Bio Lecture Chapter 5 test

Why are lines of cleavage clinically significant?

A cut parallel to a cleavage line will remain closed.

Which of the following statements about nails is FALSE? Another name for the eponychium is cuticle. Nail production occurs at the nail root, located near the proximal end of the bone of the fingertip. Because nail tissue is dead, nails cannot indicate metabolic changes or diseases in the body. The eponychium is a fold of stratum corneum over the exposed nail near the root.

Because nail tissue is dead, nails cannot indicate metabolic changes or diseases in the body.

Which of the following statements about skin injury and repair is FALSE? Calluses form when stem cells in skin divide more rapidly with mechanical stress. Cells of the stratum germinativum divide rapidly and migrate to cover cut surfaces of injured skin. Damage to skin stimulates mast cells to trigger an inflammatory reaction. Because skin is just scraped rather than cut, an abrasion heals more quickly than an incision.

Because skin is just scraped rather than cut, an abrasion heals more quickly than an incision.

After a skin injury, the body initiates a wound-healing response. The first step of this response is the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding. Which of the following would be the next response? increased production of melanin by melanocytes increased production of connective tissue an increase in Pacinian corpuscles around the wound an increased activity in the stratum lucidum

Connective Tissue

What is the significance of the lines of cleavage?

Cuts made parallel to the lines of cleavage heal with little scarring.

Why is limited exposure to UV light in sunlight beneficial?

It converts a steroid into vitamin D3.

Which of the following is an effect of epidermal growth factor? It reduces keratin production. It suppresses glandular activity. It slows the repair process. It promotes divisions of the germinative cells in the stratum germinativum.

It promotes divisions of the germinative cells in the stratum germinativum.

If you cut yourself and bacteria enter the wound, which of the following cells would help get rid of the bacteria? Merkel cells keratinocytes Langerhans cells melanocytes

Langerhans cells

vitiligo

Melanocyte function is lost; condition may be autoimmune.

Which of the following sensory cells are located in the epidermis?

Merkel, or tactile, discs

Which of the following statements about integumentary repair is FALSE? Some adults form scar tissue called keloid that extends beyond the edges of the injury site. A scab restores the integrity of the epidermis and restricts invasion of the body by microorganisms. As fibroblasts move into damaged tissue, endothelial cells also move in and form new capillaries. Skin repairs occur at the same pace throughout a person's life.

Skin repairs occur at the same pace throughout a person's life.

Which of the following statements about skin pigmentation is FALSE? Albino individuals have as many melanocytes as non-albinos, but they cannot produce melanin. Ultraviolet light stimulates skin cancer formation only in melanocytes. Melanosomes are passed from melanocytes to keratinocytes, producing pigment in the entire epidermis. Individuals with darker skin pigmentation are less likely to have skin cancer than those with lighter pigmentation under the same exposure to ultraviolet light.

Ultraviolet light stimulates skin cancer formation only in melanocytes.

Melanin is __________.

a brown-black pigment

When scar tissue formation continues beyond the requirements of tissue repair, __________ is formed.

a keloid

The hair matrix contains ________.

a layer of basal cells

Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system? protection maintenance of body temperature, absorption of nutrients ,storage of nutrients

absorption of nutrients

Which of the following is an effect of epidermal growth factor? promoting the division of cells in the stratum germinativum accelerating the production of keratin in epidermal cells stimulating secretion by epidermal glands All of the listed responses are correct.

all

sweat production that begins with puberty

apocrine sweat glands

Nails, sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands __________.

are epidermal derivatives

Apocrine sweat glands __________.

are found in the armpits, groin, and around the nipples

Eccrine sweat glands ________.

are present all over the body and produce watery sweat

Bedsores ________.

are preventable by eliminating pressure points

What is the name of the muscle that is connected to the hair follicle and produces "goose bumps" when it contracts?

arrector pili

Sebaceous glands ________.

associated with hair folicles

What is the first step of integument repair following an injury?

bleeding and inflammation

What are the four stages in the regeneration of skin, in the correct order?

bleeding, scab formation, fibroblast activity (regeneration), and scab shedding

Which of the following would result in the loss of large portions of the skin and lead to increased risk of infection and fluid loss? cyanosis dermatitis burns skin cancers

burns

In general, skin cancers ________. are easily treatable and not a major health concern occur due to poor hygiene can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun affect only the epidermis

can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun

Which of the following is an orange-yellow pigment that is found in certain food items, such as carrots and squash?

carotene

Which type of gland produces earwax?

ceruminous gland

producing modified sweat that mixes with nearby sebaceous gland secretions to protect the eardrum

ceruminous glands

The body of the nail __________.

consists of dead, tightly compacted cells

Oxygen lack in blood to skin causes blueness.

cyanosis

The reduction in sebum production due to aging can lead to __________.

dry and scaly skin

nail root

epidermal fold where nail is produced

Which of the following is NOT an accessory structure in the integumentary system? hair epidermis nails glands

epidermis

An individual has spent too much time sun bathing. Not only is his skin painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that he has damaged which layers of his skin? epidermis only hypodermis only epidermis and hypodermis epidermis and dermis

epidermis and dermis

nail bed

epidermis beneath nail

The protective scab that forms over an injury consists of __________.

fibrin

One of the functions of the integumentary system is protection. Which of the following does not directly contribute to that function? stratum lucidum desmosomes folic acid synthesis Merkel cells

folic acid sythesis

What layer is composed of adipose and areolar tissues and is the site of subcutaneous injections?

hypodermis

Which of the following is NOT an accessory structure of the integumentary system? nails hair hypodermis multicellular exocrine glands

hypodermis

Similar to the hair, nails grow continuously throughout our lives. Which of the following is furthest from the nail growth center? nail bed hyponychium nail root eponychium

hyponychium

Langerhans

immune cells that defend skin

Which of the following processes or conditions would NOT occur in aging skin? thinning of the dermis decline in vitamin D3 production increase in glandular activity decrease in the number of Langerhans cells

increase in glandular activity

What is the function of sebum?

inhibits bacteria and lubricates the keratin of hair

The eponychium __________.

is the nail cuticle

Bile excretion in liver fails; skin turns yellow.

jaundice

What forms when scar tissue continues beyond the requirements of tissue repair?

keloid

Which type of cell is the most abundant epithelial cell in the body and dominates the cellular composition of the epidermis?

keratinocyte

Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells?

keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells? basal cells of the stratum basale melanocytes of the stratum basale keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum Langerhans cells of the stratum lucidum

keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

The layers of the hair shaft and follicle in order (MCCIEG)

medula cortex cuticle internal root sheath external root sheath glassy membrane

Which of the following is a brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment produced by pigment cells in the stratum germinativum?

melanin

The color of skin is the result of __________.

melanin, carotene, and dermal blood supply

Which gland functions in thermoregulation?

merocrine sweat gland

sensible perspiration

merocrine sweat glands

Nail production begins at the __________.

nail root

protection for exposed tips of digits

nails

lunula

pale crescent shape at base of nail

What areas of the skin has the greatest concentration of eccrine sweat glands?

palm

An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut into in order to bleed? stratum corneum stratum basale papillary dermis stratum granulosum

papillary dermis

Which layer of the dermis contains areolar tissue and is found immediately under the epidermis?

papillary layer

What are the major components of the dermis?

papillary layer and reticular layer

Decubitus ulcers __________.

result from a lack of circulation

large gland that lubricates the epidermis and is not associated with hair follicles

sebaceous follicle

Which gland produces an oily secretion that lubricates the hair and skin?

sebaceous gland

holocrine gland with an oily secretion

sebaceous gland

Cumulative UV damage in the skin causes chromosomal damage to basal cells, resulting in abnormal cell growth.

skin cancer

Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis? protects underlying organs helps maintain body temperature source of blood vessels in the epidermis a site to long-term energy storage

source of blood vessels in the epidermis

Which of the following is NOT an effect of epidermal growth factor? stimulating rapid release of dead cells at the surface of the stratum corneum promoting division of stem cells in the stratum germinativum and stratum spinosum stimulating synthesis and secretion by epithelial glandular cells accelerating production of keratin in differentiating epidermal cells

stimulating rapid release of dead cells at the surface of the stratum corneum

The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis?

stratum basale

Beginning at the basement membrane and working toward the free surface, the layers of the epidermis are __________.

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

As you are walking down the beach, you see a dead, dry, shriveled-up fish. Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out? stratum corneum stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum

stratum corneum

Which epidermal stratum is the most superficial and is composed of 15-30 layers of dead, keratinized cells that eventually are shed from its surface?

stratum corneum

eponychium

stratum corneum of the nail root that extends over the exposed nail

In which layer of the epidermis would you find melanocytes?

stratum germinativum (also stem cells)

Your fingerprints are the external manifestation of dips and ridges characteristic of which layer?

stratum germinativum (lowest layer)

Langerhans cells are commonly found in the ________.

stratum spinosum

Collagen lends ________ to the skin.

structure

The root hair plexus __________.

surrounds the base of each hair

Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the skin? detection of sensory information maintenance of normal body temperatures protection of underlying structures synthesis of B vitamins

synthesis of B vitamins

What is the term for heavy, more deeply pigmented hairs found in the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes?

terminal hairs

The integumentary system consists of __________.

the cutaneous membrane and associated structures

Older people are more prone to skin injuries as a result of __________.

the thinning of the epidermis decrease in the number of Langerhans cells reduction in melanocyte activity

hyponychium

thickened stratum corneum near free edge of nail

It is the localized death of an epithelium.

ulcer

nail body

visible portion of the nail