. Also, cleavage is spiral & determinate

Amoebozoa

move using pseudopodia, Some free-living, some parasites, ex: slime molds

Primate evolution and behavior, such as hunting skills, have been directed in part by the development of depth perception. What anatomical change made depth perception possible?

movement of the eyes to the front of the head

Protists include

multiple clades of eukaryotes with some lineages more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi than they are to other protists.

Oceanic white tip sharks are often accompanied by pilot fish, which eat leftovers from the sharks as well as parasites that live on the sharks' skin. Sharks do not eat pilot fish. This relationship between the whitetip sharks and pilot fish is best described as...

mutualism

Some fungal species live in plants and can kill herbivores that feed on the plant. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host?

mutualistic

In 1983, a population of dark-eyed junco birds became established on the campus of the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), which is located many miles from the junco's normal habitat in the mixed-coniferous temperate forests in the mountains. Juncos have white outer tail feathers that the males display during aggressive interactions and during courtship displays. Males with more white in their tail are more likely to win aggressive interactions, and females prefer to mate with males with more white in their tails. Females ha

natural selection

A proficient engineer can easily design skeletal structures that are more functional than those currently found in the forelimbs of such diverse mammals as horses, whales, and bats. The actual forelimbs of these mammals do not seem to be optimally arranged because ________.

natural selection is generally limited to modifying structures that were present in previous generations and in previous species

proficient engineer can easily design skeletal structures that are more functional than those currently found in the forelimbs of such diverse mammals as horses, whales, and bats. The actual forelimbs of these mammals do not seem to be optimally arranged because

natural selection is generally limited to modifying structures that were present in previous generations and in previous species

A proficient engineer can easily design skeletal structures that are more functional than those currently found in the forelimbs of such diverse mammals as horses, whales, and bats. The actual forelimbs of these mammals do not seem to be optimally arranged because

natural selection is generally limited to modifying structures that were present in the previous generations and in previous species

The primary difference between artificial selection and natural selection is

natural selection only selects for traits that increase fitness.

three mechanisms that cause allele frequency to change but bring about most evolutionary change

natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow

Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo)

nearly extinct in wild, individual trees produce either ovules and seeds or pollen, Flagellate sperm

An increase in cloud cover due to higher moisture content in the atmosphere is an example of a:

negative feedback loop

Which tissue type, or organ, is NOT correctly matched with its germ layer tissues?

nervous - mesoderm

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?

nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement

When primary producers expend energy to build new tissue, this is ________.

net primary productivity and the amount of energy available to consumers

mycelia

networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption

Increased carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere and oceans is likely to cause:

neutral mutations occur at a relatively constant rate allowing you to use them to estimate evolutionary time.

You discover a wooly mammoth frozen in a glacier and sequence its DNA. After comparing its gene sequence to living elephants, you are able to make an estimate about how long ago these two species shared a common ancestor. This is because...

neutral mutations occur at a relatively constant rate allowing you to use them to estimate evolutionary time.

'Fairy rings' of mushrooms are the result of

niche destruction

Nitrogen is available to plants mostly in the form of ________.

nitrate and ammonium ions in the soil

Consider the global nitrogen cycle depicted in the accompanying figure. What is the limiting portion of the cycle for plants?

nitrogen fixation by bacteria

A population of fish is exposed to a carcinogen dumped in the lake where they live. Most fish are completely unaffected by the chemical, while a small subset of individuals develop mutations, resulting in large morphological changes. Moreover, these fish with mutations are now infertile and have no offspring. Is this carcinogen leak likely to be a driving force for evolutionary changes in this population?

no

The California sheephead is a large game fish that begins its life as a female and then changes into a male as it grows larger. Since males are larger, fishermen might be more likely to take males from the ocean, leading to a sex ratio skewed toward females of the species. Is this an example of sexual selection?

no

A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics?

no jaws

Which condition of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is violated when gene flow is increased between 2 or more populations?

no migration

Sympatric speciation

no physical barriers to interbreeding, much less common. Adaptation to local environments, Temporal isolation, Polyploidy, Sexual selection can all play a part

If individuals tend to mate only within a subset of the population, there is ________.

no random mating

Internal fertilization, leathery amniotic egg, and skin that resists drying are characteristics of

non bird reptiles

Which of the following is a true statement supporting the origins of life in the early Earth?

none of the above

Which of the following is not a reptile?

northern leopard frog

Molecular clocks

nucleotide differences used to estimate time since divergence. More time since divergence = greater accumulation of mutations

Apical meristems.........

occur in both roots and shoots of plants

Considering the global carbon cycle, which of the following is the largest reservoir of carbon?

oceans

Photosynthesis has evolved independently how many times? a.) 1 b.) 2 c.) 3 d.) 4

once

In the nitrogen cycle, the bacteria that replenish the atmosphere with nitrogen are ________.

ones that use nitrogen-containing compounds as an electron acceptor

Arthropods have a(n)_______ circulatory system, which contains_______.

open, hemolymph

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms

operate after zygote formation; reduce the fitness of hybrid individuals

Which trait is found in only one of these two groups: Chondrichthyans and Osteichtyans?

operculum

Chemoheterotrophic bacteria obtain their carbon from ________ and their energy from ________.

organic molecules... organic molecules

filter feeder

organism that filters small particles from water to get its food

What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth?

origin of cyanobacteria origin of mitochondria origin of chloroplasts origin of multicellular eukaryotes origin of fungal-plant symbioses

green algae are a

paraphyletic group

A group that includes mammals of the order Carnivora that are terrestrial (bears , wolves and their common ancestor, here inside the dashed box) is...

paraphyletic, and therefore an appropriate taxonomic group

Some species of rotifers consist solely of females. Their method of reproduction is described as ____

parthenogenesis

Bacillus anthracis is a species of bacteria that can be fatal to humans if ingested in food or drink. It could be classified as a

pathogen

Which of the following would a landscape ecologist consider in designing a nature reserve?

patterns of landscape use by humans human economic concern possible edge effects related to human activities nature viewing sites

In gymnosperms, dispersal may occur via all of the following, EXCEPT

pollen, carried by animals that ingest it

A group that includes bats and hawks (flying vertebrates) is

polyphyletic

Which of the following is (are) problematic when the goal is to construct phylogenies that accurately reflect evolutionary history?

polyphyletic taxa and paraphyletic taxa

A group that includes homeothermic animals (shown here in the dashed box)

polyphyletic, and therefore not an appropriate taxonomic group

A group that includes homeothermic animals (shown here in the dashed box) is....

polyphyletic, and therefore not an appropriate taxonomic group

Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations to see changes, with the exception of

polyploidy

What is the smallest unit of evolution?

population

Which of the following is a method of predicting the likelihood that a species will persist in a particular environment?

population viability analysis

Ligers and tigons are hybrids between tigers and lions. There are several instances produced in captivity but none in the wild, since tigers inhabit Asia and ween tigers and lions . There are several instances of such hybrids the wild, since tigers inhabit Asia and lions are found in Africa . you would conclude that in the wild the reproductive barrier between these species is...

pre- zygotic, geographic /habitat isolation

Which of the following is a biotic factor that could limit distribution?

predation

The Nile perch (Lates niloticus) is a good example of a(n)

predator that has negatively affected biodiversity in ecosystems where it has been introduced.

Which of the following characteristics limit bryophytes and seedless vascular plants to habitats that are relatively moist?

presence of flagellated sperm

What do animals ranging from corals to monkeys have in common?

presence of hox genes

What is a limitation of the morphological species concept?

present problems when there is much variability within a single species or when two species are nearly identical in appearance, tell us little of evolutionary process

What are two categories of reproductive isolating mechanisms?

prezygotic and postzygotic

In a pond, tadpoles eat algae and fish eat the tadpoles. Around the pond, grasshoppers eat grass and, at night, are preyed upon by bats. Other bats eat the fish that eat the tadpoles. In this community, the tadpoles are:

primary consumers

Gastrulation is the process that directly forms the _____.

primary germ layer

Gametophytes

produce haploid gametes by mitosis

sporophyte

produce haploid spores by meiosis

Photoautotrophic bacteria

produce their own food and obtain their energy through sunlight

ovoviviparous

producing living young from eggs that hatch within the body

If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed?

prokaryotes

fruits

protect seeds and help in their dispersal. develop from ovary walls

A seaweed is a...

protist and a multicellular alga

___ are heterotrophic protists; ___ are photoautotrophic protists.

protozoans; algae

Which of the following cellular structures is characteristic of amoebas?

pseudopodia

Which of the following structures is important in locomotion for Amoebozoans?

pseudopodia

Which of the following structures is important in locomotion of Amoebozoans?

psudopodia

What kind of symmetry does a jellyfish display?

radial symmetry

Ophiuroidea, asteroidea, and echinoidea all share the following trait

radial symmetry as adults

These silica shells were created by a protozoan with filose pseudopodia. That organism is a

radiolarian, a type of Rhizarian

genetic drift

random change in allele frequencies due to chance, not fitness. Favors either loss or fixation of an allele, Faster in smaller populations

Which of the following is most likely to aid in the formation of entirely new alleles?

random mutation

Cambrian explosion

rapid diversification of most major animal groups marking the start of the Paleozoic era

It's the year 2600 and the terraforming project has successfully transformed the surface of Mars into a vast and lush prarie land, covered in healthy grasses. Your great-great...great- grandkids import a population of 5000 cows to graze on the grass. The ecology app on the iPhone 501 tells them that the carrying capacity of cattle on Mars is 100,000. Armed with this information, they expect the per capita growth rate to be

rapid, i.e. close to the maximum per capita growth rate for cow

Bony fishes: 2 major groups

ray finned and lobe finned

Sardines display life history traits of an r-selected species. Therefore, compared to other fish species you'd expect sardines to...

reach sexual maturity early

In general, a species' _____ niche will be smaller than its______ niche due to interactions with other organisms in the community

realized; fundamental

The J-shaped curve of exponential growth characterizes some _____________ populations

rebounding

Hunters reduced the populations of the elephant seal to just a few dozen individuals. The effect this will have on the population is

reduced genetic variation, which could lower reproductive success

Which of the following would be research in which a conservation biologist would be involved?

reestablishing whooping cranes in their former breeding grounds in North Dakota

Fungi

reproduce sexually and asexually

A friend sends you a box of dried and pinned grasshoppers that were collected in the rainforests of Panama and asks you to determine how many species are represented in the group. Which of the following approaches would be LEAST useful for this task.

reproductive isolation

If biological species are defined in terms of reproductive compatibility, the formation of a new species hinges on

reproductive isolation

As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them into the laboratory and isolate the two different species, you discover that the offspring of both species are found to be nocturnal. You have discovered an example of

resource partitioning

The discipline that applies ecological principles to returning degraded ecosystems to more natural states is known as

restoration ecology

Early fungi probably formed mutualistic associations with early plants, providing nutrients to the plant and receiving energy-containing compounds. Evidence that plants' ability to form a mutualistic association with fungi is due to ancient genes includes which of the following occurrences?

restoration of the ability to form mycorrhizae with fungi by a flowering plant after biologists transferred a gene from a liverwort to the flowering plant

The genus of the bacteria Streptococcus pneumonia refers in part to its shape. You can expect that under a light microscope these bacteria should look

round-shaped

Which graph best represents the most likely growth pattern of a population of mice on to an island uninhabited by mice?

s shaped graph

Taxonomy

science of describing, naming, and classifying living organisms. hierarchical system involving successive levels

On a ten years later, the reed is once again dominated by large coral colonies. This situation would be an example of...

secondary succession and facilitation between crustose coralline algae and coral

On a tropical Pacific island, warm temperatures lead to extensive bleaching and mortality of coral. A year later, much of the area previously occupied by coral is now covered in sponges and coral larvae have little available substrate to settle on. Five years later, the reef is still dominated by sponges. This situation would be an example of...

secondary succession and inhibition

Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents. The shell of a fertilized egg has what type of analog in angiosperms?

seed coat

Which morphological trait evolved more than once in animals, according to the phylogeny based on DNA sequence data found in the figure above?

segmentation

You are asked to identify a parasitic worm that lacks a hard cuticle. Which of the following contains a correct trait and name pair that would allow you to identify the animal?

segmentation...Leech

Suppose you traveled back in time and located the first animals to have evolved feathers. You found that these animals were tree-dwelling ectotherms, able to run quickly but unable to fly. You also noticed that only males had feathers. Which hypothesis of feather evolution would these data most support? Feathers initially evolved in a role associated with _____.

sexual selection

Cnidarians reproduce

sexually and asexually

Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments?

shelled, amniotic egg

Cnidarian respiration: through body covering and gastrovascular cavity

simple diffusion

Anagenesis

single species evolves into a different species

Hexapods: Insects

six legs More species of insects than all other animal species combined Insects have distinct head, thorax, abdomen

According to the island equilibrium model, species richness would be lowest on an island that is________.

small and remote

Founder effect

small group separates from a larger population. Typically less genetic variation than original population

Are adaptations that can increase the rate of oxygen uptake in animals

small size, gills, man folds of skin

Compared to gymnosperms, bryophytes have a relatively ___ sporophyte generation, which means that they tend to have comparatively ___ dispersal potential.

small; low

Bacteria are important in the global carbon cycle because

some can fix N2 and thereby increase primary production rates

Which of the following is NOT an adaptation that can increase the rate of oxygen uptake in animals?

spherical shape, compared to a disk shape

Which of the following is descriptive of protostomes?

spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth

Which two organisms have the most similar strategy for accomplishing sexual reproduction?

sponges pine trees

All of the following are examples of convergent evolution except:

spores of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes

Land plants have what type of lifecycle?

sporic

In a standard sporic life cycle (e.g. land plants), which of these is diploid?

sporophyte

Multicellular diploid stage

sporophyte, this gives rise to spores, which become gametophytes

for bryophytes (mosses)

sporophytes are the long necks, gametophytes are the base

hydrothermal vents

spots on the ocean floor where hot gases and minerals escape from earth's interior into the water

Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing fewer or more than this have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this situation?

stabalizing selection

Which process will decrease the magnitude of phenotypic variation between generations?

stabilizing selection

These two organisms are different in that... (starfish, snail)

starfish could have several offspring that are genetically identical to one another while snail could not

Systematics

study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships among organisms

Ligin

substance in vascular plants that make cell walls rigid, strengthens cells walls

Which one of these processes describes bottleneck effect?

sudden change in environment that alters gene frequency of a populatio

Green and red algae have primary plastids

surrounded by 2 membranes

Mantle (Mollusca)

surrounding shell/outer skin; secretes shell

Modern conservation science increasingly aims at

sustaining biodiversity of entire ecosystems and communities.

Abiotic factors that can influence the distribution of species include...

temperature

Which two factors are thought to have the biggest impact on the makeup of terrestrial biomes?

temperature and water

Sea anemones reproduce by releasing their gametes (eggs and sperm) into the water, where fertilization happens outside of the organisms. What mechanisms or mechanisms of reproductive isolation affect these creatures?

temporal and gametic incompatibility

Whenever diploid populations are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at a particular locus, ________.

the allele's frequency should not change from one generation to the next

Which structure of the amniotic egg most closely surrounds the embryo?

the amnion

At four weeks old, human embryos have a tail. This tail is no longer present by the time a human baby is born. Which of the following best explains how this tail disappeared?

the cells inside the tail expressed genes that led to cell death

If the figure below represents a terrestrial food web, where the arrows dictate direction of energy flow toward point of arrow, which of the following would be true?

the combined biomass of F + G is less than the biomass of A+ B

The carrying capacity of Earth for humans is partly dependent upon which factor?

the ecological footprint of humans

If the sex ratio in a population is significantly different from 50:50, then which of the following statements will always be accurate?

the effective population size will be less than the actual population size

The introduction of the brown tree snake in the 1940s to the island of Guam has resulted in

the extirpation of many of the island s bird and reptile species.

A fungicide is released into a small patch of grassland, and afterwards the grasses in that patch grow slower than those located in other areas. What best explains what might have happened?

the fungicide killed the areas mycorrhizal fungi

Which of the following species was driven to extinction by overexploitation by hunters/fishermen?

the great auk

Global warming refers to ________.

the increase in the average temperature of the whole planet

North America was once dominated by forests but today is covered with many grasslands and plains. Given this, what is likely the best explanation for finding a single mouse species that is only found in the forests of Montana and the forest of the southeastern US, but not in the plains in between.

the mice used to live in one continuous geographic zone, but the emergense of the plains split them into two distinct habitats

Suppose a researcher for a pest-control company developed a chemical that inhibited the development of an embryonic mosquito's endodermal cells. Which of the following would be a likely mechanism by which this pesticide works?

the mosquito would have trouble digesting food, due to impaired gut function

In Darwin's tree of life, each fork in the tree represents

the most recent common ancestor of the subsequent branches

Which of the following statements about deuterostomes is true?

the opening that forms during deuterostome gastrulation becomes the anus

Trophic efficiency is

the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next.

A population of fish does not show positive population growth for several years. If this trend continues, what can we expect to eventually happen?

the population will eventually die off

Although extinction is a natural process, current extinctions are of concern to environmentalists because

the rate of extinction is unusually high.

The long-term problem with Red-cockaded woodpecker habitat intervention in the southwest United States is

the social organization of the Red-cockaded woodpecker precludes the dispersal ofreproductive individuals.

After a disturbance, natural recovery of a biological community is most strongly influenced by

the spatial scale of the disturbance.

Global climate change refers to ________.

the sum of the changes in local precipitation and temperature patterns that result from global warming

Which of the following traits of reptiles does NOT aid in their ability to live in dry terrestrial habitats?

three chambered heart

What information is represented on the vertical axis of this phylogenetic tree?

time

A patient, Karla, comes into the hospital with an antibiotic resistant infection. After she is cured and discharged, the room is disinfected and all of the bacteria are killed. Days later, bacteria that are resistant to the same antibiotic as the ones Karla had are detected. What is the most likely mechanism by which these microbes became resistant

transformation

Among five species of insects (A-E), only species B, C and E have wings (shown below with an asterisk). If you know that the common ancestor of all five species had wings and you have no other information about these insects, which of the following trees would you select as the most likely to reflect accurate evolutionary relationships between these species?

tree 4, C DABE

Which terrestrial biome has the highest primary productivity?

tropical rainforests

A taxonomic key is typically used when you have an organism of unknown identity and would like to know what class, family or genus it belongs to.

true

An animal embryo has spiral cleavage and its coelom is formed from splits in mesodermal tissue - this animal would be classified as a protostome.

true

An important function of hyphal structure is to increase surface area for nutrient absorption.

true

Anthozoans have dominant polyp :sea anemones, coral

true

Archaea are more closely related to Eukaryotes than to Bacteria

true

Eumetazoans have tissues, sponges don't

true

Fossils found in lower rock layers are older than those found in upper layers.

true

Fossils include the preserved impression of footprints of past life.

true

Gastropods can have conical shell, coiled shell or no shell

true

Humans are most closely related to chimpanzees

true

It is possible for a new mutation to become fixed (reach a frequency of 100%) in a population even if it confers no evolutionary advantage.

true

Jawless fishes are agnathans (or cyclostomes)

true

Mesoderm fills the space between ectoderm and endoderm

true

Nematodes have a tough collagen cuticle that covers body

true

Organisms with hard body parts are more likely to be preserved than are those composed soft tissues.

true

Photosynthetic excavates engulfed a green alga in secondary endosymbiosis

true

Scyphozoans have dominant medusa

true

Seedless vascular plants have flagellated sperm that swims to egg and have a dominant sporophyte

true

Some protists are more closely related to animals than they are to other protists.

true

yeasts are unicellular fungi

true

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between organisms having

true tissue or no tissues

Which of these are amniotes?amphibians fishes lungfish turtles

turtles

The biological species concepts defines a species as a group of individuals that can breed to create viable, fertile offspring. In which of the following cases can be it most readily applied to, to determine if two groups of organisms should be considered different species?

two groups of salmon that spawn in the same river in British Columbia

Among protostomes, which morphological trait has shown the most variation?

type of body cavity (coelom vs. pseudocoelom vs. no coelom)

intracellular digestion

type of digestion in which food is digested inside specialized cells that pass nutrients to other cells by diffusion

Which of the following is NOT true of mycorrhizal fungi?

typically, plants without mycorrhizal fungi grow larger than those with fungi

Where is most of a mushroom fungus located?

underground

Humans are in the Eukaryotic supergroup called:

unikonta

Which of the following supergroups contains humans?

unikonta

A movement corridor

unites otherwise isolated patches of quality habitat.

Lamarack's theory

use and disuse - parts of the body that are used become larger and stronger, those that are not used deteriorateinheritance of acquired characteristics - traits during lifetime are passed to offspring (not true)

Plants had to overcome many challenges in order to colonize land. Which of the following is NOT one of those challenges?

using carbon dioxide for photosynthesis

xylem

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

tetrapods

vertebrate animals having four feet, legs or leglike appendages

Amphibians

vertebrates that live in water and on land, smooth skin covers body, lay eggs, cold blooded

Gnathostomes

vertebrates with jaws

Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic feature of the Chordata?

vertebre

Which factor heavily limits primary production in terrestrial habitats but not in aquatic ones?

water

In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner?

water and mineral

All echinoderms have?

water vascular system

fungal spores are dispersed by

water, air, animals

Plants have many adaptations which allows for life on land. Which of the following is one such trait

waxy cuticle

In individual insects of some species, whole chromosomes that carry larval genes are eliminated from the genomes of somatic cells at the time of metamorphosis. A consequence of this occurrence is that

we could not clone a larva from the somatic cells of such an adult insect

Of the following, which ecosystem types are the ones that have been impacted by humans the most?

wetland and riparian

amoebocyte,

within the body wall of a sponge, a specialized cell that crawls about and delivers nutrients from the choanocytes to the rest of the body cells

Which of the following organisms is likely to be able to move around the fastest?

worm because its symmetry allows for the concentration of sense organs in the anterior end

The life cycle shown below is a Haploid multicelular organism- Gametes - mitosis- fertilization- 2n zygote - meiosis- mitosis

zygotic life cycle

Phylum Platyhelminthes: flatworms

· Distinct organ systems · Bilateral Symmetry · Acoelomate · Three tissue levels · Cephalization · Gastrovascular cavity—only one opening-acts as the mouth and the anus · Tubular mouth (pharynx) at mid-body · Primitive nerve cords · Protonephridia work similar to kidneys · Sexual (some are hermaphroditic) and some Asexual Reproduction (body split) · Most members are parasitic (tapeworms, liver flukes) · Some are free living (Planaria) · Protostomes

Gastropods includes snails and slugs; glide on foot

¾ of all living species of molluscs. Radula: scrape algae or bore holes in prey

Describe how the earth's environment has changed over its history, and how major environmental changes have affected living organisms

-anaerobic prokaryotes originated, flourished, and declined as the oxygen content of the atmosphere rose -continental drift (plate tectonics) alters the habitats where organisms live, the physical environment, and climate change -continental drift promotes allopatric speciation -mass extinctions can reduce a thriving and complex ecological community to a pale shadow of its former self-adaptive radiations; -groups of organisms increased in diversity as they came to play new ecological roles in their communities

State the age of the earth, and within order of magnitude, approximate time of appearance of:prokaryotes, eukaryotes, multicellular eukaryotes, animals, land plants, humans

-earth is 4.6 billion years old -stromalites and other early prokaryotes are 3.5 billion years old (were the only inhabitants of earth for over 1.5 billion years) -eukaryotes are 1.8 billion years old -oldest known fossils of multicellular eukaryotes can be resolved taxonomically (relatively small red algae) lived 1.2 billion years ago -other small multicellular eukaryotes are 1.8 billion years old -larger and more diverse eukaryotes are 600 million years old -first animal phyla (sponges) are 700 million years old -present day animal phyla 535-525 million years old (cambrian explosion) -plants colonized land 500 million years ago -human lineage diverged from other primates 6-7 million years ago

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.3. What is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous for this allele?

0.09

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.2. What is the frequency of individuals that are heterozygous for this allele?

0.32

In a population of flowering plants that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, there are 2 possibles alleles for color R and W. Flowers that are red have a genotype of RR, while white flowers have a genotype of WW, and pink flowers have a RW genotype. In a population of 100 of this plant species 35 are red, 20 are white, and 45 are pink. What is the allele frequency of the W allele?

0.42

A population has 2 alleles, A and a, and is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The frequency of allele a is 0.3. What is the frequency of individuals with AA genotype?

0.49

A population has two alleles, A and a, and is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium . The frequency of allele a is 0.3. What is the frequency of individuals with AA genotype ?

0.49

A population has two alleles, A and a, and is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The frequency of allele a is 0.2. What is the frequency of individuals with AA genotype?

0.64

A population of bacteria whose size remains the same at 100,000 cells through several generations would have a net reproductive rate Ro of.

1

Which of these conditions are always true of populations evolving due to natural selection?Condition 1: The population must vary in traits that are heritableCondition 2: Some heritable traits must increase reproductive success

1 and 2

Using similarities in embryonic development, body symmetry, and other anatomical features to assign an organism to a clade involves _____. 1. cladistics based on body plan 2. molecular-based phylogeny 3. morphology-based phylogeny

1 and 3

Based on the most recent phylogenetic tree of animals, rank the following groups from most inclusive (largest number of species) to least inclusive. 1. Eumetazoa 2. Lophotrochozoa 3. Protostomes 4. Bilateria

1,4,3,2

eight mechanisms of reproductive isolation

1. habitat isolation 2.temporal isolation 3. behavioral isolation 4. mechanical isolation 5. gametic isolation 6. hybrid inviability 7. hybrid sterility 8. hybrid breakdown

You compare homologous nucleotide sequences between several pairs of species with known divergence. A pair of species that diverged 1 million years ago has two nucleotide differences, a pair that diverged 2 million years ago has four nucleotide differences, and a pair that diverged 3 millions years ago has six nucleotide differences. You have DNA sequence data for the same homologous gene in another pair of species where the divergence time is unknown. There are three nucleotide differences between them. Based on your clock, when would estimate their line of ancestry?

1.5 million

In the accompanying figure, which number represents secondary production? (squirrel)

1.60%

A population of E. coli within a person's gut with a population size of two million and a net reproductive rate (R0) of 0.9 would be expected to have how many individuals in the next generation?

1.8 million

Life originated in 4 overlapping stages

1.Nucleotides and amino acids produced prior to the existence of cells 2.Polymerization into larger molecules 3.Polymers became enclosed in membranes, forming protocells 4.Origin of self-replicating molecules

Which of the following is true about hot spots ?

1/3 of all species on Earth occupy less that 1.5% of the earth s land area.

The half-life of Carbon-14 is about 5700 years. You have found a fossil that you believe to be about 28,500 years old because it has _____ the normal (modern) expected ratio of Carbon-14

1/34

The half-life of Carbon-14 is about 5700 years. You have found a fossil that you believe to about 17,100 years old because it has ___ the normal (modern) expected ratio of Carbon-14

1/8

A porcupine eats 3,000 J of plant material. Of this, 2,100 J is indigestible and is eliminated as feces, 8000 J are used in cellular respiration, and 100 J are used for growth and reproduction. What is the approximate production efficiency of this animal?

11%

You find a fossilized fish in sedimentary rock. Volcanic rock found in very close proximity to the fossil has 1/4 of the 14C found in modern material. Since you know that the half life of 14C is 5700 years, you conclude that the fossil is around

11,400

In a population of mice that starts at 100, every year 50 mice pups are born. Additionally each year, 10 mice will be emigrate out of the population and 20 will die. After 2 years, how many mice will be present in the population?

140

In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in a megasporangium nucleus?

16

In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in an embryo nucleus?

16

A single gene with two alleles determines whether a beetle has spots. Homozygous dominant beetles possess three spots, heterozygous beetles posses one spot, and homozygous recessive beetles do not posses any spots. 36% of the beetles are found to have three spots. Finding what percent of beetles with no spots would suggest that this population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

16 percent

Fungi Kingdom: Zygotic Life Cycle In the zygotic life cycle, the zygote is the only diploid cell produced.

1n multicelled, mitosis, 1n gamete, fertilization, 2n zygote, meiosis, 1n spore, mitosis, 1nmulticelled

There are five species of snakes (1-5), which belong to a family of snakes are that known for very toxic venom. In this particular genus, only species 1 and 5 are venomous (shown below with an asterisk). If you have no other information about these snake species, which of the following trees would you select as the most likely to reflect accurate evolutionary relationships between them?

2

The feeding stage of cycliophorans _____. 1. is autotrophic 2. is sessile 3. captures food in a manner similar to that of animals with lophophores 4. shows radial symmetry

2 and 3

Which of the following traits are present in both archaeans and bacteria? 1. Ester linkages in cell membranes 2. Presence of cell wall 3. Presence of mitochondria 4. Presence of DNA

2 and 4

Which of the following traits are present in both archaeans and bacteria? 1. ester linkages in cell membranes 2. presence of chromosomes 3. presence of mitochondria 4. presence of histones

2 only

Convergent evolution

2 species from different lineages show similar characteristics because they occupy similar environments

Chelicerates: Spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites

2 tagmata- cephalothorax and abdomen 4 pairs of walking legs, pedipalps, chelicerae

During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earlist to most recent) in which the following structures arose? 1. amniotic egg 2. endoskeleton 3. jaws 4. lungs or lung derivatives 5. limbs with digits

2, 3, 4, 5, 1

Imagine five forest communities, each with one hundred individuals distributed among four different tree species (W,X,Y,Z) which forest community would be most diverse

25W 25X, 25Y, 25Z

Imagine five forest communities, each with one hundred individuals distributed among four different tree species (W,X,Y,Z). Which forest community would be most diverse?

25W, 25X, 25Y, 25Z

Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events under the influence of natural selection? 1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals; 2. A change occurs in the environment; 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change; 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship.

2>4>1>3

Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true? 1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi. 2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect. 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 4. Animals only reproduce sexually. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.

3 and 5

Animal classification is largely based on body plans

3 main morphological and developmental features used: 1.Presence or absence of different tissue types 2.Type of body symmetry 3.Patterns of embryonic development (presence or absence of a true body cavity, segmentation)

The Hox genes came to regulate each of the following. From earliest to most recent, in what sequence did these events evolve? 1. identity and position of paired appendages in protostome embryos 2. anterior-posterior orientation of segments in protostome embryos 3. positioning of tentacles in cnidarians 4. anterior-posterior orientation in vertebrate embryos

3, 2, 1, 4

In July 2008, the United States had a population of approximately 302,000,000 people. How many Americans were there in July 2009, if the estimated 2008 growth rate was 0.88% (per capita growth rate (r) of 0.0088)?

304,657,600

The following question refers to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization.

4

Amniotic Egg

4 extraembryonic membranes: Amnion - protects embryo in amniotic cavity Yolk sac - food Allantois - disposal of wastes Chorion - with allantois for gas exchange

What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest evolution of life on Earth ? 1. origin of mitochondria 2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes 3. origin of flowering plants 4. origin of cyanobacteria

4, 1, 2, 3

What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth? 1. origin of mitochondria 2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes 3. origin of flowering plants 4. origin of cyanobacteria

4, 1, 2, 3

Crocodilians: Crocodiles and alligators

4-chambered heart like birds and mammals Upturned nostrils helps breathe air while in shallow water

A population of ground squirrels has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.06 and an annual per capital death rate of 0.02. using these birth and dead calculate an estimate of the total number of individuals added to population of 1000 individuals in one year.

40 individuals

A population of ground squirrels has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.06 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Using these birth and death rates, calculate an estimate of the total number of individual s added to (or lost from) a population of 1,000 individuals in one year.

40 individuals added

Suppose 51% of a remote mountain village can taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and must, therefore, have at least one copy of the dominant PTC taster allele. If this population conforms to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this gene, what percentage of the population must be heterozygous for this trait?

42 percent

According to the theoretical tenets of reserve design, which of these is the best reserve?

4: four dots connected together to form a square

Fungal ecology: pathogens

5000 species cause serious crop diseases. spores can be spread on the wind or by other means. Several human diseases, Dermatophytes - athlete's foot, ringworm

You buy an island and stock it with 1000 rabbits. There is no emigration or immigration to the island and the rabbits die at a rate of 120 per year. What is the maximum number of new daughters that can be born each year on average and still have the population shrink?

59

Human evolution

6 mya, hominins split from other primates Evolution not a neat progression; 1 or 2 species coexisting at the same time Key characteristic was bipedalism

Review the formula for effective population size. Imagine a population of 1,000 small rodents. Of these, 300 are breeding females, 300 are breeding males, and 400 are nonbreeding juveniles. What is the effective population size?

600

Galápagos flightless cormorants diverged from their flying relatives, double-breasted cormorants, around 2 million years ago. By contrast, penguins diverged from the lineage of albatrosses and petrels (their closest relatives) around 50 million years ago. A team of molecular biologists recently found that there are 3 nucleotide differences in a non-coding region of DNA between flightlesss cormorants and double-crested cormorants. Based on this information, how many nucleotide differences do you expect in that same region of DNA, between emperor penguins and wandering albatrosses?

75

In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in a tube cell nucleus?

8

In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in an embryo sac nucleus?

8

In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in the nucleus of an egg within the embryo sac prior to fertilization?

8

In onions, calles of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. How many chromosomes should be in the nucleus of an egg within the embryo sac prior to fertilization?

8 chromosomes.

A paleontologist works at two different sites. At his inland site, he finds fossils of a type of unicellular algae at a density about 3 individuals/m2, within sedimentary rock with some igneous rock that he dates to about 800,000 years old. At the coastal site, in rocks of about the same age, he finds fossils of large predatory snails, also at an average density of 3 individuals/m2. What is the most likely conclusion the can be drawn from this?

800,000 years ago, the algae in the inland environment were likely more abundant than the snails were in the coastal environment

In onion (Allium), cells of the sporophytes have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. How many chromosomes should be in the nucleus of an egg within the embryo sac prior to fertilization? a.) 8 b.) 16 c.) 24 d.) 32

A

Movement of minerals (nutrients) in a plant should be the slowest in: a.) Bryophytes b.) angiosperm c.) lycophytes d.) gymnosperms

A

Which of the following cellular structures is characteristic of excavates? a.) feeding grooves b.) microvilli c.) cell wall d.) pseudopodia

A

Which of the following is not an example of an organism that would most likely be a species or protist? a.) a microscopic, single-celled organism that does not have a nucleus and lives in the ocean b.) a single-celled organism with a nucleus that is 5 micrometers long and lives in a pond c.) a photosynthetic, multi-celled aquatic organism d.) a heterotrophic eukaryote that lives in a wet, muddy environment

A

Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact?

A behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism

Phylogenetic tree

A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.

eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

bottleneck effect

A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population and then rebuilds

shared ancestral character

A character, shared by members of a particular clade, that originated in an ancestor that is not a member of that clade.

A prokaryote uses organic molecules as a source of carbon and a source of energy is...

A chemoheterotroph

Which of the following groups of plants is most likely to undergo the process of coevolution with a pollinating animal?

A cherry tree

Sympatric speciation: polyploidy

A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. Gametes no longer compatible

Which of the following species is least likely to be found in the fossil record?

A ciliate (unicellular protist) with no cell wall that lived in a desert oasis for the few months that it existed.

open circulatory system

A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood

Which of the following is an example of primary succession?

A coral reef returns to a coastline after lava from a volcano completely buried the coastline in new volcanic rock

A tsunami wipes out the entire population of mice living on an island. This is an example of...

A density-independent effect

pharyngeal slits

A gill structure in the pharynx, found in chordate embryos and some adult chordates

heterokaryotic

A life stage of fungi in which cells have two separate haploid nuclei of different parental lineages that have not yet fused.

There are more species in tropical areas that in places more distant from the equator. This is probably a result of_______.

A longer time frame for evolution and speciation, compared to areas subject to glaciation events

A species of plant is threatened by a population of herbivorous grasshoppers. What adaptation would is most likely to be helpful in keeping the grasshoppers away?

A new secondary metabolite

A species of plant is threatened by a population of herbivorous moths. What adaptation would most likely be helpful in keeping the moths away?

A new secondary metabolite

A species of plant is threatened by a population of herbivorous moths. What adaption would be most likely to be helpful in keeping the moths away.

A new secondary metabolite.

Cladistics

A phylogenetic classification system that uses shared derived characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping taxa. study and classification of species based on evolutionary relationships

You are trying to determine the clade of an organism that you found near a river. It is green, six inches tall, grows faster in direct sunlight, and absorbs nutrients only from what appear to be roots. What is it?

A plant

Gymnosperms

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits, ginko, cycads, conifers, gnetophytes

A chemoheterotroph

A prokaryote that uses organic molecules as a source of carbon and a source of energy is...

Triploblastic animals that possess a false coelom are called pseudocoelomates.

A pseudocoelom forms between the mesoderm and endoderm layers; functions like a true coelom

The appearance of photosynthesis on Earth is hypothesized to have led to..

A rapid increase of oxygen, which allowed for aerobic respiration.

Protist and a multicellular alga

A seaweed is a...

Homology

A shared trait that has been inherited from a common ancestor

amniotic egg

A shelled, water-retaining egg that enables reptiles, birds, and egg-laying mammals to complete their life cycles on dry land

The ability to grow taller thereby increase spore dispersal

A small plant species lives on the edge of ponds and relies on diffusion to bring various molecules to different parts of its body. The evolution of vascular tissue in this plant would allow it to gain which of the following advantage?

cnidocyte

A specialized cell unique to the phylum Cnidaria; contains a capsule-like organelle housing a coiled thread that, when discharged, explodes outward and functions in prey capture or defense.

Which shift in biogeographic range is LEAST likely to be caused by global warming?

A species of European songbird shifts its range into Africa

A new secondary metabolite

A species of plant is threatened by a population of herbivorous moths. What adaptation is most likely to be helpful in keeping the moths away?

Binomial nomenclature

A system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name

radial cleavage

A type of embryonic development in deuterostomes in that the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are either parallel or perpendicular to the polar axis, thereby aligning tiers of cells one above the other.

spiral cleavage

A type of embryonic development in protostomes, in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells occur obliquely to the polar axis, resulting in cells of each tier sitting in the grooves between cells of adjacent tiers.

Why do seed plants have an advantage in colonizing very dry habitats? 1. Sperm reaches the egg without the need for water 2. Seed walls are tough and protect the developing embryo from dry conditions while providing food 3. Seed plants have low dispersal potential, which means the offspring remain the same kind of habitat that its parents lived in—therefore they thrived once they colonized dry habitats A. 1 & 2 B. 2 & 3 C. 1 & 3 D. 1, 2 & 3

A. 1 & 2

A particular flower has an especially long nectar (floral) tube. What kind of animal will most likely visit this flower? A. One with a long beak & tongue B. One with a wide, short beak C. All animals are equally likely to visit this flower

A. One with a long beak & tongue

In a conifer, which of the following is the largest structure? A. Ovulate cone B. Pollen cone C. Male gametophyte D. Megasporangium

A. Ovulate cone

An angiosperm has only one species of pollinator. Most individuals of this pollinator population have tongues that are so long that when they feed on the flower's nectar, their heads don't touch the pollen-producing anthers. Over many generations, what is likely to happen to the population of angiosperm? A. The average length of nectar tube in the population will increase B. The average length of nectar tube in the population will decrease C. The average length of nectar tube in the population will remain the same

A. The average length of nectar tube in the population will increase

Which of the following treatments would be most effective in destroying archaeal cells? A. Use a chemical that breaks down ether-bonded phospholipids B. Tie the cells to a rock and drop them to the bottom of the ocean C. Kill the cells by subjecting them to 100oC temperatures D. Put the cells in a hypotonic solution to cause lysis

A. Use a chemical that breaks down ether-bonded phospholipids

Vascularization allowed land plants to grow bigger

Access to sunlight, Dispersal advantage: more spores, released from higher

Researchers have been studying a small population of 40 gopher tortoises in an isolated area of South Florida--at the edge of the range for gopher tortoises. Eight gopher tortoises from a larger population in Central Florida were added to this isolated population. Besides having eight additional animals, what benefits are there to importing individuals?

Additional tortoises from another population will likely increase genetic diversity and reduce inbreeding in the receiving population.

Researchers have been studying a rare population of 87 voles in an isolated area. Ten voles from a larger population were added to this isolated population. Besides having ten additional animals, what benefots are there to importing individuals?

Additional voles from a distant population will likely increase genetic diversity and reduce inbreeding.

Which of the following statements about deuterosomes is false?

All deuterosomes exhibit radial symmetry in their bodies.

Cnidarians have gastrovascular cavity for extracellular digestion

Allows ingestion of larger food particles Advance over sponges' entirely intracellular digestion

What kind of life cycle is represented by the diagram below?

Alterations of Generations

land plants reproductive features

Alternation of generation with spores that resist desiccation, Embryos which depend on maternal tissue, Specialized structures to generate, protect, and disperse reproductive cells

What kind of life cycle is this and what structure is represented in "D"?

Alternation of generations, sporophyte

endotherm

An organism that is internally warmed by a heat-generating metabolic process

Because hardly any oxygen (O2) was in the early Earth's atmosphere, the earliest single-celled heterotrophic microorganisms probably used which of the following to produce energy to drive metabolic processes?

Anaerobic cellular respiration

Below is a phylogeny depicting the relationships of nine species of extant beetles, labeled 1-9. A 'P' above their number indicates that the species is poisonous, and an 'NP' indicates that the species is non-poisonous. Some of the ancestor species are also labeled, A-D. Which of the following statements is most likely accurate regarding this group of species?

Ancestor A is the most recent common ancestor between species 5 and species 6.

You find a single-celled organism that is heterotrophic, lives in saltwater, and reproduces asexually. Upon inspection you find that its cells contain histones but no nucleus. This organism most likely belongs to what group?

Archaea

Which of the following individuals considered species as being fixed and that they cont be positioned on a linear hierarchical ladder of increasing complexity known as the scala naturae?

Aristotle

Broccoli is one of many vegetables that can be found in a modern supermarket that came from wild mustard plants. The process that lead to the morphological changes from wild mustard to broccoli is...

Artificial selection and directional selection.

Many flower traits are specifically attractive to a certain type of pollinator. For example, the scent of rotting flesh is very attractive to certain flies, but is not attractive at all to most other pollinators. What adaptive purpose is served by this kind of "niche marketing" of flowers to specific pollinators?

Attracting specialized pollinators helps to increase the likelihood that pollen will be delivered to another flower of the same species. If more generalist pollinators were used, the odds would be greater that pollen will end up on the stigma of a different species.

Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents. The internal fertilization that occurs prior to shell deposition has what type of analog in angiosperms? A) endosperm proliferation B) growth of pollen tube and delivery of sperm nuclei C) fusion of carpels into a fruit D) seed coat hardening

B) growth of pollen tube and delivery of sperm nuclei

which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction? A) embryophytes are small plants in an early developmental stage B) male and female bryophytes each produce a type of gametangia C) eggs and sperm of most land plants swim toward one another D) bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction

B) male and female bryophytes each produce a type of gametangia

Compared to vascular plants, non-vascular plants have a relatively _____ sporophyte generation, which means that they tend to have completely comparatively ____ dispersal potential. a.) big...low b.) small... low c.) big...high d.) small... high

B.

Oaks produce high amounts of tannins, which play no role in growth, photosynthesis or reproduction. What do they likely do? A. Help increase scent in flowers B. Deter herbivores C. Regulate the production of pollen D. All of the above

B. Deter herbivores

Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle? A. Pollen grains contain female gametophytes. B. Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs. C. Seeds are produced in pollen cones D. A pollen tube slowly digests its way through the triploid endosperm. E. Pollen grains are diploid

B. Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.

What advantage does a flower provide for angiosperms? A. Greater sperm production B. More effective transfer of pollen C. Reduced rates of herbivory D. Greater survival through droughts

B. More effective transfer of pollen

Scientists agree that mitochondria were acquired through endosymbiosis before chloroplasts, as shown in the figure above. How do they know this?

Because all eukaryotes have mitochondria, but only plants and some algae have chloroplast

Which scenario exhibits high richness and low diversity?

Big Cypress preserve has dozens of species of bromeliads (plants) and orchids (plants) but the forest is dominated by Cypress tree

Which of the following statements comparing symmetry in sessile and swimming animals is most probable?

Bilaterally symmetric animals can be more streamlined for swimming than radially symmetric animals

Phylum Platyhelminthes:flatworms

Bilaterally symmetrical with a head Among first animals with active predatory lifestyle acoelomates- lack fluid-filled cavity blind gut- Digest food in gastrovascular cavity, then eject undigested material through mouth Eye spots, protonephridia, reproductive organs

Describe the binomial nomenclature system and the hierarchy of taxonomic grouping

Binomial nomenclature - Naming species specifically for a universal understanding using their genus and species name

Flight and endothermy require high metabolism

Birds have double circulation with 4-chambered heart

Because _______ are endotherms, ________

Birds........some are able to live in habitats that would be too cold for a crocodile

Bony fishes have 3 features that separates them from Chondrichthyes

Bony skeleton Operculum covers gills Respiration: fish swallow water and push it over their gills. Swim bladder for buoyancy

Fungi are closely related to animals

Both heterotrophic - can't produce their own food. Both use absorptive nutrition - secrete enzymes and absorb resulting small organic molecules. Both store surplus food as the carbohydrate glycogen

If you walk through an area with mosses and ferns, you are seeing...

Both sporophyte and gametophyte generations.

Artificial selection and directional selection

Broccoli is one of many vegetables that can be found in a modern supermarket that came from wild mustard plants. The process that led to the morphological changes from wild mustard to broccoli is

Green algae have primary plastids while brown algae have secondary plastids

Brown algae and green algae can both photosynthesize, yet they differ in that

In which group is the sporophyte generation smaller than and completely dependent upon the gametophyte generation?

Bryophytes

Amphibians have several strategies for gas exchange

Buccal pumping to force air into lungs Skin can absorb oxygen Some have gills throughout life

Stabilizing selection is best described by the following example :

Butterflies with wings that are between bright and dull are best at surviving to adulthood .

Bacteria can gain new genetic material in many ways. How many of the following pairs are correct? Binary fission - two bacteria fuse together, then come apart again. Transduction - a bacteriophage virus injects DNA through cell wall Transformation - a bacteria takes up free floating DNA from the environment Conjugation - a bacteria uses a pili or direct contact to transfer DNA to another cell a.) 1 correct b.) 4 are correct c.) 3 are correct d.) 2 are correct

C

Which graph shows how population growth rate changes as it reaches its carrying capacity?

C

Which letter represents an organism that could only be a primary consumer?

C

Which of the following graphs illustrates the growth curve of a small population of rodents as it grows from very small to a point where it reaches a static carrying capacity?

C

The fruit of the mistletoe, a parasitic angiosperm, is a one-seeded berry. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is viscous (sticky), which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces, such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the viscosity of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues? A) It should be drab in color. B) It should be colored so as to provide it with camouflage. C) It should be nutritious to the dispersing organism. D) It should secrete enzymes that can digest bark.

C) it should be nutritious to the dispersing organism

Adaptations that have contributed to the success of plants in terrestrial environments include seeds, vascular tissue, embryos, and flowers. There are other significant adaptations as well. Which of the following correctly lists the adaptations in the order in which they appeared? A. seeds, vascular tissue, flowers, embryos B. embryos, seeds, flowers, vascular tissue C. embryos, vascular tissue, seeds, flowers D. vascular tissue, embryos, seeds, flowers

C. embryos, vascular tissue, seeds, flowers

Arthropods have an exoskeleton made of chitin

Can be extremely tough or soft and flexible Relatively impermeable to water

Evolution...

Can happen whenever any of the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg are NOT met.

Lycophyte and Monilophyte life cycle

Can produce many more spores due to their larger sporophyte generation, Sporophytes are dependent on maternal gametophytes only for short time

Speciation requires interruption of gene flow between populations

Can take place with or without geographic separation

Which statement id the best explanation for the high degree of sequence homology found between the DNA of cats and panthers

Cats and panthers have a recent common ancestor

The appearance of bryophytes and eventually large forests of lycophytes in the Paleozoic era (from around 500 million years ago to 250 million years ago)...

Changed the environment in a way that favored seed plants from that point forward.

You find something green growing in water. Like a good biologist, you collect the green thing and subject it to a battery of scientific tests. You figure out that the female gametophyte retains the embryo within its tissues. Armed with this fact, you can confidently rule out the possibility of this green thing being a...

Chlorophyte

Cyclostomes

Clade of living jawless vertebrates that consists of the hagfishes and lampreys

Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics. As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates, birds follow and pick off any insects and small vertebrates that fly or jump in the way of the ants. This situation is an example of what kind of species interaction between the birds and the ants?

Commensalism

Evolutionary developmental biology

Compares the development of different organisms to understand: ancestral relationships and developmental mechanisms that bring about evolutionary change

flowers

Complex reproductive structures, Specialized for efficient production of pollen and seeds, 4 types of organs 1.Sepals 2.Petals 3.Stamens - produce pollen 4.Carpels - produce ovules

Cycadophyta (Cycads)

Compound leaves; swimming sperm; seeds on modified leaves

Dikaryotic mycelia are functionally "diploid"

Contain nuclei from both mating partners = heterokaryotic. Eventually, dikaryotic mycelia produce fruiting bodies

Discuss how convergent evolution can complicate the drawing of phylogenetic trees

Convergent evolution can confuse scientists because of similar looking morphological traits

During the alternation of generations (AOG) (sporic) life cycle that is observed in plants, haploid gametes are formed from: a.) The diploid gametophyte b.) The diploid sporophyte c.) The haploid sporophyte d.) The haploid gametophyte

D

This single-celled organism consumes prey via phagocytosis and has highly modified mitochondria. based on this information, it should be classified in this eukaryotic group: (REFER TO 46) a.) Rhizaria b.) Alveolata c.) Opisthonkonta d.) Excavata

D

which of the following is not functionally important in cells of the gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms? A) haploid nuclei B) mitochondria C) cell walls D) chloroplasts

D) chloroplasts

which of the following features of how seedless land plants get sperm to egg are the same as for some of their algal ancestors? A) conjugation tubes are formed between sperm and egg cells B) packets of sperm are delivered by wind to the eggs C) aquatic invertebrates carry sperm to eggs D) flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop

D) flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop

You are not feeling well and go to the doctor. You tell your doctor that you have a sore throat for the lab to test? She tells you that they will be performing a gram stain. Why would a gram stain be necessary? a.) The gram stain will determine the specific species of bacteria that is causing the infection. b.) The gram stain will determine if the infection is due to bacteria or virus c.) The gram stain will determine how the bacteria will respond to certain antibiotics based on the shape of the bacteria d.) The gram stain will determine how the bacteria will respond to certain antibiotics based on the composition of the cell wall.

D.

Seagrasses are aquatic, have roots and leaves, and reduced flowers with hydrophilous pollination. What are they? A. Chlorophytes B. Charophytes C. Lycophytes D. Angiosperms E. Gymnosperms

D. Angiosperms

Which of the following about seed plants is true? A. Gymnosperms have become the dominant land plants recently, in the Cenozoic period B. Gymnosperms produce flowers C. Angiosperms have "naked seeds" D. Angiosperms have endosperm

D. Angiosperms have endosperm

Which of the following is NOT a fruit in the botanical sense? A. Cucumber B. Bell pepper C. Pumpkin D. Carrot

D. Carrot

Tannins in oaks are detrimental to insect herbivores. Over many generations, you might expect... A. herbivorous caterpillars to hatch at a time where oak leaves have lower tannin concentration B. some herbivorous insects to develop physiological resistance to tannins C. no change in the average traits of the herbivores, but a large increase in their population size D. two of the above

D. two of the above; A & B are both correct.

Which of these is NOT a likely reason for the increase in animal diversity in the Cambrian?

Decrease in oxygen levels permitted larger bodied animals to thrive

Spruces and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of...

Decreased surface area, reducing water loss.

A disease that severely reduces a population of urchins is an example of a...

Density-dependent process: mortality rates are higher at higher population densities

The water vascular system is a unique feature of echinoderms

Derived from the coelom Extends into tube feet Functions in movement, gas exchange and feeding

How are microevolution and macroevolution related?

Despite their differences, evolution at both of these levels relies on the same, established mechanisms of evolutionary change: mutation.

Which of the following groups includes unicellular primary producers with a silica frustule that dominate the phytoplankton in temperate and polar marine waters?

Diatoms

We find many adaptations among animals that increase the amount of surface area of a whole or part of the body in relation to the animal's total volume. Such adaptations include a platyhelminthes flat body plan, the gills of a crustacean, and the tracheae tubes of an insect. These are adaptations for which of the following biological needs?

Diffusion of oxygen into the body

gastrovascular cavity

Digestive chamber with a single opening, in which cnidarians, flatworms, and echinoderms digest food

Annelids have a complete digestive tract

Digestive tract is unsegmented

You are hanging out at Clearwater Beach when a bunch of dead fish come floating by. Over the next few hours hundreds more fish wash up on the beach. Later, you see on the news that the Clearwater Marine Aquarium responded to several calls about marine mammals in distress in the area. Based on this information, you would conclude that the organism causing these events is a:

Dinoflagellate

difference between diploblastic and triploblastic animals and the fate of each embryonic tissue layer

Diploblastic (radial animals) means the animals have two embryonic layers: - endoderm: internal organs - ectoderm: outer covering and nervous system Triploblastic (bilateral animals) means the animals have three embryonic layers: - endoderm: internal organs - mesoderm: body cavity and muscles - ectoderm: outer covering and nervous system

Cnidaria: radial symmetry and diploblastic

Diploblastic: only 2 embryonic germ layers Ectoderm and endoderm Mesoglea connects layers

Land plants have a sporic life cycle (alternation of generations)

Diploid, spore-producing sporophyte generation. Haploid, gamete-producing gametophyte generation

Cladistics compare homologous traits which exist in two or more states

Discriminates among possible phylogenetic trees by considering the various possible pathways of evolutionary changes and then choosing the tree that requires the least complex explanation

Two populations of douglas fir are found on two nearby mountains. Conditions on one mountain are quite dry, while the other mountain sees a lot of rainfall. Both species of fir trees release their pollen in the spring, and pollen grains disperse on average about twice the distance between the mountains. Based on this information, you expect that.

Divergence between these populations is unlikely because there is significant gene flow between populations.

The protostome developmental sequence arose just once in evolutionary history, resulting in two main subgroups-Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. What does this finding suggest?

Division of these two groups occurred after the protostome developmental sequence appeared

no gene flow

Due to global warming, a river has dried up, allowing two different rabbit populations to mate with one another, whereas they were isolated before.

Cnidarians can function without dedicated respiratory and circulatory systems because?

Due to their size and a low level of activity, cells can be supplied with enough oxygen via diffusion across their external surface and the lining of their gastrovascular cavity

n the figure below, wildlife reserve spaces are represented by gray areas as viewed from above. Which reserve design should be considered the "best" in terms of theoretical potential to hold the most biodiversity?

E

Which of these is NOT a seed dispersal agent for gymnosperms and angiosperms? A. Animals, as undigested seeds are released in their feces after they eat them B. Wind C. Water D. Animals, as seeds get stuck on their fur E. All of these can help disperse seeds

E. All of these can help disperse seeds

In taxonomy

Each group at any level is called a taxon

Phylum Echinodermata: Spiny skin

Echinoderms have modified radial symmetry, 5 parts Evolved from an ancestral bilateral symmetry, Larvae are bilateral

Which of the following levels of ecological organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive?

Ecosystem, community, population, individual

tissue organization

Ectoderm: outer covering and (in some) CNS Endoderm: lining of digestive tract, liver, lungs Mesoderm: muscles and most organs besides digestive tract

Radiolarians

Elongated, threadlike pseudopodia that can capture prey are generally characteristic of

Seed plants have multiple innovations that have made them very successful on land. Of these innovations, which would allow for wide dispersal of genetic material?

Embryo enclosed in a hard seed

Why is energy lost when herbivores eat primary producers?

Energy is lost because most of the total energy consumed is used for cellular respiration rather than growth and reproduction

Based on the most recent phylogenetic tree of animals, rank the following groups from most inclusive (largest number of species) to least inclusive.

Eumetazoa Bilateria Protostomes Lophotrochozoa

Darwin's Original Idea

Evolution had to be depicted as a branching tree. Species had tobe treated as populations of varying individuals, with no fixedlimit on the range of possible variation.

The existence of the phenomenon of exaptation is most closely associated with which of the following observations that natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms?

Evolution is limited by historical constraints.

When lichens grow on bare rock, they may eventually accumulate enough organic material around them to supply the foothold for later rooted vegetation. These early pioneering lichens can be said to do what to the later arrivals?

Facilitate

Directional selection is likely going to cause an increase in the concentration of flavonoids in leaves

Faial and Flores are two islands in the Azores that have similar size, topography and environments. Azorean blueberry is common on both islands. On Faial, multiple herbivorous insects regularly consume Azorean blueberry leaves but there are very few herbivorous on the island of Flores. In 2010, a biologist collected Azorean leaves from each island and found that those in Faial have a high concentration of flavonoids, which disrupts endocrine activity in insects. Azorean blueberry leaves in Flores had variable, but overall low concentrations of flavonoids. If a large storm blows many insect herbivores to the island of Flores and they establish healthy populations, what do you expect will happen to the Azorean blueberries of Flores?

Plants are more closely related to the chlorophyte rather than charophyte taxa of green algae.

False

The vast majority or prokaryotes are non pathogenic.

False

Cambrian period

Favorable environmental conditions, e.g. increased O2 and O3. Evolution of Hox gene complex, Unique to animals, Regulate development of body form, allowed for new morphologies Evolutionary "arms race" between predator and prey

Supergroup Excavata

Feeding groove and unique cytoskeleton, modified mitochondria and unique flagella

Which of the following would be expected to REDUCE the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

Fertilizing the ocean to help produce mass quantities of ocean algae.

Lobe-finned fishes: Coelocanths and lungfishes

Fins supported by extension of skeleton Gave rise to tetrapods

Ray-finned fish

Fins supported by thin, bony, flexible rays Includes all bony fish except coelocanths and lungfishes high diversity

Tetrapods have adaptations for locomotion in terrestrial environment

Four limbs with digits Neck and shoulders

Which of the following is true about the current research about forest fragmentation?

Fragmented forests support a lesser biodiversity because the forested-adapted species leave, and only the edge and open-field species can occupy fragmented forests.

mushroom top

Fruiting bodies are the visible reproductive structures, the top above ground, the cap

Why are mycorrhizal fungi superior to plants at acquiring mineral nutrition from the soil?

Fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules.

lichens

Fungus provides habitat, water, and nutrients to the photobiont. Traps water and nutrients for the algae. The photobiont supplies fixed organic carbon and sugars to the fungus. The photobionts reside in a layer below the surface and nested in special fungal hyphae. Each photobiont is entwined by hyphae. These special hyphae (haustoria) penetrate the photobionts cell wall and extract sugars

karyogamy

Fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus. Occurs in many fungi, and in animals and plants during fertilization of gametes

Use the following info to answer the question. Which of the following trees, if any, depicts the same relationship among species as shown above?

GFED CBA

in fungi

Gametes are produced in hyphae, and join to form dikaryotic mycelium

A new species is discovered. This species has a life cycle where the gametes are the only haploid cell produced. What type of life cycle is this?

Gametic

Nearly all animals reproduce sexually

Gametic life cycle: the diploid stage dominates the life cycle.

Which of the following statement about seed plant life cycle is true?

Gametophytes are highly reduced in size

Which of the following conditions is the most likely indicator of a population in an extinction vortex?

Genetic measurements indicate a continuing loss of genetic variation.

Which of the following statements is always true?

Genetic variation must be present before natural selection can act on a population.

What is the relationship between genetic variation in populations and natural selection?

Genetic variation must exist in populations before natural selection can occur

Binomial nomenclature: genus and species

Genus name always capitalized, Species epithet never capitalized, Both names either italicized (or underlined)

Speciation is most commonly caused by what process?

Geographic Isolation

Sympatric speciation: adaptation to local environment

Geographical area may have variation so that some members of a population can diverge and occupy different local environments

The Great Oxygen Event

Geological evidence shows O2 levels in oceans rose around 2 Gyr. Resulted in the formation of an ozone layer and encouraged evolution

sister taxa

Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each other's closest relatives.

From the perspective of a biologist, the best system of taxonomy ________________.

Groups organisms according to their evolutionary relatedness.

Which of the following is a distinctive feature shared by all land plants?

Growth from apical meristems

Why do moderate levels of disturbance tend to result in an increase in community diversity?

Habitats are opened up for less competitive species

You discover an ancient cave system that has been sheltered from climatic forces for hundreds of thousands of years. How high do you expect species richness to be inside the cave, compared to other cave systems that are similar in every respect except that they have been exposed to climatic disturbances?

High, because it has been undistrubed for a long period of time.

Which of the following are TRUE about the greenhouse effect?

High-energy solar radiation enters the atmosphere and Some of the energy is reflected, and some is absorbed by the Earth's surface.

Modern evidence suggests that Homo sapiens mated with members of this other species of hominid, which is shorter than Homo sapiens, has a larger brain, and originated in Europe?

Homo neanderthalensis

Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, which develop from similar embryonic tissues. These structural similarities are an example of...

Homology

By facilitating dispersal of seeds

How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?

Phylum Cnidaria is divided into four major clades

Hydrozoan Scyphozoans (jellyfish) Cubozoans Anthozoans (coral, sea anemone)

You notice some fungus growing on your bread. Long, thin structures seem to be spreading across the loaf. What are these structures likely to be?

Hyphae

prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

forams

An aquatic protist that secretes a hardened shell containing calcium carbonate and extends pseudopodia through pores in the shell. calcareous test

cyanobacteria

photosynthetic bacteria, The only prokaryotes that generate oxygen as a product of photosynthesis. gave rise to plastids of eukaryotic algae and plants

Red algae have red photosynthetic pigment

phycoerithrin, red algae Lack flagella and most are multicellular marine macroalgae

Which species in this Antarctic food chain likely contains the highest amount of biomass?Phytoplankton -> Krill -> Baleen whales

phytoplankton

Which of the following organisms in correctly paired with its trophic level?

phytoplankton-primary producer

jaws first occurred ins which extant group of fishes

placoderms

at which stage of a basidiomycete's life cycle would reproduction be halted if an enzyme that prevented the fusion of hyphae was introduced?

plasmogamy

The typical order of events/stages in the sexual part of fungal life cycles is:

plasmogamy - heterokaryon -karyogamy - meiosis - spore production

Angiosperms have endosperm

true

Polymorphism

two or more variations of a trait within a population or species

Which of the following clades of animals are amniotes? 1. crocodilians 2. amphibians 3. birds 4. primates

1,3,4

why a body cavity?

1. Fluids may be used for hydrostatic skeleton 2. Fluids cushion organs 3.Allows internal organs to move and grow independently of body surface

Eukaryotic cells..

1.5 billions years ago

We expect that a human population should be roughly stable in size when the total fertility rate (number of children per woman) is around _______, and the net reproductive rate (R0) is around ______.

2, 1

Subphylum Cephalochordata: Lancelets

26 species, all marine filter feeders Gas exchange across body surface Usually sessile but can leave burrow and swim

triploblastic

3 germ layers

A population of strictly monogamous swans consists of 40 males and 10 females. What is the effective population size (Ne) for this population?

32

How old is the earth?

4.6 billion years old

The first plants colonized land

500 million years ago

Imagine a population of 1,000 small rodents. Of these, 300 are breeding females, 300 are breeding males, and 400 are nonbreeding juveniles. What is the effective population size?

600

Approximately what percent of the world s land area has been established as reserves to protect biodiversity?

7 percent

In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in a generative cell nucleus?

8

closed circulatory system

A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels

Which shift in biogeographic range is LEAST likely to be caused by global warming?

A species of European songbird shifts its range into Africa.

water vascular system

A system of fluid-filled tubes in an echinoderm's body.

determinate cleavage

A type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early.

Apical Meristem ______. a.) occur in both roots and shoots of plants b.) occur only in shoots of plants c.) allow plants to move from one place to another d.) occur only in roots of plants

A.) "growing tip"

Because hardly any oxygen was in the early Earth's atmosphere, the earliest single-celled heterotrophic microorganisms probably used which of the following to produce energy to drive metabolic processes?

Anaerobic cellular respiration

Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae...

Are unicellular.

the fungal group in which spores (usually eight of them) are held in a sac

Ascomycete

What is contained in pollen? A. Female gametophyte and its gametes B. Male gametophyte and its gametes C. Sperm only D. Egg only

B. Male gametophyte and its gametes

Kelp is a plant A. Yes B. No

B. No. Kelp is a protist in the supergroup Stramenopila

Which species in this Antarctic food chain likely contains the LOWEST number of individuals

Baleen whales (top)

Selective breeding/artificial selection

Breeders choose parents, over time can lead to large changes in morphology. Made possible by genetic variation

How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?

By facilitating dispersal of seeds

porifera

Choanocyte collar is the filtering structure

Which of the following structures is important in locomotion for Amoebozoans? A. cell wall B. microvilli C. flagella D. pseudopodia E. cilia

D. pseudopodia

Deserts typically occur in a band around 30 degrees north and south latitude because...

Descending air masses tend to be dry.

Other key innovations of amniotes

Desiccation-resistant skin Thoracic breathing - negative pressure sucks air in Water-conserving kidneys - concentrate waste prior to elimination Internal fertilization: allows for egg shell or retention of embryo inside female reproductive tract

HGT: Conjugation

Direct cell-to-cell transfer of DNA

Which of the following organisms is considered to be most closely related to fungi?

Elephant

True or False?Exponential growth can be sustained for long while in any population

False, it cannot be sustained

fitness

Fitness of phenotype depends on how common it is; rare phenotypes have higher fitness

Lophotrochozoa: 3 main phyla

Flatworms Molluscs Annelids

Opisthokinta

Fungi, Animalia and closely related protists

Amphibians have a 3-chambered heart

Higher pressure to tissues than single circulation Mixing of blood in single ventricle

What characteristic of animals allows for diversity in the body shape and size that is found in the Kingdom Animalia?

Hox genes

Sedentaria have small setae or none and are more sedentary

Includes earth worms, tube worms, and leeches

Ascomycota

Includes the main cooking yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Important in production of bread, wine, beer, etc.

The greatest cause of the warming climate is:

Increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to burning of fossil fuels

Natural selection is based on all of the following EXCEPT

Individuals adapt to their environments during their lives and, thereby, evolve

You have found a new prokaryote. What line of evidence would support your hypothesis that the organism is an archaen?

It lacks peptidoglycan and a nucleus.

How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate lineages?

It made additional food sources available

You find a new species of worm and want to classify it. Which of the following lines of evidence would allow you to classify the worm as a nematode and not an annelid?

It sheds its external skeleton to grow.

Multicellular

Made up of more than one cell.

Hydrozoans alternates between polyp and medusa

Medusas typically small

Osteichthyans

Member of a vertebrate clade with jaws and mostly bony skeletons.

Choanoflagellates

Named for single posterior flagellum on swimming cells. Distinctive collar surrounding flagella

H-W equation predicts that allele and genotype frequencies will stay the same if

No new mutations occur, No natural selection occurs, No survival or reproductive advantage, Population is large enough that alleles frequencies do not change due to chance, No migration between populations, Random mating

Which of the following is NOT strong evidence that two species are closely related?

Observing both species using strong claws to dig into the sediment

Allopatric speciation

Occurs when some members of a species become geographically separated

How do the oceans contribute to maintaining a climate that is habitable for humans?

Oceans absorb large quantities of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Kelp, a multicellular photosynthetic seaweed that is anchored to the seafloor by rootlike structures and can grow to heights of 60 m, is a kind of

Stramenopile

Ophiuroidea, Asteroidea and Echinoidea all share the following trait:

The blastopore becomes the anus.

Which of the following is true concerning flowering plants?

The flower includes sporophyte tissue.

Dinoflagellates

The group of protists below, which includes both heterotrophic and autotrophic species, is

Horizontal gene transfer is responsible for...

The presence of DNA sequences that seems to belong to cyanobacteria, inside the nuclear genome of a diatom.

natural selection

The traits of the organisms that are best at surviving and reproducing will the be the ones that are most present in the next generation

In a bell-shaped curve, the x-axis (horizontal direction) of the graph represents which of the following?

The value of a particular characteristic; characteristics of an organism can include such traits as size and color.

Today, there are around 250,000 species of angiosperms, yet fewer than 1000 species of gymnosperms. In many ecosystems, angiosperms also dominate in terms of biomass. Which of the following is a likely reason for the success of angiosperms?

Their flowers attract pollinators, which enhances fertilization rate and reproductive success

HGT, transformation

Uptake of free DNA from the environment

Most of the animals species alive today are

are invertebrates

Charophytes

are the closest living relatives of land plants

The term biotic boundary refers to the

area needed to sustain a population.

Both (Australopithecus afarenis)... and (Homo neanderthalenis) have...

bipedalism

Which of the following groups is NOT in the same supergroup as land plants?

brown algae

Jaws evolved _____.

by modification of the skeletal rods that previously supported the anterior pharyngeal gill slits

Recently, a microbe that is able to digest cellulose was discovered in a hot spring with an average temperature of 95 degrees celsius. Predict the group to which this microbe most likely belongs to. a.) Fungi b.) Proteobacteria c.) archaea d.) cynobacteria

c

Hadrom contains: a. gametes. b. food-conducting cells. c. water-conducting cells. d. spores. e. degenerate nuclei.

c. water-conducting cells.

The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of other insects look completely different from adults, eat different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which of the following is most directly involved in the evolution of these variations in metamorphosis?

changes in the homeobox genes governing early development

Cladistic approach

discriminates among possible phylogenetic trees by choosing the tree that requires the least complex explanation for all of the available data.

Aerotolerant anaerobes

do not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence

Hyaline cells are found in the _____ of ______. a. rhizoids; Sphagnum b. rhizoids; Riccia c. leaves; Andreaea d. leaves; Marchantia e. leaves; Sphagnum

e. leaves; Sphagnum

Migration

increases gene flow between populations, Tends to enhance genetic diversity within a population, Tends to reduce differences in allele frequencies between the 2 populations

At the edge of two populations of snails, some individuals mate with each other to produce hybrids. This hybrid zone..

increases gene flow between the populations

An increase in cloud cover and a corresponding decrease in absorption of solar radiation is an example of a:

negative feed back loop

Gradualism

new species evolve continuously over long spans of time

acoelomate

no body cavity

Early Earth's conditions had all of the following EXCEPT

ozone

Hunters reduced the populations of the elephant seal to just few dozen individuals. The effect this will have on the population is

reduced genetic variation, which could lower reproductive success

Which trait is common between cnidarians, humans, and butterflies?

specialized tissue

Population genetics

study of genes and genotypes in a population

Which of the following is thought to be the most important abiotic factor in determining species geographic distributions?

temperature

Scientific experiments have demonstrated plausible mechanisms by which all of the following happened, except which?

the appearance of metabolism and inheritance from self-replicating molecules in protocells

Which of the following statements about protostomes is true?

the first opening that forms during protostome gastrulation becomes the mouth

Seed vascular plantsexhibit heterospory

true

Secondary metabolites are...

useful for defense

Coniferophyta: seed cones

usually has pine needle like leaves, thick waxy cuticle

Can phylogenies be revised and updated?

yes

Early earth:

- No ozone layer, so the Earth's surface was bathed in strong UV radiation -greater volcanic activity - There were lots of other gases (methane, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide) but no oxygen - lots of lightning strikes - there was liquid water

How many of these traits are shared by most fungi? Photosynthetic, Sessile, Cell Walls, Decomposers, Unicellular

3

Arrange the following taxonomic terms in order from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific). 1. apes 2. hominins 3. Homo 4 anthropoids 5. primates

5, 4, 1, 2, 3

exoskeleton

A body covering, typically made of chitin, that provides support and protection

Molecular clocks are more reliable when...

A significant proportion of mutations are not acted upon by natural selection.

Many are decomposers and release CO2 from organic molecules

Bacteria are important in the global carbon cycle because

bilateral

Bilateral animals have three germ layers (triploblastic) & develop tissues and organs.

Carbon Dioxide. . . drier, cooler

During the Carboniferous period, photosynthesis in immense swamp forests removed ___________ from the atmosphere, which produced a _________ global climate which eventually promoted the success of seed plants.

This single-celled organism consumes prey via phagocytosis and has highly modified mitochondria. Based on this information, it should be classified in this Eukaryotic group:

Excavata

Transduction

Exchange of genetic material between two species of prokaryotes of different species via a virus is called:

Angiosperms have flowers, fruit and endosperm

Flowers are specialized structures to enhance seed production, Fruits develop from flowers and enclose the seed and foster seed dispersal, Endosperm is a nutritive seed tissue with increased food storage efficiency

arthropods

Gas exchange - gills, tracheal system with spiracles or book lungs, invertebrates with jointed appendages

Flatworms lack respiratory & circulatory systems

Gas exchange by diffusion

For which one of the following observations were both Lamarck's hypothesis and Darwin's hypothesis in complete agreement?

Gradual evolutionary change explains why organisms are well-suitedto their environments.

Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in community diversity?

Habitats are opened up for less competitive species

A particular species of protist has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. You know this because chloroplasts...

Have three or more membranes.

biological evolution

Heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species from one generation to the next

What do animals as diverse as a flatworm and a shark have in common?

Heterotrophy

Balancing selection

Heterozygote favored, or Frequency-dependent selection

Mammals are endotherms with subdermal fat stores

High metabolism, four-chambered heart

Gnathostomes: jawed vertebrates

Hinged jaws developed from the pharyngeal arches

While comparing DNA sequences to build a phylogenetic tree of bacteria, Jennifer finds a confusing piece of data: one population, which would otherwise fit nicely into a particular clade seems to contain at least one very long DNA sequence that matches to that of a very distantly related clade. What process is most likely responsible for this mystery?

Horizontal gene transfer

The presence of DNA sequences that seems to belong to cyanobacteria, inside the nuclear genome of a diatom

Horizontal gene transfer is responsible for...

Several scientific laboratories across the globe are involved in research concerning the origins of life on Earth. Which of these questions is currently the most problematic and would have the greatest impact on our understanding if we were able to answer it?

How did RNA sequences come to carry the code for amino amino acid sequences?

With which of the following statements would a biologist be most inclined to agree?

Humans and other apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor

Humans have larger brains than other primates

Humans share a common ancestor with chimpanzees

Morphological species concept

Idea that all individuals of a species share measurable anatomical traits that distinguish them from individuals of other species

Based on the idea that fungi have pores between their cell walls that allow cytoplasm to move from one end of the mycelium to the other, which of the following hypotheses is the most plausible?

If a single mycorrhizal fungus formed symbiotic associations with more than one tree, carbon could travel from one plant to another.

Based on the theory of island biogeography, a habitat fragment is expected to have the lowest species richness.

If it is small and far from undisturbed similar habitats, because it has low immigration and high extinction

Based on the theory of island biogeography, a habitat fragment is expected to have the lowest species richness..

If it is small and far from undisturbed similar habitats, because it has low immigration and high extinction

pharyngeal clefts

In chordate embryos, grooves that separate a series of pouches along the sides of the pharynx and may develop into pharyngeal slits.

nematocyst

In cnidarians, a stinging cell that is used to inject a toxin into prey

Phylum Nematoda: Round worms

In nearly all habitats from poles to tropics Free-living and parasitic

3 clades of mammals:

Monotremes, marsupials & eutherians

Prezygotic barrier: temporal isolation

Reproduce at different times

Streptocoocus pneumoniae is a species of bacteria that is

Spherical shaped

While observing a gram stained bacteria, you note that the specimen has a purple color. This means that:

The specimen's peptidoglycan's layer is thick, making a gram positive bacteria

A bacteria and stained purple and is rod shaped. What can you say about them?

They are bacillus-shaped, gram positive bacteria

In which of the following examples would speciation most likely occur?

Two populations of longleaf pine trees begin releasing pollen at different times of the year, one in spring and the other in fall.

The specimen's peptidoglycan's layer is thick, making it a Gram positive bacteria

While observing a gram stained bacteria, you note that the specimen has a purple color. This means that:

An unfortunate deer becomes stuck in quicksand at the edge of a lake and dies. A few months later, it is buried by sediment in a massive landslide, but by this time, bacteria have fully decomposed its soft tissues. Several million years later, archeologists are digging at the spot where the deer dies and was buried. Would the archeologists be likely to find a fossil of the deer? Why or why not?

Yes, because its skeleton could have been replaced by minerals to form a fossil.

Is surrounded by a cuticle

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it ____________.

Acoelomates are characterized by

a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs

Amniotes were able to inhabit not available to other tetrapods due to:

all of the above

Which characteristic distinguishes echinoderms from the other two deuterostome lineages?

body plan

An _____ is a community of organisms and the physical environment it occupies

ecosystem

Of the following, the land plant that has an adaptation that allows it to be the tallest is

ferns

Fruit is a structure..

found in angiosperms only which helps disperse seeds

Which of the following is the most direct threat to biodiversity?

habitat destruction

Which of the following traits is NOT found in at least some species in both birds and mammals?

hair

All animals have:

heterotrophy

Seed vascular plants have

highly reduced gametophytes

Early human embryos have a tail. This is because...

humans are descendents of species that had tails

Opisthokonts

include animal and fungi kingdoms and related protists, and choanoflagellates

Unikonta:

includes animals, fungi and closely-related protists (slime molds, choanoflagellates, tubulinids)

Which trait is not found in all of these organisms: camel, shark, salamander?

lungs

smallest unit of evolution

natural selection, which acts on a population

The first genetic material on Earth was probably

self-replicating RNA molecules

Which of the following does NOT need to be recycled within ecosystems?

sugars

The main cause of the increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere over the past 150 years is________.

the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels

The main cause of the increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in earth's atmosphere over the past 150 years is

the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels

Fungi are important to the earth's ecosystem because:

they are decomposers that break down dead organisms and release nutrients back into the environment

Which trait of amphibians makes them so susceptible to certain factors that are contributing to population declines such as fungal infections and pollution?

thin, absorbent skin

Which of the following mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes involves viral infections?

transduction

he feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community's ________.

trophic structure

Which trophic level in this food chain represents the primary consumer?

tropic level D

Arthropods have flexible body plan that allows them to live in all biomes

true

Bilateral symmetry and cephalization helped to enable active, predatory lifestyle

true

Coniferophyta produce pollen cones & ovule-bearing cones

true

During early cleavage, it is possible to separate individual cells and watch them develop. This is done with an animal embryo and each cell is shown to develop into a complete embryo; this embryo is therefore classified as a deuterostome.

true

Errantia have many long setae and many are mobile predators

true

Some protists are more closely related to animals than they are to some other protists.

true

Species that existed over a larger area are more likely to be preserved than species existing over a smaller area.

true

T or F? Many species are intermediate to these survivor curve

true

The Animal Kingdom is monophyletic

true

The fossils of larger organisms are more likely to be found than the fossils of smaller organisms

true

he Earth's climate system involves the exchange of heat and water among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and cryosphere.

true

in bryophytes, the gametophyte is the dominant generation

true

recall that many species of humans overlapped in time and space, and that Homo sapiens originated in Africa.

true

You find a pond that is entirely covered with algae and has little else living within it. What is the best hypothesis for the cause of this situation?

use fertilizer

Nematode worms and annelid worms share which of the following features?

use of fluid in the body cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton

In order for selection to act

variation must be heritable

Hybrid zones

where two populations can interbreed, Geographic separation is not complete

You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you determine is either alycophyte sporophyte or a monilophyte sporophyte. Which of the following would be most helpful in determining the correct classification of the plant?

whether it has microphylls or megaphylls

Charophytes display a

zygotic life cycle with a one-cell diploid zygote

bilateral symmetry

butterfly, lobster, beetles, fish ex

What does the vertical axis of the phylogenetic tree represent?

(REFER TO DIAGRAM ON PHONE NUMBER 19) B- Time

Which of the following phylogenetic trees represents different evolutionary relationships than the rest?

(REFER TO DIAGRAMS ON PHONE NUMBER 16) B

Consider a hypothetical food chain consisting of grass, rabbits, and foxes. The primary productivity of the grass is 200 units. What is the maximum amount of energy that we should expect to be recycled from the fox trophic level back to the grass trophic level?

0.0 units

Consider the food chain of grass > grasshopper>mouse>snake>hawk. About how much of the chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis of the grass (100%) is available to the hawk?

0.01%

Basing your inferences on information in the paragraph above, to which clade(s) should cycliophorans belong? 1. Eumetazoa 2. Deuterostomia 3. Bilateria 4. Ecdysozoa 5. Lophotrochozoa

1, 3, and 5

The yearly per capita growth rate of a population of manatees in tampa bay is 0.01. IF the number of manatees in the population today is 1,000, how many should be in the population next year?

1,010

Multicellular eukaryotes arose

1.5 billion years ago

What is the predicted carrying capacity of the Daphnia culture?

135 Daphnia/50 ml

What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent? 1. tetrapods 2. vertebrates 3. deuterostomes 4. amniotes 5. bilaterian

5, 3, 2, 1, 4

Cnidarians have how many germ layers?

2

In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in an endosperm nucleus?

24

In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in an endosperm nucleus?

24

Of the following statements about protected areas that have been established to preserve biodiversity, which one is not correct?

25 percent lan d earth protected

Approximately how far back in time does the fossil record extend?

3.5 billion years

Faial & Flores are 2 islands in the Azores that have similar size, topography and environments. Azorean blueberry is common on both islands. On faial, multiple herbivores insects regularly consume Azorean blueberry leaves but there are very few herbivores on the island of Flores. In 2010, a biologist collected Azorean blueberry leaves from each island and found that those in faial have a high concentration of flavonoids, which disrupts endocrine activity in insects. Azorean blueberry leaves in Flores had variable, but overall low concentrations of flavonoids. If a large storm blows many insects herbivores to the island of Flores and they establish healthy populations, what do you expect will happen to the Azorean blueberries of Flores? a.) Direction selection is likely going to cause an increase in the concentration of flavonoids in leaves b.) stabilizing selection is likely going to a stable concentration of flavonoids c.) disruptive selection is likely going to lead to a speciation event d.) genetic drift is likely going to cause an increase in the concentration of flavonoids in leaves

A

Triploblastic animals that possess a true body cavity are called coelomates

A coelom and is derived only from mesoderm

Which characteristic(s) is (are) shared by both cnidarians and flatworms?

A digestive system with a single opening.

A plant lacks seeds and vascular tissue has:

A dominant gametophyte generation

binary fission

A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells. (two daughter cells)

sexual selection

A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.

Cladograms can also be constructed with gene sequences

A mutation that changes the DNA sequence is equivalent to a modification of a characteristic

Which of the following is likely to evolve over time through natural selection ?

A population of mosquitoes in southeastern Brazil which competes with populations of other species of mosquitoes for access to food

peptidoglycan

A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid

Homoplasy

A shared but independently derived character = convergent evolution

placenta

A structure that allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother's blood supply

The union of bacterial and archaeal cells resulted in:

A transfer of genes, eukaryotic cells, and endosymbiosis.

indeterminate cleavage

A type of embryonic development in deuterostomes, in which each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo.

which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle? A) female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs B) seeds are produced in pollen-producing cones C) pollen grains contain female gametophytes D) a pollen tube slowly digests its way through the triploid endosperm

A) female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs

which of these are spore producing structures? A) sporophyte (capsule) of a moss B) antheridium of a moss or fern C) archegonium of a moss or fern D) gametophyte of a moss

A) sporophyte (capsule) of a moss

Protists include a.) Organisms in 4 different eukaryotic supergroups, some of which are able to reproduce sexually b.) Organisms classified as plants, animals and fungi c.) Prokaryotes that are heterotrophic d.) multiple clades of eukaryotes that are all microscopic

A.

Which of the following are most limited by moisture levels? A. Bryophytes B. Lycophytes C. Gymnosperms D. Angiosperms

A. Bryophytes

3 key RNA functions

Ability to store information Capacity for self replication Enzymatic function - ribozymes

Based on the food chain below, which statement is incorrect?

About 10 % of the energy contained in the owl trophic level is recycled to the grass

After looking at the accompanying figure, what can be said about productivity in this ecosystem? A) Nothing can be said based on this information. B) About 90% of the energy is lost between most trophic levels. C) About 10% of the energy is lost between most trophic levels. D) Productivity increases with each trophic level.

About 90% of the energy is lost between most trophic levels.

Tapeworms have no digestive system

Absorb nutrients across body surface

Lichens are usually composite organisms made of fungi and algae. What is the main benefit of this association to the fungus?

Access to increased chemical energy stores

Nematodes have a pseudocoelom

Acts as hydrostatic skeleton and circulatory system

angiosperms

Adaptations to marine environment: gas exchange, salt excretion

According to the fossil record, the genus Homo fist arose in?

Africa

Birds: 4 unique features help with flying

Air sacs - very efficient breathing Reduction of organs, e.g. one ovary Lightweight skeleton - thin, hollow, honeycombed Feathers - modified scales keep birds warm and enable flight

Which of the following statements is correct?

All animals share a common ancestor.

fungi

All cells of the fruiting body are dikaryotic, When mature, the 2 nuclei in cells will fuse and produce zygotes= Karyogamy. Zygotes undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores

In which part of the sexual fungus life cycle does the fungus have one copy of the genetic material?

All parts of the life cycle except the fruiting body

What is the relationship between genes and alleles?

Alleles are different forms of a particular gene.

Speciation events occur most often.

Allopatrically (with geographic separation)

Speciation events occur most often...

Allopatrically (with geographic separation)

Speciation events occur most often...

Allopatrically, with geographic separation.

Stage 2: Organic polymers

Amino acids to proteins, Nucleotides to DNA and RNA, Hydrolysis competes with polymerization

Tetrapods have adaptations to prevent desiccation

Amniotes: waterproof scales and skin Amphibians: behavioral and (in some) semipermeable membrane on skin

Amphibians

Amphibious: successfully invaded land but must return to water to reproduce Metamorphosis: Larval stages aquatic Development: External fertilization in water hatches to tadpole with develops into adult form

Which of the following characterizes parthenogenesis?

An egg develops without being fertilized

shared derived character

An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade.

Which of the following best represents directional selection?

An unusually cold winter kills only the fiddler crabs in the Tampa area that are not resistant to cold

animals mostly reproduce sexually with a gametic life cycle

Animal Kingdom: Gametic Life CycleIn the gametic life cycle, the gamete (egg or sperm) is the only haploid cell produced. 2n multicelled, meiosis, 1n gamete, fertilization, 2n zygote, mitosis, 1n multicelled

Gymnosperm pollen can be dispersed via:

Animals, wind, and water

______________ are also known as the segmented worms. Segmentation is useful because __________.

Annelids... it allows for more flexibility in using the coelom as a hydrostatic skeleton

Mercury is a toxic metal that builds up in the tissues of most organisms. If your goal was to avoid mercury, which of the following meals would you MOST want to avoid...

Apex predators: yellowfin tuna filet

Occur in both roots and shoots of plants

Apical meristems ____________.

Arthropods are segmented and have specialized appendages

Appendages for locomotion, food handling, or reproduction Tagmata - fused body segments

A new species of single-celled microorganism is found in the Dead Sea, which has a 33.7% salt concentration level (ocean water typically has a 3.5% salt concentration level). Which domain are these organisms likely to be classified under?

Archaea

Which two domains are most closely related?

Archaea and Eukarya

Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body?

Arthropoda

Arthropods have a complete digestive tract

Arthropods have an open circulatory system

Which 2 domains are most closely related? a.) Bacteria & archaea b.) Archaea & eukarya c.) Bacteria and eukarya d.) All of these are equally related

B

In the accompanying figure, which of these countries has the highest per capita CO2 emissions?

Australia

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it ____. a.) has cell walls that are composed largely of cellulose b.) is surrounded by a cuticle c.) contains chloroplasts d.) doesn't contain vascular tissue

B

Prokaryote reproduction: binary fission

Basis for widely used method of detecting and counting bacteria in samples. single cells with form colonies

Deuterostomia: Echinodermata and Chordata

Blastopore develops into anus Radial & indeterminate cleavage 2 phyla: both coelomates

Which of the following individuals viewed species as being able to change on a small scale in what is known today as microevolution through natural selection and that they could not undergo radical changes (macroevolution).

Blyth

Phylum Mollusca

Body has three parts: foot, viscera, mantle

bilateral symmetry

Body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves.

An early consequence of the release of oxygen gas by plant and bacterial photosynthesis was to

Cause iron in ocean water and terrestrial rocks to rust (oxidize).

A predatory bacteria that obtains carbon and energy from other prokaryotes is classified as a A. Photoheterotroph B. Photoautotroph C. Chemoheterotroph D. Chemoautotroph

C. chemoheterotroph

Large increase in animal diversity during the

Cambrian period

Annelids have a closed circulatory system

Carries nutrients, wastes and respiratory gases also transported in coelomic fluid

The appearance of bryophytes and eventually large forests of lycophytes in the Paleozoic ere (from around 500 million to 250 million years ago)....

Changed the environment in a way that favored seed plants from that point forward

zygotic...fewer

Charophytes have a __________ life cycle, which leads to the production of ____________ spores than what is achieved in land plants, for every one fertilization event.

Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs?

birds

Which of these, if true, would support the claim that the ancestral cnidarians had bilateral symmetry?

Cnidarian larvae possess anterior-posterior, left-right, and dorsal-ventral aspects. and β-catenin turns out to be essential for gastrulation in all animals in which it occurs.

You find a homothermic vertebrate that lays eggs. It could belong to one of which pair of groups?

birds or monotremes

stage three:

Clay can catalyze the formation of some protocells that grow and divide•If RNA is present on clay, protocells can enclose it

choanocyte

Collar cells that line the body cavity and have flagella that circulate water in sponges

Gene pool

Combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population. all of the alleles for every gene in a given population.

small...low

Compared to vascular plants, non-vascular plants have a relatively _____________ sporophyte generation, which means that they tend to have a comparatively _____________ dispersal potential.

Molluscs have organ systems

Complex nervous system with brain Circulatory system: heart and gills

Which of the following statements about the pine life cycle is accurate?

Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes

Which of the following statements is true of the pine life cycle?

Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.

Which curve represents the prey population __________; which curve represents the predator population _______

blue; red

Which of the following nations has become a world leader in the establishment of zoned reserves?

Costa Rica

Prezygotic barrier: behavioral isolation

Courtship rituals and other behaviors unique to a species are effective barriers

Crocodilians

Crocodiles, alligators, gharials, and caimans. Large bodied aquatic reptiles Essentially unchanged for 200 million years Teeth in sockets Care for young

Which of the following clades of animals are amniotes?

Crocodilians, Birds, and Primates

coelomate

body cavity that forms within the mesoderm

You find a bloom of blueish green microscopic organisms in a coastal embayment. After bringing some cells from it back to the lab you find that they release oxygen as they photosynthesize, and that they have no nucleus. You therefore determine that this bloom contains

Cyanobacteria

In the figure below, which letter represents a spore?

D

Fungal ecology: decomposer

Decomposer fungi are essential component's of the Earth's ecosystems. Work with bacteria. Only certain bacteria and fungi can break down cellulose. Release minerals to the soil and water

A population with an R0 of 0.756 is:

Decreasing in number of individuals

Which feature of deuterostome development explains the formation of identical human twins?

Deuterostomes have indeterminate development.

major clade of bilaterian animals

Deuterostomia, Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa

Phytoplankton

Diatoms that float around in the oceans are a type of

Which of the following groups includes the protists that cause most red tides?

Dinoflagellates

Which type of selection tends to increase genetic variation?

Disruptive selection

Ophiuroidea: Brittle stars

Distinct central disk and long, flexible arms Tube feet reduced

Most cartilaginous fishes must swim to maintain buoyancy

Do not have a swim bladder Denser than water - swim to maintain buoyancy and breathing

animal body plans tissues

During development, concentric layers of cells form germ layers which become various tissues

Many Sedentaria are detritivores

Earth worms play an important role in enriching and aerating soil

Ecdysozoans: possess a tough cuticle for support and protection

Ecdysis or molting Metamorphosis

Which of the following animal groups is entirely aquatic?

Echinodermata

Which of the following combinations correctly matches a phylum to its description?

Echinodermata - bilateral symmetry as a larva, water vascular system

Which of the following is primarily responsible for limiting the number of trophic levels in most ecosystems?

Energy transfer between tropic levels is in almost all cases less than 20% efficient.

oviparous

Eggs hatch outside the mother's body, egg laying

Large reserves

can typically maintain larger populations than the populations found in small isolated reserves

After they germinate, bryophyte spores first give rise to: a. hyphae. b. archegonia. c. rhizoids. d. protonema. e. antheridia.

d. protonema.

bottleneck

Environmental event randomly eliminates members, Surviving members may have allele frequencies different from original population, Typically lowers genetic variation

Two main clades of annelids

Errantia and Sedentaria

Which of the following is a characteristic shared by all protists?

Eukaryotic

all protists are

Eukaryotic, and can reproduce asexually

Which of the following is NOT a major clade of bilaterian animals?

Eumetazoa

Class Mammalia

Evolved from amniote ancestors Flourished after dinosaur extinction Over 5000 spp Huge range of sizes & shape

Stage 2: Organic polymers

Experiments show that polymers can form on clay, sand and rock surface, or in water near hydrothermal vents

tube feet

Extensions of an echinoderm's water vascular system that stick out from the body and function in movement and obtaining food.

Which of the following would decrease a stream's carrying capacity for trout?

Extensive dredging in the northern half of the stream which removes rocks that trouts use to make nests known as "redds" before spawning

Areotoleraat anaerobes can use oxygen for respiration if it is available.

False

Modern science has exhausted the potential uses of nearly all the hundreds of thousands of plant species that have been identified.

False

Red algae are photosynthetic.

False

Which of the following cellular structures is characteristic of excavates?

Feeding groove

Prezygotic barrier: gametic isolation

Fertilization unsuccessful due to gamete incompatibility

Postzygotic barrier: hybrid inviability

Fertilized egg cannot develop past an early embryo

First living cells arose in primordial oceans

First known fossils 3.5 billion years ago, First prokaryotic cells 3.5-4 billion years ago

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

First to suggest that animals could change or become extinct in response to interactions with their environment

radial

Radial animals have twogerm layers (diploblastic); develop tissues, but no organs

All of the following statements correctly describe some part of natural selection, EXCEPT

Fitness of an organism is directly equivalent to its survival ability

Bivalves are filter feeders with a reduced head

Gills are used for feeding as well as gas exchange.

kelp is

not a plant, its a protist

The closes relatives of the familiar pine and spruce trees are...

Gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos.

___________________ have primary plastids, which were aquired by endosymbiosis of a ___________________.

Green algae . . . autotrophic prokaryote

population

Group of the same species that occupy the same environment and can interbreed

Sperm cells can reach the egg without water

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are more likely to be successful in the desert than lycophytes or monilophytes. That is mostly because

Homo spp: increased brain size, stone tools

H. neanderthalensiss hares common ancestor with modern humans Larger brain, stockier build Originated in Europe

Which two organisms are most closely related?

Radiolarians and Foraminifera

Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms?

Habitat isolation

Jawless fishes:

Hagfishes and lampreys

A gametophyte is...

Haploid and multicellular.

diploblastic

Having two germ layers.

Darwin

He was the first to explain how species can change without individuals changing

Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring?

Heritability

Biological evolution

Heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species from one generation to the next

Postzygotic barrier: hybrid breakdown

Hybrids viable and fertile but subsequent generations have genetic abnormalities

Postzygotic barrier: hybrid sterility

Interspecies hybrid viable but sterile

Which of the following strategies would most rapidly increase the genetic diversity of a population in an extinction vortex?

Introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species.

The following question refers to the figure below, which depicts the age structure populations.In the figure, populations of a plant species labelled I, II, and III are depicted using simplified age structures containing three age classes: young seedlings, middle-aged juveniles, and older adults. Which population(s) appear(s) to have stable growth?

III, two large with a small one in between

Which of the following diseases would be caused by a pathogen?

Influenza

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it...

Is surrounded by a cuticle.

Heterokaryotic cells in fungi...

can undergo mitosis to produce gametes contain to separate nuclei that each contain one copy of the genetic material can undergo meiosis to producce spores can fuse with other cells of a compatible mating type to form a gametangium

A small plant species lives on the edge of ponds and relies on diffusion to bring various molecules to different parts of it body. The evolution of vascular tissue in this plant would allow it to gain which of the following?

The ability to grow taller thereby increase spore dispersal

The USF physics department accidently created a time machine and transported you 600 million years into the past. After your initial shock, you look at the land around you. What do you see?

Just rocks

Lepidosaurs: lizards, snakes and tuataras

Kinetic skull with extremely mobile joints

Monotremes: Platypus and echidnas

Lay eggs, lack placenta, poorly developed nipples Have hair & produce milk

Triploblastic animals can also be grouped based body cavities

Most triploblastic animals (those that develop from 3 germ layers) possess a body cavity. A true body cavity is called a coelom and is derived only from mesoderm

A species of plant lives close to a hot, dry environment. Which adaptation would help this species to colonize the hot, dry habitat?

Leaves that have low surface area to volume ratio

Homo spp: increased brain size, stone tools

Oldest human with modern human body proportions Longer legs and shorter arms Migrated out of Africa

Eutherians: Placental mammals

Long-lived, complex placenta, Prolonged gestation

Lophotrochozoans have a trochophore larva or a lophophore

Lophophore: horseshoe-shaped crown of tentacles used in feeding Trochophore larvae have a band of cilia

Slugs evolved from ancestors that had a shell, which can help avoid predation. Given this, why is it that modern slugs do not have shells

Loss of shell could be due to selection against shells in the lineage that gave rise to slugs, because some shell-less individuals avoided predation through camouflage and did not spend energy building shells

The niche of an ecospecies defined as a hyperspace has:

MULTIPLE dimensions with both ranges and positions of most suitability for a species

Unicellular

Made of a single cell

Stage 4: RNA world hypothesis

Majority of scientists favor RNA as the first macromolecule of protobionts

A small plant species lives on the edge of ponds and relies on diffusion to bring various molecules to different parts of its body. The evolution of vascular tissue in this plant would allow it to gain which of the following advantage?

The ability to grow taller thereby increase spore dispersal

Mollusca

Mantle secretes shell for protection or is modified for locomotion

Squamates: lizards and snakes

Many are omnivores Some are predators with various adaptations for hunting Toxins Loose jawbones Terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments

Based on the phylogenetic tree below, you would conclude that

Mice are more closely related to sponges than to mushroom

Lycophytes

Microphylls: leaves with single branch of vascular tissue

Which of the following is true about eukaryotic cells?

Mitochondria and plastids of eukaryotic cells have their own DNA

What kind of sexual life cycle does fungi have?

Modified zygotic life cycle with a dikaryotic (heterokaryotic) stage.

fungus

Most have mycelia composed of hyphae

Nematodes have longitudinal but not circular muscles

Move by undulating body

Why is the net primary production (NPP) a more useful measurement to an ecosystem ecologist than gross primary production (GPP)

NPP represents the production of chemical energy that is available to consumers in the ecosystem.

Echinoderms have no cephalization

No brain Simple nervous system Echinoderms have a complete digestive tract

What information is represented on the horizontal axis of this phylogenetic tree?

None. It is an arbitrary axis

Cnidarians have simple muscle fibers

Not true muscles (not of mesoderm origin)

The chemical composition of the gases surrounding the Earth has changed substantially over the past 4 billion years. One notable change was due to the emergence of photosynthetic organisms. The process of photosynthesis increased the amount of what gas in the atmosphere?

O2

Taxonomists aim to recognize

ONLY monophyletic groups

Apical meristems...

Occur in both roos and shoots of plants.

Finding which of the following in a cell of an organism would represent evidence of endosymbiosis in the ancestors of the organism?

Organelles surrounded by two plasma membranes.

Distinctive growth processes fungi

Osmosis important in growth, Entry of water into the hyphae creates pressure which forces tip extension

Phylum Mollusca: soft bodies

Over 100,000 species Soft body with, in many species, protective external shell Body has 3 main parts:foot, visceral mass, mantle

In what habitat do halophiles live?

Pacific ocean.

Population Dispersion

Pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of a population .

Which structure can be used for feeding and gas exchange?

Pharyngeal gill slit

Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"?

Plantae

Which of the following is an example of primary succession?

Plants growing on newly-formed volcanic island

Many fungi form mutualistic associations with photosynthesizers

Plants receive increased supply of water and mineral nutrients. Fungi receive organic food molecules from the plants

Why would plants colonizing dry land cause the Earth to cool rather than warm?

Plants take up carbon dioxide, which reduces the greenhouse effect

Which of the following is a way in which humans use stramenopiles?

Polish for teeth, pest control, water filtration

You are presented with several single-celled organisms, including one thought to belong to the kingdom Fungi. What unique feature helps you identify the fungus?

Presence of chitinous cell walls

Other methods of animal classification

Presence of exoskeleton Development of notochord Presence or absence of segmentation

Which of the following characteristics tends to limit bryophytes and seedless vascular plants to habitats that are relatively moist?

Presence of flagellated sperm.

Lack of a membrane bound nucleus is the defining characteristic of a

Prokaryote

A slime mold is...

Protist and a protozoan

Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution?

flagellated spores

Which of the following is NOT a necessary assumption for estimating the age of a fossil using radiometric dating such as involving uranium and lead isotopes?

Quantity of daughter element after complete decay is measured.

Which of the following is correct?

RNA can perform enzymatic functions inside cells

Which of the following species has been shown to be most susceptible to habitat fragmentation?

Red-cockaded woodpecker

Which of the following animals does NOT have a body cavity?

flatworm

Which of these species are least likely to be preserved in modern fossils?

Rare plant from the Triassic period next to an inland volcano

The production of sterile mules by interbreeding between female horses and male donkeys is an example of...

Reduced hybrid fertility

Are the basal taxon in the Archaeplastida

Rhodophytes

Vascular plants have roots and leaves

Roots: anchor plants & absorb water and nutrients, Leaves: increase the surface area for photosynthesis

Based on this tree, which statement is correct?Salamander Lizard Goat Human

Salamanders are a sister group to the group containing lizards, goats, and humans.

Amoebozoans

Slime molds have cells that have thick pseudopodia and can function on their own or as part of a multicellular mass. They contribute to decomposition on forest floors. Slime molds are...

Coevolution with predators and competitors

Secondary metabolites: synthesis of molecules that are not essential for cell structure and growth, Can be used for defense.

You find a plant with four basic plant adaptations. Which adaptation would most direcly indicate that the plant is able to tolerate very dry desert habitats?

Seeds

Which of the following is NOT a likely effect of global warming on organisms?

Some species of birds and frogs now begin their breeding seasons later in the year.

Which of these is an unlikely consequence of a warming climate?

Some species will shift their geographic ranges toward the equator

Tetrapods have four limbs with digits

Share a common ancestor with lobe-finned fishes

Amniotes: shelled amniotic egg

Shelled egg: shelters the embryo from desiccating conditions on land broke tie to water

Compared to vascular plants, non-vascular plants have a relatively...sporophyte generation, which means that they tend to have comparatively....dispersal potential.

Small...low.

You are trying to determine whether the green organism that you found in a pond sample is a charophyte or simple plant. Finding which of the following characteristic would be most helpful in doing so?

Sporic life cycle

Bacteria are important in the global nitrogen cycle because...

Some can fix nitrogen and thereby increase its availability to plants.

Decreased surface area, reducing water loss

Spruces and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of ____________.

Which of the following statements about stomata is accurate?

Stomata are important in terrestrial plants because they allow CO2 to diffuse into the plant.

A forest population of flies utilize different elaborate courtship rituals, which involve fighting other males and making stylized movements that attract females. One season, a mutation causes some of the flies to change their courtship rituals, which now only attracts a certain genotype of female to mate. If this situation persisted indefinitely, what is the most likely long-term outcome?

Sympatric speciation

Ambuchanania and Sphagnum are the two genera in the class Sphagnidae.

T

Bryophytes are transitional between the charophycean algae and vascular plants.

T

Bryophytes were the first extant plant group to diverge from a monophyletic plant lineage.

T

Despite a superficial resemblance between their gametophytes, hornworts and thallose liverworts are only distantly related.

T

In bryophytes, sperm must swim through water to reach the egg.

T

Leptoids are somewhat similar to a type of food-conducting cells in vascular plants.

T

Some hornwort species form a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

T

The protonema of Sphagnum is similar to thallus of Coleochaete.

T

The sporophyte epidermis of mosses contains stomata that resemble the stomata of vascular plants.

T

The sporophyte of Anthoceros lacks a seta.

T

The sporophyte of Riccia is simpler in structure than the sporophyte of Marchantia.

T

The sporophytes of mosses are commonly associated with cyanobacteria.

T

The presence of a swim bladder allows the typical ray-finned fish to stop swimming and still _____.

not sink

You develop a sore throat and go to the doctor. Your doctor then takes a swabbed sample from your throat to send to the lab. She tells you they will first be performing Gram stain on your sample. Why would a Gram stain be necessary?

The Gram stain will determine how the bacteria will respond to certain antibiotics based on the composition of the outer membrane of the bacteria

Which of the following is true regarding the geologic record (column)?

The age of a fossil is not necessarily dependent upon its position in a particular layer of strata if the strata were formed continuously by sediments settling in flowing water.

Scientific experiments have demonstrate plausible mechanisms by which all fo the following happened, except which?

The appearance of metabolism and inheritance from self-replicating molecules in protocells

Which of the following is true about the fossil record such as that for the horse?

The criteria for distinguishing different species is not definitive.

Phylogeny

The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Which characteristic of Archaea differentiates them from both Bacteria and Eukarya?

The phospholipids in the cell membrane of Archaea are linked differently than those in Bacteria and Eukarya

Which of the following statements is true of the pine life cycle?

The pine tree is a sporophyte.

What do fungi and arthropods have in common?

The protective coats of both groups are made of chitin.

radial symmetry

The quality of having many lines of symmetry that all pass through a central point.

polyp

The sessile, tubular form of a cnidarian with a mouth and tentacles at one end and a basal disk at the other

Gradualism

The theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily

Consider two closely related species of tropical frogs. One lives in Central America, and the other lives in tropical Africa. Which is a reasonable hypothesis for this pattern of biogeography?

The two frog species used to have a connected range during the time of Pangea, but the formation of the Atlantic has secluded them into two separate tropical areas today.

Which of the following is a correct interpretation based on this tree?

The vertical axis represents time; primates and birds diverged from each other more recently (closer to each other on right) than primates and ray-finned fishes (far on left), and therefore primates and birds are more closely related than primates and ray-finned fishes

What is true of the Cambrian explosion?

There are fossils of animals in geological strata that are older than the Cambrian explosion.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the pine trees that you can find on the USF campus?

They are all dominated by the gametophyte stage of their life cycle.

Which of the following is true of annelids?

They perform gas exchange across their skin.

What should be true of fossils of the earliest tetrapods?

They should indicate limited adaptation to life on land.

Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing

gene flow

Phosphate is the nutrient limiting primary production in a small lake in northern Michigan. In which way could new phosphate be made available to the primary producers in this lake?

Through decomposition of dead fish in the lake

land plants

Tissues arise from apical meristems, Reproductive features for life on land, and adaptions to reduce water loss

In which process do bacteria take-up free-floating DNA from their environment?

Transformation

turtles

Turtles, tortoises, and terrapins Virtually unchanged for 200 million years Hard protective shell In most, vertebrae and ribs fused to shell Lack teeth but have sharp beak

Survivorship curves can be classified into three general types:

Type 1. Low death rates during early and middle life and an increase in death rates among older age groups Type 2. A constant death rate over the organism's life span Type 3. High death rates for the young and a lower death rate for survivors

the most direct ancestors of land plants were probably __________

green algae

Which of the following are thought to be most closely related to humans?

sea stars

Which of the following supergroups contains humans?

Unikonta

Based on the figure and given the populations of the following countries, which country uses the most total oil overall?

United States(population = 320 million)

Vertebrates have all the chordate characteristics, plus

Vertebral column - notochord is replaced by a bony or cartilaginous column of interlocking vertebrae Endoskeleton of cartilage or bone, Contains living cells: grows with the animal Cranium - bony or cartilaginous protective housing for brain Complex internal organs - liver, kidneys, endocrine glands, and a heart with at least two chambers

Phylum Chordata:

Vertebrates and close relatives

Porifera feeding

Water drawn through pores (ostia) and flows out through the top (osculum)

Microevolution

small scale change relating to changes in a single gene in a population over time

Arthropods have extensive cephalization

Well-developed organs for sight, touch, smell, hearing and balance Compound eyes

Which would be an example of a postzygotic barrier of reproduction?

When a beluga and a narwhal mate, they produce a hybrid (a narluga) that is sterile

You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you determine is either a lycophyte, sporophyte, or a monilophyte sporophyte. Which of the following would be most helpful in determining the correct classification of the plant?

Whether it has microphylls or megaphylls.

Feeding groove

Which of the following cellular structures is characteristic of excavates?

Dinoflagellates

Which of the following groups includes the protists that reside within the cells of corals?

Australopiths: early hominins

Widespread, several species Relatively small Facial structure and brain size similar to chimpanzees

A tree produces ovulate and pollen cones, and no flowers. By what mechanism is the pollen of this plant most likely to be dispersed?

Wind

Morphology is probably the most appropriate way to classify species in which of the following examples?

groups of clam fossils found in coastal habitats of Florida

From the perspective of a biologist, the best system of taxonomy...

groups organisms according to their evolutionary relatedness.

The largest unit within which gene flow can readily occur is...

a species

What kind of life cycle is this, and what happens at #4?

Zygotic, meiosis

complete digestive tract

a digestive tube with two openings, a mouth and an anus.

Sharks have...

a gametic life cycle in which gametes are the only haploid structures

An earthquake decimates a ground-squirrel population, killing 98% of the squirrels. The surviving population happens to have broader stripes, on average, than the initial population. If broadness of stripes is genetically determined, what effect has the ground-squirrel population experienced during the earthquake?

a genetic bottle neck

Species

a group of organisms that maintains a distinctive set of attributes in nature

Vertebrates and tunicates both have?

a hollow dorsal nerve chordmam notochord)

Seed plants are

a monophyletic group and the presence of seeds is a homology

Vertebrates and tunicates share

a notochord, and a dorsal hollow nerve cord

Compared to lungfishes, early amphibians had.

a stronger skeleton

Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor living tetrapods?

a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates

Triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity are called

acoelomates

Generally speaking for plants, dispersal is..

advantageous for colonizing new habitats and enhancing genetic diversity

Generally speaking for plants, dispersal is...

advantageous for colonizing new habitats and enhancing genetic diversity

blastopore

an indentation in a developing embryo that eventually becomes the gut - it develops into the mouth in some animals and the anus in others

Ecdysozoa

animals that molt

Vertebrates

animals with backbones

proliferation of multicellular eukaryotes

arrived in the last 500 million years

Use the graph to answer the following question. In the figure, which of the arrows represents the carrying capacity?

arrow C (the one on the very top of the hill)

inbreeding

can lead to low genetic diversity

ribozymes

catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA

Some researchers claim that sponge genomes have homeotic genes, but no Hox genes. If true, this finding would _____.

confirm the identity of sponges as "basal animals"

Which of the following mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes involves a physical connection between two cells?

conjugation

The main purpose of movement (habitat) corridors is to

connect two otherwise isolated populations

The main purpose of movement corridors is to

connect two otherwise isolated populations

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by bryophytes and vascular plants? a. multicellular sporangia b. sporopollenin in spore walls c. tissues produced by an apical meristem d. retention of the embryo within an antheridium e. antheridia and archegonia with sterile jacket layers

d. retention of the embryo within an antheridium

In Marchantia, the mature capsule contains: a. spores only. b. elaters only. c. gemmae only. d. spores and elaters only. e. spores, elaters, and gemmae.

d. spores and elaters only.

Stramenopiles

diatoms and brown algae, golden algae

In a very large population, a quantitative trait has the following distribution pattern. If there is no gene flow, the curve shifts to the right, and the population size consequently increases over successive generations, which of the following is most likely occurring?

directional selection

Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents. The yolk of an animal egg has what type of analog in angiosperms?

endosperm

The union of bacterial and archaeal cells resulted in:

endosymbiosis organelles eukaryotic cells

angiosperms

flowering plants

stramenopile

giant kelp

Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms?

habitat isolation

Which of the following consume other living organisms? I. primary producers II. herbivores III. carnivores IV. decomposers

herbivores and carnivores

Which factor does NOT limit primary production in terrestrial ecosystems?

herbivory

Which type of organism obtains energy by metabolizing organic molecules produced by other organisms?

heterotroph

Protozoa

heterotrophic, animal-like

While walking in the forest, your friend observed a small animal crawling on a tree. The animal had a rigid body with three body segments, two large eyes, and six legs. To which clade did this animal most likely belong?

insect

transitional form

intermediate between ancestral form and descendant

This trait is found in reptiles and mammals but not amphibians.

internal fertilization

Which of the following groups is NOT in the same supergroup as land plants?

kelp

Which species is the foodweb likely contains the LOWEST amount of biomass?

kingfisher

Muscular foot functions in

locomotion, anchoring, tentacles

the generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells?

mitosis

Visceral mass: digestion, absorption

mollusca

Which of the following organisms is LEAST likely to play the role of producer in an ecosystem

mushroom fungi

A 3-hectare lake in the American Midwest suddenly has succumbed to an algal bloom. What is the likely cause of this in freshwater ecosystems?

nutrient runoff

We think of termites as insects that "eat" wood. However, termites rely on a variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic gut microbes to digest cellulose -- without the microbes, the termites will ingest wood, but will starve. This is an example of:

obligate mutualism

Apical meristems ____

occur in both roots and shoots of plants

Obligate anaerobes

poisoned by oxygen

Two characteristics shared by gymnosperms and angiosperms that are absent from earlier plant groups and represent key adaptations to life on dry land are

pollen and seeds

Fidelity

precision pollen transfer

A cow's herbivorous diet indicates that it is a(n)

primary consumer

Coevolution

process by which two species influence each other's evolution

You are MOST likely to observe succession in a terrestrial community where lichens were one of the first species to establish the area when you visit a

recently created volcanic island

Fishing by catch has reduced the populations of the vaquita (small cetacean) in the Gulf of California to just a few dozen individuals. The effect this will have on the population is

reduced genetic variation, which could lower reproductive success

Sexual reproduction porifera

sponges release sperm into the water column sperm are brought into another sponge to find its eggs embryo develops into a larva, which is free swimming, until it settles are morphs

During the heterokaryotic stage of fungal reproduction:

spores are produced

Spores and seeds have basically the same function-dispersal-but are vastly different because _____.

spores are unicellular; seeds are not

Use the following diagram of five islands formed at around the same time near a particular mainland, as well as MacArthur and Wilson's island equilibrium model principles to answer the question.Which island would likely have the lowest extinction rate?

the one closest to inland and is larger

blastopore

the opening of the central cavity of an embryo in the early stage of development.

ectoderm

the outer germ layer that develops into skin and nervous tissue

Archaea use a variety of molecules, including protein

to make their cell walls

The most likely reason that different islands in the Galápagos each have different species of giant tortoise on them is

tortoises very rarely travel between islands

Below is a phylogeny depicting the relationships of nine species of extant beetles, labeled 1-9. A "P" above their number indicates that the species is poisonous, and an "NP" indicates that the species is non-poisonous. Some of the ancestor species are also labeled, A-D. Which of the following statements is most likely accurate regarding this group of species?

(REFER TO DIAGRAM IN PHONE NUMBER 10) That both species 8 and species 4 possess the poison trait is an example of convergent evolution.

gram positive bacteria

Bacteria that have a thick peptido glycan cell wall, and no outer membrane. They stain very darkly (purple) in Gram stain.

Gram-negative bacteria

Bacteria that have a thin peptidoglycan cell wall covered by an outer membrane. They stain very lightly (pink) in Gram stain. Gram-negative bacteria are typically more resistant to antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria.

Stramenopiles

Clade of protists with "hairy" flagellum includes water molds, diatoms, and brown algae. Photosynthetic stramenopiles: plastids from secondary endosymbiosis with red algae

conjugation

DNA transfer through direct cell-cell physical contact, Cell-cell attachment with pilus. In recipient cell, transferred DNA forms a plasmid

Green and red algae plastids originated through primary endosymbiosis

Heterotrophic host cells captured cyanobacteria via phagocytosis but did not digest them

Foraminiferas and radiolarians are

Heterotrophs and protozoans

SAR clade

Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizarians

The half-life of Carbon-14 is about 5700 years. You have found a fossil that you believe to be about 28,500 years old because it has _________ the normal (modern) expected ratio of Carbon-14.

1/32

You compare homologous nucleotide sequences between several pairs of species with known divergence times. A pair of species that diverged 1 million years ago has two nucleotide differences, a pair that diverged 2 million years ago has four nucleotide differences, and a pair that diverged 3 million years ago has six nucleotide differences. You have DNA sequence data for the same homologous gene in another pair of species where the divergence time is unknown. There are seven nucleotide differences between them. Based on your clock, when would you estimate that their line of ancestry diverged?

3.5 Million years ago

A paleontologist works at two different sites. At his inland site, he finds fossils of a type of bacteria at a density of about 3 individuals/m^2, within sedimentary rock with some ignenous rock that he dates to about 800,000 years old. At the coastal site, in rocks of about the same age, he finds fossils of large predatory snails, also at an average density of 3 individuals/m^2. What is the most likely conclusion that can be drawn from this?

800,000 years ago, the bacteria in the inland environment were likely more abundant than the snails were in the coastal environment.

A mutation to which type of gene is most likely to result in the largest change in morphology of the organism?

A gene that controls cell differentiation in early development.

Radiolarians

A protist, usually marine, with a shell generally made of silica and pseudopodia that radiate from the central body.

Which of the following is the most predictable outcome of increased gene flow between two populations?

Decreased genetic difference between the two populations.

Which statement is the best explanation for the high degree of sequence homology found between the DNA of dogs and wolves?

Dogs and wolves have a recent common ancestor.

Which of the following could be evidence that dolphins are descended from terrestrial ancestors?

Dolphins grow small hind limb buds early in embryonic development.

Protists classified by motility

Flagellate, amoeba, and ciliates

Most excavates are heterotrophic

Food particles are taken into cells by phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is evolutionary basis for endosymbiosis

Genetic drift...

Has a larger effect on small population sizes.

While comparing DNA sequences to build a phylogenetic tree of bacteria, Jennifer finds a confusing piece of data: one population which would otherwise fit nicely into a particular clade seems to contain at least one very long DNA sequence that matches to that of a very distantly related clade. What process is most likely responsible for this mystery?

Horizontal gene transfer

The first living organisms appeared....

In primitive oceans, about 3.8 billion years ago.

Natural selection is based on all of the following EXCEPT a. Genetic variation exists within populations b. Populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support. c. Individuals adapt to their environments during their lives and, thereby, evolve. d. The best adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring.

Individuals adapt to their environments during their lives and, thereby, evolve.

The extravagant tail feathers of the peacock are likely a result of ___________.

Intersexual Selection

It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that...

Island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors.

Most prokaryotes have a rigid cell wall outside the plasma membrane

Maintain cell shape. Helps protect against attacks, Also helps avoid lysis in hypotonic solutions

Shared derived characteristics are most likely to be found in taxonomic groups that are ____________.

Monophyletic

You are contacted by a biologist with the Jamaican government, who has access to a large collection of marine snail shells collected from the local coral reefs. She asks you to determine how many species are represented in the group. Employing which of the following approaches would be MOST useful for this task?

Morphological Traits

Protists are eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi

Most abundant in moist habitats, Most of them are microscopic in size

A population of centipedes is exposed to radiation. Most centipedes are completely unaffected by the radiation, while a small subset of individuals develop mutaitons, resulting in large morphological changes. However, these centipedes with mutations are no longer able to reproduce, and have no offspring. Is this radiation event likely to be a driving force for evolutionary changes in this population?

No

What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth? 1. Origin of mitochondria 2. Origin of multicellular eukaryotes 3. Origin of flowering plants 4. Origin of cyanobacteria

Origin of cyanobacteria, Origin of mitochondria, Origin of multicellular eukaryotes, Origin of flowering plants.

Which of the following list is correctly ordered from broadest to narrowest?

Phylum, Class, Order, Family

Which of the following is most likely to aid in the formation of new alleles?

Random mutation

Two nearby terrestrial lizard populations were once partially connected through a hybrid zone. A dam reroutes a large river, which completely separates the populations. This allows for which of the following to happen?

Reproductive isolation, because the populations cannot interbreed.

Stabilizing selection is best described by the following example:

Sparrows with average sized wings are best at surviving storms.

A population of yellow peacock cichlid fish in lake Victoria utilizes elaborate courtship rituals, which involve males fighting other males and making specific swimming patterns that attract females. One season, a mutation causes some of the males in this population to change their courtship rituals, which now only attracts a certain genotype of female to mate. If this situation persisted indefinitely, what is the most likely long-term outcome?

Sympatric speciation

You decide to go on to graduate school and study the mating behaviors of armadillos in Southwest Texas. You find that among all the armadillos in the area, some of them only exhibit mating behaviors and fertility in the spring, and the rest exhibit their mating behaviors and fertility in the fall. You make an argument in your thesis that these two sub-groups are likely to become separate species in the future. What is your best argument?

Temporal Isolation

Darwin and Wallace were the first to propose

That natural selection can change populations over time.

In a population of Sisserou parrots on the island of Dominica in the Caribbean, the gene for plumage color has two alleles, C^G and C^W. Individuals that are homozygotes for C^W are white and suffer high mortality from predation. Individuals that are heterozygotes (C^WC^G) are light green in color and have a lower predation rate than white individuals. Individuals that are homozygotes for C^G are dark green in color and blend in best against the dark jungle habitat, but they are also highly susceptible to avian psittacosis, a fatal infection caused by bacteria. In 2010, winds from Hurricane Tomas caused half the population of Sisserou parrots to colonize the nearby island of Martinique, leading to a healthy and large population on each island. Given that the bacterium that causes avian psittacosis is absent in Martinique, what do you expect will happen?

The C^W allele will decrease in frequency in the Martinique population.

Scientific experiments have demonstrated plausible mechanisms by which all of the following happened, except which? a. The formation of membranes that enclose organic molecules b. The appearance of the first nucleotides and amino acids c. The polymerization of nucleotides and amino acids into larger molecules d. The appearance of metabolism and inheritance from self-replicating molecules in protocells

The appearance of metabolism and inheritance from self-replicating molecules in protocells.

The appearance of photosynthetic prokaryotes lead to dramatic increases in oxygen levels on the Earth. Which of the following developed which takes advantage of free oxygen in the atmosphere and oceans?

The evolution of aerobic respiration to generate ATP from organic molecules more efficiently.

An archaeologist is working at a dig site in sedimentary rocks. At 10m depth, she finds a large number of fossils that resemble modern amphibians. At 15m depth, she finds an equal density of fish-like fossils. What can you say about these fossils?

The fish fossil is most likely older than the amphibian fossil.

A storm separates a small number of butterflies in a migrating population. These butterflies end up at a destination different from where they usually migrate and establish a new population in this new area. The new population has a different gene pool and a lower genetic variation than the original population it came from. This is an example of _________________.

The founder effect

Two species of dogfish belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the resulting embryo fails to develop and hatch. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate?

The postzygotic barrier called hybrid inviability.

Phylogenetic trees are...

The visual representation of a certain type of hypothesis.

how did Euglena acquire the ability to photosynthesize

This group acquired plastids by endosymbiosis of another photosynthetic organism

Dinoflagellates (type of alveolates)

Two flagella, Some photosynthetic, others not, Some have cellulose plates

protists classified by ecological role:

algae, protozoa, fungus-like

Some bacteria are pathogens:

cause diseases

Prokaryotes have 3 major shapes

coccus (circular), bacillus (rod shaped), and spiral

alveolates

dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates

Dinoflagellates

dominant group responsible for red tide

Flagellate

flagella

Rhizarians

have thread-like (filose) pseudopodia, Have thin, hair-like extensions of the cytoplasm

Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic

lack nucleus

algae

photoautotrophic

Rhizarians

radiolarians, forams, cercozoans

Supergroup Archaeplastida

red algae, green algae, land plants, chlorophytes, charophytes

Obligate aerobes

require oxygen

Alveolates

single-cellular, contain alveoli (mebrane bound sacs underneath plasma membrane. Alveolates have membranous vesicles in cell periphery