Bio Midterm 2

Which of the following is an example of a female mating with a male only after submitting him to a courtship ritual? A female black widow will only mate with a male that will guard her A female bower bird will mate with a male only after inspecting the small thatched structure he has built for her A female arctic squirrel will mate with the male that controls the best territory A female moth will mate with the same male for 24 hours

A female bower bird will mate with a male only after inspecting the small thatched structure he has built for her

In black widow spider mating, the male ___________________________ and the female ___________________________. Mates with many females; mates with only one male Produces a copulatory plug; removes the copulatory plug Brings the female a nuptial gift of food; decides whether to accept it Breaks off his sexual organ inside the female; kills and eats the male

Breaks off his sexual organ inside the female; kills and eats the male

A male warbler singing a complicated song to a potential mate is an example of... Control of valuable resources Good looks Courtship ritual Gifts up front

Courtship ritual

Speciation

Evolution of one or more species from one ancestral species

True or false: A minimum of 100 years of isolation is required for two populations to accumulate enough differences to be considered different species.

False

Which situation is an example of behavioral isolation? A species of daisy only blooms when nights become longer than 9 hours The offspring of horses and donkeys are sterile Female spiders only mate when a male of the same species taps her web in a particular way The pollen of roses isn't recognized by the eggs of morning glories

Female spiders only mate when a male of the same species taps her web in a particular way

Behavioral isolation

Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding

Temporal isolation

Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times

The eggs released by sponges during reproduction have proteins on their surfaces that prevent sperm from different sponge species from binding to the eggs. What type of reproductive isolation would include this example? mechanical reproductive isolation gamete compatibility hybrid inviability behavioral reproductive isolation

Gamete compatibility

Which of the following factors would NOT contribute to allopatric speciation? A population becomes geographically isolated from the parent population The separated population is small, and genetic drift occurs The isolated population is exposed to different selection pressures than the ancestral population Different mutations begin to distinguish the gene pools of the separated populations Gene flow between the two populations is extensive

Gene flow between the two populations is extensive

Because it is possible for a female to mate with multiple males, any of whom could be the father, male mammals and birds will always: Invest more in the care of the offspring Invest less in the care of the offspring Have some degree of paternity uncertainty Be the choosier sex in mating

Have some degree of paternity uncertainty

Polyandry

Individual females mate with multiple males

Polygyny

Individual males mate with multiple females

Polygamy

Individuals attract multiple mates while other individuals attract none

Monogamy

Individuals mate and remain with just one individual

Behaviors that do not require environmental input for their development are called: Reciprocal altruism Instincts Complex behaviors Learned behaviors

Instincts

Behavior is part of an organisms... Genotype Phenotype Traits Alleles

Phenotype

In a species such as elephant seals, in which males are significantly larger than females, the most likely mating system is: Polygyny Polyandry It is impossible to predict the mating system with only this information Promiscuity

Polyandry

Reproductive Isolation

Prevention of gene flow between species

Mate guarding is a reproductive tactic that functions to: Increase the number of mates to which a male has access Reduce the female's fitness Reduce paternity uncertainty Reduce the male's reproductive investment

Reduce paternity uncertainty

The energy that a parent puts into the growth, feeding, and care of offspring is called: reproductive investment. total reproductive output. the mating system. reproductive success.

Reproductive investment

Which of the following must occur during a period of geographic isolation in order for two sibling species to remain genetically distinct following their geographic reunion in the same home range? Prezygotic barriers Postzygotic barriers Ecological isolation Reproductive isolation Temporal isolation

Reproductive isolation

Rules of thumb

Rules that tell us what we should do based on what has usually worked best in similar situations

Sexual Monomorphism

Sexes are indistinguishable; normally monogamy

Gene Pool

Sum total of the alleles found in all individuals of a species

One species of plant produces flowers when nights are 10 hours long. A related species comes into flower when nights are 9 hours long. What type of reproductive isolation would include this example? temporal isolation gamete incompatibility behavioral isolation mechanical isolation

Temporal isolation

Allopatric speciation

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another

Sympatric speciation

The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area

Which situation occurs after the creation of a new allele? The gene pool becomes more diverse. Reproductive isolation always occurs in the group where the mutation occurred. The gene pool fragments into smaller groups. The gene pool becomes less diverse.

The gene pool becomes more diverse

Pair Bond

a durable and exclusive relationship between two individuals

Fixed action pattern

a sequence of unlearned acts that is triggered under certain circumstances and once initiated, usually carried to completion

Modes of Speciation

allopatric and sympatric

Direct fitness

an individual's total reproductive output

Instincts

innate tendencies that determine behavior

Kin Selection

occurs when an animal engages in self-sacrificial behavior that benefits the genetic fitness of its relatives

Prezygotic barriers

prevent mating or fertilization between species

Postzygotic barriers

prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult

Male

produces smaller motile gamete

Female

produces the larger immobile gamete

Paternity Uncertainty

the fact that a man cannot be sure that the children born to his female partner are his

Species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

Genus

A group of similar species

In what type of population would evolution occur most rapidly? A small population with a relatively diverse gene pool A small population with a small gene pool A large population with a large gene pool A large population with a relatively limited gene pool.

A small population with a small gene pool

Feeding behavior

All aspects of how an animal searches for, selects, and ingests food

Which of the following conditions must be met for reciprocal altruism to evolve? The benefits to the recipient must be significantly greater than the costs to the donor There must be repeated interactions among individuals, with opportunities for each individual to be both the donor and the recipient of altruistic-appearing acts There must be the ability to recognize and punish cheaters All of the above

All of the above

Which of these most accurately describes a single population? All the house cats in Montana All the oak trees in a park All the gulls in North America Two coneflower plants in a field of coneflowers

All the oak trees in a park

Prepared learning

Allowing certain associations to be learned more readily than others

Hamilton's Rule

Altruistic-appearing behavior will occur when the benefits to close relatives are greater than the cost to the individual performing the behavior

Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian islands have different elaborate courtship rituals that involve fighting other males and stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent? Habitat isolation Temporal isolation Behavioral isolation Gametic isolation Postzygotic barriers

Behavioral Isolation

Altrustic behavior

Behaviors that come at a cost to the individual doing the behavior while benefitting the recipient

Which of the following is the best way to distinguish male from female? Males are larger Males are more brightly colored Males are more aggressive Males produce motile gametes

Males produce motile gametes

What causes the reproductive isolation that can lead to speciation? Some members of a group are sterile Members of one group don't want to mate with other groups A group goes extinct Members of one group are unable to make fertile offspring with other groups

Members of one group are unable to make fertile offspring with other groups

What causes the reproductive isolation that can lead to speciation? Some members of a group are sterile. Members of one group are unable to make fertile offspring with other groups. Members of one group don't want to mate with other groups. A group is extinct.

Members of one group are unable to make fertile offspring with other groups.

The sex with the greater energetic investment in reproduction will be___________________ when it comes to mating. more discriminating less discriminating more exhausted more competitive

More discriminating

Reciprocal Altruism

Occurs between unrelated individuals when there will be repayment (or at least the promise of repayment) of the altruistic act in the future

What situation can result from a postfertilization barrier to reproduction? mechanical isolation of a species mutations in genes that control development offspring that fail to develop gamete incompatibility

Offspring that fail to develop

What results after a speciation event? Two species have evolved that are each different from the original species One new species evolve, while the original species go extinct One new species evolve, while the original species stats the same One new species evolve, while the original species may stay the same or evolve into something different

One new species evolve, while the original species may stay the same or evolve into something different

How do new species arise?

One species splits into two distinct species (two phases, Reproductive isolation, genetic divergence)

A small founder population of turtles has established a population on an island with a varied and good habitat that contains ample food. There is very little competition between members. What effect would this low level of competition have on evolution? The population will grow in size, and many variants will coexist. The population will grow in size but won't change much. The population will remain very stable in size, and it won't evolve much. Genetic drift will eliminate most of the population.

The population will grow in size, and many variants will coexist

Indirect fitness

The reproductive output brought about by altruistic behaviors toward close kin

Sexual Dimorphism

The sexes differ in size and appearance; normally polygamy

Inclusive fitness

The sum of an individual's own reproductive success plus the effects the organism has on the reproductive success of related others

In many ways a mule is a superior animal to the horse or donkey. They are often stronger and can jump higher than either of their parents. Why then are they considered to be a "weak hybrid"? They are more prone to disease. They do not live as long. Their offspring are progressively weaker. They are sterile.

They are sterile

Which of the following describes mechanical reproductive isolation? Two squirrel populations live on either side of a mountain range Two fly species have differently shaped genitals that prevent interspecies mating Two similar species of sunflowers bloom at different times of the year Individuals from two wildcat species produce infertile offspring when they mate

Two fly species have differently shaped genitals that prevent interspecies mating

All of the answers below are examples of allopatric speciation except: Salamanders that have migrated via two different routes display different color patterns. There are 14 different species of finch on the Galapagos Islands vs. one species on South America. Two species of benthic fish are found in a volcanic crater that is known to have only been colonized by one species on benthic fish about 10,000 years ago Species of lobster on the east side of the isthmus of Panama are different from those on the west side.

Two species of benthic fish are found in a volcanic crater that is known to have only been colonized by one species on benthic fish about 10,000 years ago

Choosier sex

endures more risk

Which shows the steps of speciation in the correct order? genetic incompatibility, geographic isolation, evolutionary changes evolutionary changes, geographic isolation, reproductive isolation geographic isolation, evolutionary changes, reproductive isolation reproductive isolation, genetic incompatibility, geographic isolation

geographic isolation, evolutionary changes, reproductive isolation

Behavior

traits that can evolve and can be influenced by natural selection

Sex that invests less

will compete amongst themselves for access to the higher-investing sex