Bio Final Exam Review

How many possible combinations of chromosomes would be possible in a cell where 2n = 8 via independent assortment?

16

A population of lizards is split by an earthquake which leaves half of the population on an island and the other half on the tip of the peninsula. These lizards can't swim. What type of speciation will occur? A) Allopatric speciation B) Anagenesis C) Sympatric speciation D) Sexual selection

A) Allopatric speciation

Which statement about eyes is true? A) Eyes provided advantages to those with them at multiple stages during evolution B) Eyes were fined tuned after vertebrates emerged on land C) Fish eyes are better and distinguishing light and dark than amphibian eyes D) Single celled organisms with eye spots could focus on objects in their environment

A) Eyes provided advantages to those with them at multiple stages during evolution

Which of these conditions do NOT occur in populations evolving due to natural selection? A) Individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime B) The populations vary in traits that can be inherited. C) Some inherited traits increase reproductive success. D) More offspring are produced than can survive.

A) Individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime

Which of the following statements best describes evolution? A) Populations change genetically from one generation to the next. B) Natural selection favors the most abundant trait C) individuals change in response to changes in the environment D) The suitability of individuals to their environment decreases over time.

A) Populations change genetically from one generation to the next

Select the correct statement describing sympatric speciation A) Sympatric speciation can occur in a single generation. B) Sympatric speciation has never been observed in nature C) Sympatric speciation is always initiated by geographic isolation of two populations D) Sympatric speciation never occurs in animals

A) Sympatric speciation can occur in a single generation.

Is it possible that a structure as complex as an image-forming eye evolved by natural selection? A) Yes, if the photoreceptor cells and simple eyes that preceded it provided a reproductive advantage to the animals in which they arose. B) No, because the ability to distinguish light from dark without being able to form an image would not be beneficial enough. C) No. An image-forming eye needs all of its components to function, so a partial eye would not have been useful. D) Yes. Because an image-forming eye is so useful, natural selection would favor less useful intermediate structures.

A) Yes, if the photoreceptor cells and simple eyes that preceded it provided a reproductive advantage to the animals in which they arose.

Segregation of alleles occurs during which phase of meiosis? A) anaphase I B) interphase C) prophase I D) metaphase I

A) anaphase I

Of the following anatomical structures, which is most homologous to the bones in the wings of a bird? A) bones in the flippers of a whale B) structures in the wings of a butterfly C) bones in the hind limbs of a kangaroo D) bony rays in the tail fin of a flying fish

A) bones in the flippers of a whale

Blue poppies with the thickest leaves were most likely to survive and reproduce as the climate became drier. After several generations, the percentage of thick-leaved plants had increased by 42%. This adaptation of the poppies to their changed environment is due to __________. A) directional selection B) neutral selection C) disruptive selection D) stabilizing selection

A) directional selection

If the phenotypic expression of one gene is impacted by the alleles of another gene, its expression is controlled by _____. A) epistasis B) polygenic inheritance C) norm of reaction D) pleiotropy

A) epistasis

Binary fission is... A) is a type of asexual reproduction. B) is another term for fertilization. C) is the process for production of somatic cells in multicellular organisms. D) is another term for telophase and cytokinesis II.

A) is a type of asexual reproduction.

What is TRUE of a zygote? A) it is diploid B) it is haploid and multicellular C) it is multicellular D) it is diploid and multicellular E) it is haploid

A) it is diploid

The process of meiosis is highly regulated because... A) it is energetically expensive. B) it always results in higher mutation rates. C) it is the only process that prevents mutations in gametes. D) it is the only way to produce a diploid cell population.

A) it is energetically expensive.

Which of the following is true of microevolution? A) it is the kind of evolution that can change the relative abundance of a particular allele in a gene pool over the course of generations B) it is evolution that results in the origin of small numbers of new species C) it is evolution that involves only tiny changes to DNA, such as point mutations, producing only small (if any) changes to phenotype D) it is evolution that is restricted to individual organisms

A) it is the kind of evolution that can change the relative abundance of a particular allele in a gene pool over the course of generations

You discovered a way to clone Pokemon, so you now have 12 genetically-identical baby piplups. You have 3 controlled environments to raise the piplups, so you decide to see what happens when you raise them with different exposures to sunlight. The piplups exposed to the moderate level of sunlight grew the biggest. Which genetic pattern of inheritance can explain this result? A) norm of reaction B) pleiotropy C) polygenic inheritance D) epistasis

A) norm of reaction

Curly-scaled dragons have scales that curl up on the edges, preventing them from laying flat against the dragon's body. This phenotype is due to a single gene with 2 alleles. Homozygous recessive dragons for curly scales also have increased metabolic rates, more rapid heart rates, and delayed wing maturation. What genetic inheritance pattern explains these diverse impacts? A) pleiotropy B) codominance C) norm of reaction D) incomplete dominance

A) pleiotropy

Which of the following has been shown to cause speciation most rapidly? A) polyploidy B) differential resource exploitation C) hybridization D) punctuated equilibrium

A) polyploidy

According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium, the "sudden" appearance of a new species in the fossil record means that ________. A) speciation occurred rapidly in geologic time B) the species will consequently have a relatively short existence compared with other species C) speciation occurred in one generation D) the species is now extinct

A) speciation occurred rapidly in geologic time

in general, organisms that reproduce asexually have an advantage over organisms that reproduce sexually in a ___ environment. A) stable B) dry C) water D) changing

A) stable

The S phase in the eukaryotic cell cycle is ____________. A) when DNA synthesis occurs. B) only part of sexual reproduction. C) when mitochondria synthesis occurs. D) when the cell splits in two.

A) when DNA synthesis occurs.

Are changes in an organism's physical environment likely to result in an evolutionary change? A)Yes, because a trait that is favorable in one environment can be less favorable or even harmful in another environment. B) No, because the social environment of a species is what influences its fitness. C) No, because natural selection effects only living organisms. It favors or selects against their particular traits and does not deal with nonliving aspects. D) No, because the physical environment is not connected to genetic information, which is what is affected by natural selection.

A)Yes, because a trait that is favorable in one environment can be less favorable or even harmful in another environment.

If an organism sexually reproduces via sporic meiosis, which of the following is/are true? (you may select more than one answer if appropriate) A) it will have a multicellular diploid phase B) it produces gametes by mitosis C) it will have a multicelluar haploid phase D) it produces gametes by meiosis

A, B, C

You have a rabbit with the following genotype for coat color: BbEEDd Which gamete genotype below could NOT be produced by this individual? (assume meiosis completes with no errors; select all that apply) A) BeD B) BED C) BbEEDd D) bEd E) Bed

A, C, E

Which of the following organisms would be found in the Eukarya domain of life? (select all that apply) A) portabello mushroom (fungus) B) clown fish (animal) C) dandelion (plant) D) nigiri algae (protist)

All of the above

In order to be considered sexual reproduction, which of the following has to occur? (select all that apply) A) production of eggs and sperm B) meiosis C) fertilization D) production of a multicellular organism

B & C

Dragon sex-determination follows the X-Y pattern we discussed in class. The gene for tooth shape is found on the X-chromosome. The single-point teeth allele (XT) is dominant to the double-point teeth allele (Xt-1). If you cross a female who is heterozygous for tooth shape with a male dragon that has single-point teeth, what percent of their offspring will have double-point teeth? A) 100% B) 25% C) there's not enough information D) 50%

B) 25%

What are the two major types of processes involved in sexual selection? A) Change in gamete size and sexual dimorphism. B) Competition for and choice of mates. C) Good genes and good health. D) Direct fitness and indirect fitness.

B) Competition for and choice of mates.

Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of ______, and prokaryotic chromosomes are composed of ______. A) DNA and protein; RNA and protein B) DNA and protein; DNA and protein C) DNA only; protein only D) many short fragments of DNA held together with protein; only DNA

B) DNA and protein; DNA and protein

The majority of the neurons in your brain would best be described as in ____ phase of the cell cycle. A) G1 B) G0 C) G2 D) mitosis

B) G0

Which of the following situations would lead to microevolution? A) Mutations in muscle cells are transferred to the next generation. B) Mutations within populations lead to differences in allele frequencies C) An individual bird has a beak of a particular size that grows larger during a drought. D) All individuals within a population have the same allele at a particular locus.

B) Mutations within populations lead to differences in allele frequencies

Over long periods of time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses? A) Natural selection accounts for these losses by the principle of use and disuse. B) Natural selection led to a reduction in each of these structures because they presented greater costs than benefits to reproductive success C) Natural selection cannot account for losses, but can only account for new structures and functions. D) The ancestors of these organisms experienced harmful mutations that forced them to lose these structures

B) Natural selection led to a reduction in each of these structures because they presented greater costs than benefits to reproductive success

What did Gregor Mendel discover? A) The chromosomal basis of inheritance. B) Offspring character traits follow predictable patterns based on parents' traits. C) The molecular basis of inheritance. D) Hereditary information is found in the DNA code of living things.

B) Offspring character traits follow predictable patterns based on parents' traits.

What happens to the sex chromosomes during meiosis in human males? A) The X and the Y operate independent of one another through meiosis. B) The X and the Y chromosome associate at certain regions along the chromosomes and act like a pair of homologous chromosomes. C) One of the sex chromosomes is targeted for degradation, the other gets duplicated to form a pair of XX or a pair of YY. D) Both the X and the Y go through DNA replication twice to form tetrads prior to meiosis I.

B) The X and the Y chromosome associate at certain regions along the chromosomes and act like a pair of homologous chromosomes.

Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would be cause for this reclassification? A) The two forms live in similar habitats and have similar food requirements. B) The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring survive and reproduce well. C) The two forms are very similar in appearance. D) The two forms have many genes in common.

B) The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring survive and reproduce well.

If it is energetically costly for the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus maintain one or more antibiotic-resistance genes, what would be most likely to happen in environments that lack antibiotics? A) These bacteria would increase the number of genes conveying antibiotic resistance. B) These bacteria would be outcompeted by bacteria that have lost the antibiotic resistance genes C) These bacteria would maintain the antibiotic-resistance genes in case the antibiotics reappear D) These bacteria would try to make the cost worthwhile by locating and migrating to microenvironments where traces of antibiotics are present

B) These bacteria would be outcompeted by bacteria that have lost the antibiotic resistance genes

Which of the following is TRUE of your chromosome #5 from your mother and chromosome #5 from your father? A) They carry the same alleles in the same order. B) They carry the same genes in the same order. C) They carry the same alleles, but in a slightly different order. D) They carry the same genes, but in a slightly different order.

B) They carry the same genes in the same order.

All the species of finches that inhabit the Galapagos Islands descended from one species that reached the islands from the mainland. After reaching the islands, speciation occurred rapidly to fill the many ecological niches that existed on the previously uninhabited islands. What term best describes this rapid speciation? A) microevolution B) adaptive radiation C) sympatric speciation D) dispersal

B) adaptive radiation

Squirrel species on opposite sides of the Grand Canyon provide an example of A) sympatric speciation B) allopatric speciation C) punctuated equilibrium D) anagenesis

B) allopatric speciation

Which of the following cannot evolve? A) a species B) an individual C) all of the choices can evolve D) a population

B) an individual

Following DNA replication in your skin cells, sister chromatids are associated (held together) at the _____ region of the DNA. A) spindle B) centromere C) heterozygous D) chromatin

B) centromere

In evolutionary terms, an organism's fitness is measured by its __________. A) health B) contribution to the gene pool of the next generation C) genetic variability D) stability in the face of environmental change

B) contribution to the gene pool of the next generation

In a population of birds with different wing sizes, which type of selection would result in a population with individuals possessing very large or very small wings? A) directional selection B) disruptive selection C) stabilizing selection D) variable selection

B) disruptive selection

If a pair of homologous chromosomes failed to separate during meiosis I, the resulting cells will have... A) too few chromosomes in all cells following meiosis II. B) either too many or too few chromosomes following meiosis II. C) no cross-over events. D) too many chromosomes in all cells following meiosis II.

B) either too many or too few chromosomes following meiosis II.

Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together in captivity, they interbreed and produce fertile young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. In the wild, the two populations remain separate as a result of which of the following factors? A) behavior isolates their reproductive activities B) habitat isolation C) lack of hybrid viability D) temporal reproductive isolation

B) habitat isolation

According to the evolutionary approach to disease A) diseases transferred by insects are typically milder than those that rely on contact between hosts for transmission. B) if contact between hosts is required for transmission, the most successful pathogens are those mild enough to keep their hosts healthy overall. C) sneezing is only a strategy on the part of the pathogen to disperse to another host. D) diarrhea is solely a strategy on the part of the host to get the pathogen out of its body.

B) if contact between hosts is required for transmission, the most successful pathogens are those mild enough to keep their hosts healthy overall.

What is the problem with using the phrase "survival of the fittest" to describe evolution? A) Survival does not depend on genetic inheritance B) individual can survive a long time but not contribute genes to the next generation C) those that survive a long time but not contribute genes to the next generation D) Fitness can vary over an individual's life time

B) individual can survive a long time but not contribute genes to the next generation

The theory of evolution through natural selection is considered a scientific theory because __________. A) Darwin provided sufficient evidence for it B) it is supported by a massive body of evidence from many disciplines C) it is narrow in scope D) it is consistent enough with evidence of natural selection occurring over short time

B) it is supported by a massive body of evidence from many disciplines

Which of the following is an important characteristic of a scientific hypothesis? A) It can be proven true. B) It is testable. C) It confirms a scientific prediction. D) It always demonstrates cause and effect relationships.

B) it is testable

The physical location of a gene on a chromosome is also known as the ____. A) haploid state B) locus C) allele D) "n"

B) locus

The ability of a species to produce a variety of genetically unique individuals in each generation depends primarily upon A) gene flow B) mutations C) natural selection D) allopatric speciation

B) mutations

Evolutionary processes cannot be expected to A) produce phenotypic changes B) prepare for future conditions C) alter population gene pools D) respond to present conditions

B) prepare for future conditions

Asexual reproduction __________. A) requires both meiosis and mitosis B) produces offspring nearly genetically identical to the parent C) is limited to single-cell organisms D) leads to a loss of genetic material E) is limited to plants

B) produces offspring nearly genetically identical to the parent

When does crossing over occur during meiosis? A) interphase B) prophase I C) metaphase II D) anaphase I E) anaphase II F) prophase II G) metaphase I

B) prophase I

Most starlings (birds) produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Female starlings that produce more or less eggs have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this situation? A) sexual selection B) stabilizing selection C) directional selection D) disruptive selection

B) stabilizing selection

What is anagenesis? A) an evolutionary lineage that evolves slowly B) the evolution of new species within a single evolutionary line without branching C) developing a special adaptation for survival D) an evolutionary lineage that begins recently

B) the evolution of new species within a single evolutionary line without branching

The gene for hemoglobin in humans and the gene for hemoglobin in cows are described as being homologous. Based on your understanding of the definition of homologous chromosomes, what does that mean? A) the genes have the exact same DNA sequence B) the genes are similar due to common ancestry C) the genes are both subject to mutation D) there are multiple copies of the hemoglobin genes in both organisms

B) the genes are similar due to common ancestry

Sam is very ambitious and wants to leave their mark on the field of biology. If Sam gets to have something named after them in biology, which of the following would have the broadest application? A) model B) theory C) hypothesis D) pathway

B) theory

Which of the following is TRUE for both the bacterial species that causes tuberculosis and your lung cells? (select all that apply) A) Both cell types have a nucleus. B) Both cell types share the same genes in the same order. C) Both cell types use DNA as the hereditary material. D) Both cell types organize their DNA genomes into chromosomes.

C & D

Which of the following statements best defines artificial selection? A) Artificial selection is a process that produces beneficial mutations. B) Artificial selection is a process in which humans protect domesticated species from predation. C) Artificial selection is a process in which humans decide which plants and/or animals will and will not breed. D) Artificial selection is a process that occurs in nature when individuals inherit traits that enable them to survive and reproduce.

C) Artificial selection is a process in which humans decide which plants and/or animals will and will not breed.

The ultimate source of genetic variation for all organisms is... A) independent assortment B) horizontal gene transfer C) DNA mutations D) crossing over

C) DNA mutations

Which of the following statements is most consistent with data obtained from the fossil record? A) Organisms have an innate drive to increase in complexity. B) Unused body parts decrease in size C) Older strata have fossils that differ greatly from living organisms. D) Geologic changes occur quickly on Earth.

C) Older strata have fossils that differ greatly from living organisms.

An adaptation is __________. A) the cause of natural selection B) a trait that gives rise to a new species C) a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment D) an individual's attempt to conform to its environment

C) a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment

In the study of beak depth in the medium ground finch, the selection pressure leading to the change in beak depth was A) evolution of larger seeds B) decrease in predation pressure on finches C) decrease in precipitation D) removal of competitor species from the island

C) decrease in precipitation

Which of the following would be most fit? A hippogriff that A) had 10 offspring during its lifetime and 7 died before reproducing B) produced 4 offspring during its lifetime and all survived to reproduce C) had 6 offspring during its lifetime and 5 survived to reproduced D) gave birth to 5 offspring and all but one survived to reproduce

C) had 6 offspring during its lifetime and 5 survived to reproduced

Meiosis always produces ______. A) gametes B) zygotes C) haploid cells D) eggs or sperm

C) haploid cells

A plant species being eaten upon by cows possesses a protein which, through a single mutation, can change into a potent cow repellent. Natural selection will... A) cause this gene to mutate more often only in the presence of cows B) cause this gene to mutate more often C) have no effect on the rate of mutation D) cause this gene to mutate less often

C) have no effect on the rate of mutation

DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that A) humans evolved from chimpanzees. B) convergent evolution led to the DNA similarities. C) humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor. D) chimpanzees evolved from humans.

C) humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor.

In general, eukaryotic chromosomes are ____ , while prokaryotic chromosomes are ____. A) made of double-stranded DNA; made of single-stranded DNA B) made of DNA; made of protein C) linear; circular D) made of DNA; made of RNA

C) linear; circular

Which of the following observations led to Darwin's major inferences? A) organisms only go extinct when catastrophes occur B) body parts that are not used deteriorate over time C) members of a population vary in heritable traits D) most genes do not get passed to the subsequent generation

C) members of a population vary in heritable traits

Which of the following is TRUE of homologous chromosomes? They have _____. A) the same alleles in the same order. B) the same genes but the order may not be the same. C) the same genes in the same order. D) similar alleles although the order may be different.

C) the same genes in the same order.

Peter and Rosemary Grant's study of the Galapagos finches is important because A) there were so many species of finches B) they found a way to study evolution on a tropical island C) they found that evolution can occur in a natural population in a short time D) they were studying the same species that Darwin saw on his voyage

C) they found that evolution can occur in a natural population in a short time

Which of the following was NOT one of the conclusions that could be inferred from Mendel's monohybrid cross? A) traits segregate independently B) traits are distinct factors C) traits are inherited on chromosomes D) traits can be dominant or recessive

C) traits are inherited on chromosomes

If a cell is 2n = 12, how many possible combinations of chromosomes could be produced via independent assortment following meiosis? A) 128 B) 12 C) 24 D) 64 E) more than 200

D) 64

Which of the following observations would provide evidence supporting Lamarck's proposed evolutionary mechanism of "inheritance of acquired characteristics"? A) a decrease in the size of the tails of salamanders in a population that immigrated into a cave 20 generations earlier B) an increase in the length of giraffes' necks after trees in the area decreased in height C) an increase in average speed of deer on an island when the amount of food increased D) An increase in the size of muscles in offspring of thoroughbred horses that were trained vigorously on race tracks

D) An increase in the size of muscles in offspring of thoroughbred horses that were trained vigorously on race tracks

Which of the following would best be described as a case of sympatric speciation? A) A population of lizards is subdivided by a natural barrier and subsequently diverges to form two species that cannot interbreed. B) Speciation cannot take place in sympatry - only in allopatry, where geography poses a barrier to gene flow C) A new, isolated population of fruit flies is founded by a small group of colonists, which then diverge from the ancestral source population D) An individual hermaphroditic plant undergoes meiotic failure, producing diploid pollen and ovules; these self-fertilize, germinate, and grow into several fully fertile tetraploid plants.

D) An individual hermaphroditic plant undergoes meiotic failure, producing diploid pollen and ovules; these self-fertilize, germinate, and grow into several fully fertile tetraploid plants.

The prokaryotic flagellum is a complex structure consisting of several dozen different proteins. Which of the following statements best describes the origin of flagella in prokaryotes? Keep in mind the video of the evolution of the eye. A) The need for more complex structure must have driven evolution. B) Flagella could not have arisen by evolution because the structure is too complex to have evolved gradually C) Natural selection cannot account for the evolution of the prokaryotic flagellum. D) Ancestral versions of this protein assemblage were either less functional or had different functions than modern prokaryotic flagella

D) Ancestral versions of this protein assemblage were either less functional or had different functions than modern prokaryotic flagella

Which of the following are necessary for evolution to occur? A) Natural selection and no gene flow B) Very large populations and random mating C) Random mating and mutations D) Gene flow and mutations

D) Gene flow and mutations

The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data? A) Whales are not properly classified as mammals. B) Genes mutate faster in bats than in humans or whales C) Forelimb evolution was adaptive in people and bats, but not in whales. D) Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy

D) Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy

Members of two different species possess a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar way to perform about the same function. Which of the following observations would suggest that the relationship is more likely to be the result of homology than convergent evolution? A) The two species live at great distance from each other. B) The structures in adult members of both species are similar in size. C) Both species are well adapted to their particular environments. D) The embryological development of the two structures are similar.

D) The embryological development of the two structures are similar.

A study was conducted to determine genetic markers for familial ovarian cancer by sequencing DNA from 1000 individuals. The scientists identify a portion of DNA that is common in families with a history of ovarian cancer, but not seen in those with no family history of ovarian cancer. What is the best way to describe this finding? A) The scientists have developed a theory on how ovarian cancer develops. B) This finding proves the prediction that this DNA sequence increases the likelihood of ovarian cancer. C) The scientists found a DNA mutation that causes ovarian cancer. D) The scientists may have identified a DNA sequence that correlates with familial ovarian cancer.

D) The scientists may have identified a DNA sequence that correlates with familial ovarian cancer.

When does the first haploid cell form in meiosis? A) metaphase II B) metaphase I C) after meiosis II is complete D) after meiosis I is complete

D) after meiosis I is complete

Scientific theories... A) are inherently unreliable. B) are educated guesses based on multiple experiments. C) are only valuable if supported by studies with control groups. D) are well-supported by evidence from many diverse scientific fields.

D) are well-supported by evidence from many diverse scientific fields.

The biological species concept is not applicable to A) plants B) parasites C) sympatric populations D) asexual organisms

D) asexual organisms

Both the unity and the diversity of life on Earth can be explained by; A) sexual reproduction. B) mitosis and cytokinesis. C) multicellularity of higher organisms. D) evolution.

D) evolution.

Meiosis always produces... A) identical cells B) eggs or sperm C) gametes D) haploid cells

D) haploid cells

Dragon egg color is controlled by a single gene, and the eggs come in 3 colors - blue, yellow, and green. What genetic pattern of inheritance explains this result? A) epistasis B) pleiotropy C) norm of reaction D) incomplete dominance

D) incomplete dominance

If predators (for example, cats) that preferentially catch and eat smaller iguanas are introduced to an island with iguanas, iguana body size is likely to ________ in the absence of other factors; the iguanas would then be under ________ selection. A) decrease; disruptive B) increase; disruptive C) decrease; directional D) increase; directional

D) increase; directional

One benefit of sexual reproduction is ________. A) increased offspring survival in stable environments B) decreased energetic cost C) increased number of specialized cells D) increased genetic variability

D) increased genetic variability

Natural selection results in changes to allele frequencies because some _______ survive and reproduce better than others. A) species B) alleles C) loci D) individuals

D) individuals

During the eukaryotic cell cycle, DNA gets copied during ____. A) anaphase B) prophase C) prometaphase D) interphase E) metaphase

D) interphase

The uncertainty of science; A) results in unreliable conclusions. B) makes all conclusions simply theories. C) can be prevented by using proper experimental design methods. D) is a consequence of the potential to always do another experiment or ask another question.

D) is a consequence of the potential to always do another experiment or ask another question.

In published data on human mate preferences, the most preferred traits by both males and females were A) physical attractiveness B) good personality C) creativity D) kindness and intelligence

D) kindness and intelligence

A controlled experiment is one that; A) is repeated many times to make sure the results are accurate. B) proceeds slowly so a scientist can make careful records. C) keeps all variables constant. D) tests experimental and control groups in parallel.

D) tests experimental and control groups in parallel.

Gene flow is... A) mating between close relatives B) the migration of species populations to new areas C) the exchange of genes during fertilization D) the movement of genes between populations of a species

D) the movement of genes between populations of a species

Dragons from Canada have been found to come in 2 scale colors, red and black, where red (R) is dominant to black (r). Their eyes can be magenta (M) or green (m). Assume independent assortment and that the genes are on different chromosomes. From this mating you discover your dragon is homozygous dominant for scale color and heterozygous for eye color. What is the dragon's genotype for these 2 genes? _______ ["rrMm", "RRMm", "RrMm"]

RRMm

Dragons from Canada have been found to come in 2 scale colors, red and black, where red (R) is dominant to black (r). Their eyes can be magenta (M) or green (m). Assume independent assortment and that the genes are on different chromosomes. You have found a red dragon with magenta eyes. In order to determine if the dragon is homozygous dominant or heterozygous for these genes, you should mate it with a dragon that has ___________["red", "black"] scales and ___________ ["green", "magenta"] eyes.

black; green

Dragons from Canada have been found to come in 2 scale colors, red and black, where red (R) is dominant to black (r). Their eyes can be magenta (M) or green (m). Assume independent assortment and that the genes are on different chromosomes. From this mating, you'll know your dragon is _______________ ["heterozygous", "homozygous"] for scale color if you observe any offspring with black scales.

heterozygous

If a 2n cell divides twice to produce four 2n cells, _____ and cytokinesis has occurred.

mitosis

If a haploid cell divides to form 2 haploid cells, ______ and cytokinesis have occurred.

mitosis