Bio Final- Exam Review Questions

An actively dividing cell has six chromosomes. How many sister chromatids are present within this cell at the end of G2 phase?

12

Nitrogen has seven protons, seven neutrons, and seven electrons. What is the atomic mass of nitrogen?

14

Of the following values, which indicates the most basic pH?

7

Which of the following organisms are extant eutherian mammals and most closely related to humans? A. Chimpanzees B. Mice C. Zebra Fish D. Platypuses

A. Chimpanzees

Based on the water molecule pictured below, which of the labeled areas possesses a partial negative charge?

B only

It is possible that modern humans may have commingled with which of these other ancestors? A. Paranthropus aethiopicus B. Homo neanderthalensis C. Australopithecus africanus D. Australopithecus afarensis

B. Homo neanderthalensis

Cardiac muscle

Cardiac muscle contains bands like skeletal muscle, but its contractions are involuntary like smooth muscle.

Which of the following is an example of the last segment of an arthropod's body having evolved into a beneficial trait? A. Human thorax with an arm B. Bird thorax with a wing C. Lizard abdomen with a leg D. Wasp abdomen with a stinger

D. Wasp abdomen with a stinger

Why do humans rely on a circulatory system to distribute oxygen?

Diffusion is very slow over all but the shortest distances, so oxygen must be delivered to our cells to speed up the process

The correct two-word Latin scientific name for the modern humans is

Homo sapiens

What differentiates meiosis from mitosis?

Mitosis is used for the repair of cells, whereas meiosis creates cells for sexual reproduction

Victoria, who is 10 years old, wants to be a zoologist when she grows up because she loves animals. So, she decided to begin her training by "doing something scientific." Specifically, she weighed and measured the lengths of all the earthworms she could find in her yard and recorded the data in a notebook. She then made a graph showing the maximum, minimum, and average weights and heights of the earthworms. Was she doing something scientific?

No, because she had no hypothesis to direct her data collection or interpretation

People who experience pain might argue that they would be better off without pain receptors. Why is it important for humans to have pain receptors?

Pain receptors are important in prevent damage to tissues and could prevent life threatening injuries

Plasma Membrane

Regulates what moves in and out of the cell

A strand of DNA has the sequence ATTGGCTA. The complementary strand is..

TACCGTTAA

What best summarizes the events of the Calvin cycle?

The cycle uses ATP and NADPH to produce sugars.

Which of the following explains why ice floats on water?

The distance between water molecules in ice is greater than in liquid water.

What would you expect to happen if a knee joint was formed without any cartilage?

The knee would lack synovial fluid.

A strand of DNA has the sequence ATTGGCTA. The sequence of the protein is

UAC-GGU-UAA

A strand of DNA has the sequence ATTGGCTA. The mRNA strand is

UACCGUUAA

Is it possible for Homo sapiens and Neanderthals to be related even if humans are not the direct descendants of Neanderthals? A. No, because this would mean there is no connection at all between humans and Neanderthals. B. No, because the evolution of humans is clearly linear. C. Yes, but only because humans and Neanderthals commonly interbred. D. Yes, because humans and Neanderthals share a common ancestor.

Yes, because humans and Neanderthals share a common ancestor.

What would be the best analogy for the function of the Golgi apparatus?

a worker in a factory who places labels on products and then packs them into a shipping box

Which of the following organs plays a role in producing vitamin D? a. the skin b. the small intestine c. the stomach d. the large intestine

a. the skin

In a single strand of DNA, the total number of phosphate groups present is equal to the total number of ________ bases.

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

Pancreatic cancer is an especially dangerous disease in humans because the pancreas is

an organ that manufactures many different kinds of digestive enzymes

Food passing through our digestive tract would contain the fewest nutrients when it reaches which of the following organs? a. the small intestine b. the stomach c. the large intestine d. the esophagus

c. the large intestine

When examining the two complementary strands of nucleotides in one DNA molecule, you would expect to find that: a. the sum of Gs and Cs in one strand would be equal to the sum of the Gs and Cs in the other strand. b. the sum of Ts and As in one strand would be equal to the sum of the Cs and Gs in the other strand. c. the sum of Ts and As in one strand would be greater than the sum of the Ts and As in the other strand. d. the sum of As and Cs in one strand would be less than the sum of the Ts and Gs in the other strand.

c. the sum of Gs and Cs in one strand would be equal to the sum of the Gs and Cs in the other strand.

13. Once attached to the proper DNA sequence, Cas9 proteins found in the CRISPR-Cas9 system ________ both strands of DNA. a. polymerize b. cleave c. wind d. unwind

cleave

Which of the following is true of the chromosomes in a homologous (both) pair? a. They both came form the organism's mother b. They both came from the organism's father c. They do not join together during meiosis d. They carry the same genes

d. they carry the same genes

Vanessa has been lifting weights to increase strength in her arms. Which of the following statements about the muscles she is strengthening is true? a. they lack myofibrils b. they lack a banded appearance c. they are involuntary muscles d. they have tendons that are connected to bones

d. they have tendons that are connected to bones

Prokaryotes lack membrane-enclosed organelles and thus do not have nuclei. Therefore, prokaryotic a. cells are unable to undergo transcription and translation. b. cells do not need to undergo translation. c. cells do not need to undergo transcription. d. transcription and translation both take place in the cytoplasm.

d. transcription and translation not take place in the cytoplasm

Lysosome

enzymatic breakdown of large molecules

Phospholipids are large organic molecules with a ________, polar phosphate head connected to ________, nonpolar fatty acid tails. How do these molecules arrange themselves to form a mostly impermeable barrier between a liposome and its environment?

hydrophilic; hydrophobic; They line up hydrophobic tails facing each other at the center line of the membrane with the hydrophilic heads facing outward, away from the center line of the membrane.

When scientists generate a single informed, logical, and plausible explanation for a question and observations of the natural world, they are proposing a scientific

hypothesis

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

lipid synthesis and protein modification

Nucleus

location of DNA

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are primarily distinguished by the absence or presence of internal

membrane-enclosed organelles.

A species that lacks DNA repair mechanisms is likely to have ________ variations between individuals than a species that possesses repair mechanisms because ________.

more; more spontaneous mutations will go uncorrected

A permanent change in the DNA base sequence due to an uncorrected mismatch error is called a(n)

mutation

Ribosomes

place where protein synthesis takes place

The goal of meiosis is to

produce eggs and sperm

For a human to inhale, the rib muscles and diaphragm must ______ which_____ pressure inside the lungs.

relax; decreases

Carbon dioxide is one product of a metabolic process, which occurs in both plants and animals. This process is called

respiration

DNA technology can be used with all organisms because they all

share the same chemical DNA structure

During the process of ________, water diffuses across a semipermeable membrane from an area where water is more concentrated to an area where water is less concentrated (it moves along the water concentration gradient).

simple diffusion

Mitochondrion

site of cellular respiration

The Golgi apparatus

sorts proteins and lipids and sends them to their final destination.

At high altitudes, gases are less concentrated. You might gasp for air, because

the amount of oxygen that can diffuse into your blood will be decreased.

Oil and water do not mix together well because

water is polar and oil is nonpolar.

If a female's mitochondrial DNA was sequenced and compared to the sequence of mitochondrial DNA isolated from her mother's paternal grandmother (the mother of her mom's dad), she likely ________be a significant match because ________. A. Would not; a person's mitochondrial DNA is inherited from her mom who inherited from her mom. B. Would not; a person's mitochrondiral DNA is inherited from her dad who inherited it from his mom. C. Would; a person inherits her mitochondrial DNA from her dad who inherited it from his mom D. Would; a person inherits her mitochondrial DNA from her mom who inherited from her dad

A. Would not; a person's mitochondrial DNA is inherited from her mom who inherited from her mom.

In a human cell, a. one enzyme usually catalyzes no more than five different chemical reactions. b. nearly all chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes. c. enzymes have to be constantly replaced as they are used up in the reactions that they catalyze. d. some enzymes are specialized to store activation energy.

B. nearly all chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes

Males and females both produce estrogens, progestogens, and androgens. Which of the following is accurate for typical males and females? A. Males have more estrogens than androgens B. Both males and females have more estrogens than androgens. C. Males have more androgens than estrogen. Females have more estrogens than androgens. D. Both males and females have more androgens than estrogen.

C. Males have more androgens than estrogen. Females have more estrogens than androgens.

In the last few weeks of pregnancy, the level of estrogen in the woman's blood rises. This increase causes A. The fetus to develop more rapidly B. The amount of prostaglandins secreted by the placenta to decrease C. The muscles of the uterus to become more sensitive to the hormone oxytocin D. Even more estrogen to be released from the pituitary gland

C. The muscles of the uterus to become more sensitive to the hormone oxytocin

Photosynthesis happens in the

Chloroplasts

Your friend Tula, who is pregnant, learns that you are studying biology and tries to quiz you about your knowledge of pregnancy. She tells you that her baby has just started kicking, and she asks you to guess how far along she is. Based on your understanding of life in the womb, you would answer that she is about her ________trimester. A. First B. Second C. Third D. Fourth

D. Fourth

One of the most common knee injuries is the tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). How would an injury like this affect the function of the knee?

Ligaments hold the bones of the knee in the proper orientation. Tearing the ligament could disrupt the alignment of the knee, making the knee difficult to bend.

Possums are found throughout much of Central and North America. Although their bodies are covered in hair, their tails and ears are hairless. They have many teeth and opposable clawless "thumbs" on their rear appendages. They produce poorly developed young that live in mom's pouch for about two and a half months before climbing on her back. Possums are A. Eutherians B. Monotremes C. Marsupials D. Primates

Marsupials

Which of the following anatomical changes was an especially important contributor to the development of full bipedalism in hominids? A. Face pulled forward with spinal cord entering rear of skull B. Gain of opposable big toes C. Restructuring of the pelvis accompanied by a change in the angle of knee joints that support body weight D. Restructuring of the pelvis accompanied by a change in the angle of knee joints that support body weight E. Having no arch in the foot

Restructuring of the pelvis accompanied by a change in the angle of knee joints that support body weight

One side of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary (lungs) circuit, and the other side of the heart pumps blood to the systemic circuit (rest of the system). How do these different functions affect the structure of the heart?

The left side of the heart has a thicker muscular wall than the right side.

Some species of fish that live in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean have evolved an "antifreeze" protein. Why might this protein be important to homeostasis? a. The protein might be involved in transporting water into fish cells during cold weather. The more water in the cell, the smaller the chance that ice crystals will form inside it. b. The protein might prevent ice crystals from forming inside fish cells, which would prevent damage to the plasma membrane when temperatures are low. c. The protein might be involved in removing solutes from fish cells during cold weather. With fewer solutes in the cell, essential chemical reactions are more likely to occur. d. The protein might allow this species of fish to survive global warming by enabling the fish to carry out chemical reactions that would normally be prevented by warm temperatures.

b. The protein might prevent ice crystals from forming inside fish cells, which would prevent damage to the plasma membrane when temperatures are low.

Liver cells are different from heart cells of the same organism because these cell types a. have different genes. b. express different genes. c. have a different DNA sequence. d. mutated from a stem cell to produce new cell types.

b. express different genes

A newborn is diagnosed shortly after birth with a rare heart defect that prevented the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle from fully forming. Which of the following would be an expected outcome of this defect? a. Oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood would mix. b. Blood would flow through the body in more than one direction. c. Body cells would receive less oxygen-rich blood than normal. d. Blood flow from the left ventricle to the body would increase.

c. Body cells would receive less oxygen-rich blood than normal.

7. Which of the following statements comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration is accurate? a. Photosynthesis is a catabolic pathway, whereas cellular respiration is an anabolic pathway. b. Water is formed during photosynthesis but broken apart during cellular respiration. c. Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration require electron transport chains. d. Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration produce CO2 as metabolic end products.

c. Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration require electron transport chains.

If a drug attacked and destroyed involuntary muscle cells only, which of the following body functions would be affected? a. movement of the arms b. movement of the legs c. movement of materials through the digestive system d. movement of the eyes

c. movement of materials through the digestive system

As you are driving to school one morning, the driver in front of you suddenly slams on his brakes and turns right without using his turn signal. Despite the potentially irritating situation, you remain calm because your ________ helped you control your emotions.

cerebrum

Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes tissues from organs? a. Organs consist of cells, whereas tissues do not. b. Organs are limited to one location in the human body, whereas most tissues move throughout the body. c. Each organ performs multiple functions, whereas a designated tissue performs only one function. d. Organs consist of multiple tissue types, whereas tissues consist of one or more cell types.

d. Organs consist of multiple tissue types, whereas tissues consist of one or more cell types.

If you were to step on a nail with your right foot, which of the following things would NOT happen? a. Sensory input from your right foot would be processed in your central nervous system. b. Motor output would travel to both of your legs; your right foot would be raised and your left leg would stiffen to prevent you from falling over. c. Motor output from your right leg would be interpreted by your brain as sensory input. d. The thalamus would filter and sort the sensory input that is entering your brain.

d. The thalamus would filter and sort the sensory input that is entering your brain.

After certain knee injuries, patients experience a swelling because of an accumulation of fluid within the knee. This condition is referred to as "water on the knee." Which of the following is a likely source of this fluid? a. tendons around the knee b. ligaments around the knee c. spongy bone d. synovial sac

d. synovial sac