Bio midterm

19) The hydrogens and oxygen of a water molecule are held together by ______ bonds. A) electron B) hydrogen C) covalent D) osmotic

C

30) In cellular respiration, most ATP is produced directly as a result of ______. A) the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane B) the citric acid cycle C) fermentation D) the electron transport chain

30) In cellular respiration, most ATP is produced directly as a result of ______. A) the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane B) the citric acid cycle C) fermentation D) the electron transport chain

10) Isotopes of an element have the same number of ______ and different numbers of ______. A) protons... neutrons B) protons... electrons C) neutrons... protons D) electrons... protons

A

15) The bond between oppositely charged ions is a(n) ______ bond. A) ionic B) polar C) hydrogen D) covalent

A

17) What name is given to bonds that involve the sharing of electrons? A) covalent B) hydrogen C) ionic D) polar

A

29) As water freezes, ______. A) its molecules move farther apart B) it cools the surrounding environment C) its hydrogen bonds break apart D) it loses its polarity

A

35) What name is given to substances that resist changes in pH? A) buffers B) sugars C) salts D) bases

A

4) An atom with a positive charge has ______. A) more protons than electrons B) more electrons than protons C) more neutrons than protons D) more protons than neutrons

A

6) An atom's ______ are found in its nucleus. A) neutrons and protons B) protons only C) neutrons and electrons D) electrons, protons, and neutrons

A

8) An uncharged atom of gold has an atomic number of 79 and an atomic mass of 197. This atom has ______ protons, ______ neutrons, and ______ electrons. A) 79... 118... 79 B) 118... 79... 118 C) 118... 276... 118 D) 79... 34... 79

A

32) Anaerobic respiration produces a maximum of ______ ATP per glucose. A) 2 B) 4 C) 10 D) 38

A) 2

You work for a company selling tropical rain forest plants commonly found in the understory of the forest. These plants are shade tolerant and can be grown indoors because they require low light. Your employer wants you to find out what is the best type of light to maximize growth of these understory plants. Using a full spectrum of natural light would cause these plants to die because they are a shade-tolerant plant species. From your biology class, you recall that the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis involve pigment molecules that absorb light of specific wavelengths. You also remember the experiments done by the German biologist Theodor Engelmann, in which he separated light using a prism into different wavelengths and then determined which wavelengths were best for promoting photosynthesis in the algae species he was examining. Your goal is to determine which wavelengths (colors) of light are best for promoting photosynthesis to enhance growth in your species of plant. To achieve this, you grew your plants under different wavelengths of light and measured their growth rates. The wavelengths were measured in nanometers (nm), and the growth rate was measured in millimeters per day (mm/day). The data you collected are as follows: 43) Which wavelength of light is the least useful to your plant's growth? A) 750 nm B) 650 nm C) 550 nm D) 500 nm

A) 750 nm

22) Which one of the following is true? A) An enzyme's function depends on its three-dimensional shape. B) Enzymes work generally on a broad range of substrates. C) Enzymes are used up in chemical reactions. D) Enzymes emerge changed from the reactions they catalyze.

A) An enzyme's function depends on its three-dimensional shape.

4) Chromatin consists of ______. A) DNA and protein B) RNA and protein C) protein only D) DNA only

A) DNA and protein

44) Why do some plant species require shaded conditions while other plant species require bright sunlight? A) Different species of plants have different pigment molecules that utilize different wavelengths of light. B) Different species of plants have leaves that are shaped differently. C) Some species of plants are able to produce sugar without ever having been exposed to sunlight. D) Some species of plants are consumers and do not need sunlight.

A) Different species of plants have different pigment molecules that utilize different wavelengths of light.

24) In meiosis, how does prophase I differ from prophase II? A) During prophase I there is one diploid cell; during prophase II there are two haploid cells. B) During prophase I chromosomes line up single file in the middle of the cell; during prophase II the chromosomes line up in double file in the middle of the cell. C) During prophase I the chromosomes coil up; the chromosomes are not coiled up during prophase II. D) In prophase I the sister chromatids are attached; in prophase II the sister chromatids are separated.

A) During prophase I there is one diploid cell; during prophase II there are two haploid cells.

26) ______ is the source of the oxygen gas released by a photosystem. A) H2O B) Chlorophyll a C) CO2 D) C6H12O6

A) H2O

You try to start your car, but it does not start. Which of these is a hypothesis? A) My car's battery is dead. B) If I recharge the battery, then my car will start. C) My car is too old to function properly. D) What is wrong with my car?

A) My car's battery is dead.

11) Which of the following is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis? A) O2 B) CO2 C) C6H12O6 D) ADP

A) O2

Which of the following is not a property of life? A) Populations of organisms rarely change over time. B) Living things exhibit complex but ordered organization. C) Organisms take in energy and use it to perform all of life's activities. D) Organisms reproduce their own kind.

A) Populations of organisms rarely change over time.

13) Which of these events occurs during anaphase? A) Sister chromatids separate. B) Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. C) The nuclear envelope reappears. D) The nuclear envelope breaks up.

A) Sister chromatids separate.

How do hypotheses differ from theories? A) Theories are more comprehensive than hypotheses. B) Theories must be testable; hypotheses do not need to be testable. C) Hypotheses are educated guesses, and theories are tentative explanations. D) Hypotheses are derived from experimentation, whereas theories are derived from observation.

A) Theories are more comprehensive than hypotheses.

30) When two solutions that differ in solute concentration are placed on either side of a selectively permeable membrane, and osmosis is allowed to take place, the water will ______. A) exhibit a net movement to the side with lower water concentration B) exhibit a net movement to the side with higher water concentration C) exhibit a net movement to the side with lower solute concentration D) exhibit an equal movement in both directions across the membrane

A) exhibit a net movement to the side with lower water concentration

36) A specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is a ______. A) gene B) protein C) nucleic acid D) enzyme

A) gene

The collared lizard is a species found in the Desert Southwest. Male collared lizards show considerable color variation, ranging from brightly colored to a very dull pattern. Your goal is to determine the function, if any, of male color patterns in collared lizards, using the scientific method. Your tentative explanation is that male color plays a role in attracting females for mating purposes. You predict that females will preferentially choose brightly colored males over dull-colored ones. To test this prediction, you observed the interactions of female collared lizards with their male counterparts. You selected males that were the same age and size, and that differed only in their coloration pattern. You placed equal numbers of the two types of male lizards, bright and dull, in aquariums, along with one female lizard per aquarium. Out of 350 aquariums observed, the female chose to mate with the brightly colored male 277 times, and the dull-colored male 70 times. In 3 instances, the females did not mate with either type. Create a bar graph of your data, plotting the type of male (dull or brightly colored) on the x-axis. On the y-axis, plot the frequency with which each type of male was chosen by females. Using this graph, answer the following question. Is it reasonable to conclude (i.e., is it supported by the data) that female collared lizards prefer more brightly colored male lizards over dull-colored males? A) Yes, this conclusion is supported by the data. B) No, this conclusion is not supported by the data. C) The data do not clearly indicate a preference one way or the other. D) None of the above choices are correct.

A) Yes, this conclusion is supported by the data.

30) Amino acids include a side group as well as ______. A) a central carbon, a hydrogen atom, an amino group, and a carboxyl group B) a central carbon, a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, and a carbonyl group C) a central hydrogen, a nitrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, and a carbonyl group D) a central nitrogen, a carbon atom, an amino group, and a carbonyl group

A) a central carbon, a hydrogen atom, an amino group, and a carboxyl group

24) What must pyruvic acid be converted to before it can enter the citric acid cycle? A) acetyl CoA B) lactic acid C) ethyl alcohol D) citric acid

A) acetyl CoA

20) The region of an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called the ______ site. A) active B) substrate C) enzymatic D) conformational

A) active

35) Which of the following processes could result in the net movement of a substance into a cell, if the substance is more concentrated in the cell than in the surroundings? A) active transport B) facilitated diffusion C) diffusion D) osmosis

A) active transport

23) Sexual intercourse in humans ______. A) allows a haploid sperm cell to fertilize a haploid egg cell B) produces a haploid individual C) produces an individual with 23 chromosomes D) combines two diploid gametes, producing a zygote

A) allows a haploid sperm cell to fertilize a haploid egg cell

22) A hormone that will be secreted from the cell is manufactured by ribosomes _____. A) attached to the endoplasmic reticulum B) attached to the Golgi apparatus C) attached to the plasma membrane D) inside the nucleus

A) attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

23) Which of the following is lowest in unsaturated fats? A) beef B) salmon C) corn oil D) canola oil

A) beef

15) If a plant appears blue to us, what wavelength of light is being reflected? A) blue B) green C) red D) yellow

A) blue

Read the following scenario to answer the following question(s). An abundant and continual supply of ATP is necessary for all living cells. Active muscle cells require an extraordinary amount of ATP to permit strenuous exercise for prolonged periods. Toxins, reduced blood flow, and a compromised respiratory system can interfere with the transport of oxygen to active cells. A runner in a marathon faces multiple obstacles to continue to produce sufficient ATP to remain competitive. 42) Breathing faster when we exercise is necessary to expel ______. A) carbon dioxide and bring in more oxygen to support aerobic metabolism B) oxygen and bring in more carbon dioxide to support aerobic metabolism C) carbon dioxide and bring in more oxygen to support anaerobic metabolism D) oxygen and bring in more carbon dioxide to support anaerobic metabolism

A) carbon dioxide and bring in more oxygen to support aerobic metabolism

19) Homologous chromosomes ______. A) carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics B) include only the autosomes C) are a set of chromosomes that the cell received from one parent D) carry the same versions of all genes

A) carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics

1) Which theory states that all living things are composed of cells? A) cell theory B) Hooke's rule C) evolutionary theory D) Mendel's law

A) cell theory

17) Which of the following is hydrophilic? A) cellulose B) testosterone C) butter D) cholesterol

A) cellulose

6) Sister chromatids are joined at the ______. A) centromere B) spindle C) centrosome D) centriole

A) centromere

7) Glucose molecules provide energy to power the swimming motion of sperm. In this example, the sperm are changing ______. A) chemical energy into kinetic energy B) chemical energy into potential energy C) kinetic energy into potential energy D) kinetic energy into chemical energy

A) chemical energy into kinetic energy

34) A ______ describes a site of crossing over. A) chiasma B) histone C) synapse D) centromere

A) chiasma

19) Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? A) cytoplasm B) ER C) within the fluid just inside the inner mitochondrial membrane D) between the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane

A) cytoplasm

6) In eukaryotic cells, what name is given to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane? A) cytoplasm B) phospholipid bilayer C) nucleoid D) chloroplast

A) cytoplasm

10) Complete the equation: monosaccharide + monosaccharide → ______ + water A) disaccharide B) polypeptide C) polysaccharide D) fat

A) disaccharide

6) Which of the following is a measure of randomness in a system? A) entropy B) kinetic energy C) potential energy D) chemical energy

A) entropy

36) What waste product do yeast produce under anaerobic conditions? A) ethyl alcohol B) pyruvic acid C) lactic acid D) creatine

A) ethyl alcohol

9) Which of the following are isomers? A) glucose and fructose B) glucose and sucrose C) sucrose and glucose D) lactose and maltose

A) glucose and fructose

39) Examine the following figure. Which of these stages occur(s) in the cytoplasm? A) glycolysis B) citric acid cycle C) glycolysis and citric acid cycle D) citric acid cycle and electron transport

A) glycolysis

20) Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in cellular respiration? A) glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport B) citric acid cycle, glycolysis, electron transport C) citric acid cycle, electron transport, glycolysis D) electron transport, glycolysis, citric acid cycle

A) glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport

10) When mixed with water, phospholipids spontaneously form membranes because they ______. A) have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that avoid water B) have hydrophilic fatty acid tails that are attracted to water and hydrophobic phosphate groups that avoid water C) have hydrophilic heads that are attracted to their hydrophobic tails D) are both fluid and mosaic

A) have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that avoid water

3) The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed is known as ______. A) interconversion B) conservation of energy C) conservation of heat D) entropy

A) interconversion

31) A cell that neither gains nor loses water when it is immersed in a solution is ______. A) isotonic to its environment B) hypertonic to its environment C) hypotonic to its environment D) metabolically inactive

A) isotonic to its environment

24) Which one of the following is most similar to the mechanism of an enzyme inhibitor? A) keeping someone from parking by parking in their designated spot B) driving the wrong way on a one-way street C) forgetting to put a cap back on a pen D) changing the tires on a car

A) keeping someone from parking by parking in their designated spot

2) An object at rest has no ______ energy, but it may have ______ energy resulting from its location or structure. A) kinetic... potential B) kinetic... conserved C) potential... kinetic D) stored... potential

A) kinetic... potential

Relative to prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells are usually ______. A) larger and more complex B) smaller and simpler C) larger and equally complex D) smaller and more complex

A) larger and more complex

41) Which of the techniques reveal internal cellular detail? A) light micrograph and transmission electron micrograph B) light micrograph and scanning electron micrograph C) transmission electron micrograph and scanning electron micrograph D) all three micrographs

A) light micrograph and transmission electron micrograph

20) Information is transferred from the nucleus to ribosomes via ______. A) mRNA B) rough endoplasmic reticulum C) DNA D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A) mRNA

1) A difference between marathon runners and sprinters is ______. A) marathon runners have more slow-twitch fibers in their leg muscles B) marathon runners have more fast-twitch muscle fibers in their leg muscles C) sprinters have a high proportion of muscle fibers that require oxygen to make ATP D) sprinters perform better in activities that require slow, steady muscle activity

A) marathon runners have more slow-twitch fibers in their leg muscles

42) The following figure shows that ______. A) meiosis results in the formation of four haploid daughter cells B) fertilization results in four haploid daughter cells C) the human 2n number is 4 D) meiosis forms diploid gametes

A) meiosis results in the formation of four haploid daughter cells

31) Vacuoles are ______. A) membranous sacs B) manufactured by ribosomes C) composed of microtubules D) found only in plant cells

A) membranous sacs

27) Electron transport takes place in the ______. A) mitochondria B) chloroplasts C) cytoplasm D) ribosomes

A) mitochondria

30) One difference between mitosis and meiosis is ______. A) mitosis produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not B) mitosis produces more daughter cells than meiosis C) mitosis produces haploid cells, but meiosis produces diploid cells D) mitosis requires only one parent cell, but meiosis requires two parent cells

A) mitosis produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not

37) How many chromosomes can a gamete possess as a result of nondisjunction? A) n + 1 or n - 1 B) 2n + 1 or 2n - 1 C) 2n - 1 only D) 2n + 1 or n - 1

A) n + 1 or n - 1

3) The chromosomes of eukaryotic cells are found in the ______. A) nucleus B) centriole C) Golgi apparatus D) nucleolus

A) nucleus

Which of the following is a producer? A) oak tree B) earthworm C) sun D) cat

A) oak tree

32) CAM plants conserve water by ______. A) opening their stomata only at night B) incorporating CO2 into RuBP C) keeping their stomata closed at night D) running the Calvin cycle at night

A) opening their stomata only at night

10) An aerobic process requires ______. A) oxygen B) carbon dioxide C) ATP D) carbohydrates

A) oxygen

11) The concept of a membrane as a fluid mosaic reflects the ability of ______. A) phospholipids and most proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane B) phospholipids but not proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane C) most proteins but not phospholipids to drift about in the plane of the membrane D) carbohydrates to drift into and out of the membrane structure

A) phospholipids and most proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane

3) Which of the following is a feature of prokaryotic cells but not eukaryotic cells? A) pili B) cell wall C) flagella D) DNA

A) pili

4) A rock on the top of a mountain contains ______ energy. A) potential B) no C) kinetic D) conserved

A) potential

What is biology? A) the scientific study of life B) the scientific study of the environment C) the scientific study of DNA D) the scientific study of ecosystems

A) the scientific study of life

Cellular respiration converts the energy of fuel molecules to a form of energy that a cell can use to perform work. In an average day, most adult humans need to consume about 2,000 Calories to maintain their health. However, the exact amount of dietary Calories a person needs depends upon many factors, including the person's age, physical activity, size, and health. Foods that we consume vary greatly in their nutritional content and quality. A large hard-boiled egg, for example, has about 75 dietary Calories and contains about 70% of our recommended daily intake of cholesterol. 45) Molecules that come from the food we eat provide energy for the amazing work that goes on inside of our cells. This energy, stored inside of our food, is a form of ______. A) potential energy called chemical energy B) potential energy called entropy C) kinetic energy called heat D) electrical energy called heat

A) potential energy called chemical energy

11) Respiration describes the exchange of gases between your blood and the outside air. Cellular respiration ______. A) produces ATP B) produces oxygen C) produces glucose D) uses carbon dioxide

A) produces ATP

11) The correct sequence of stages of mitosis is ______. A) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase B) telophase, prophase, interphase, anaphase, metaphase C) anaphase, interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase D) interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

A) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

12) The extracellular matrix of animal cells ______. A) protect and support cells B) provide avenues for the exchange of DNA C) are warehouses for the storage of extra lipids and carbohydrates D) are primarily sites of dead matter and waste materials

A) protect and support cells

Over a span of two decades, scientists measured changes in the beak size of a population of Galápagos ground finches. This ______. A) provided evidence of natural selection in action B) is an example of artificial selection C) is an example of overproduction D) led Darwin to his theory of evolution through natural selection

A) provided evidence of natural selection in action

8) Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane? A) regulate the traffic of chemicals into and out of the cell B) protein synthesis C) lipid synthesis D) all of the above

A) regulate the traffic of chemicals into and out of the cell

13) Anything that prevents ATP formation will most likely ______. A) result in cell death B) force the cell to rely on lipids for energy C) force the cell to rely on ADP for energy D) have no effect on the cell

A) result in cell death

5) Through what structure(s) do plants obtain most of their water? A) roots B) interior cells C) stomata D) leaves

A) roots

In a scientific experiment, the control group ______. A) serves as a basis of comparison with the experimental group B) is subjected to the factor whose effect is being tested C) allows for the simultaneous testing of multiple variables D) is required for the validity of discovery science

A) serves as a basis of comparison with the experimental group

5) Plants use photosynthesis to A) store chemical energy, and they use cellular respiration to harvest energy. B) store as well as harvest chemical energy. C) harvest energy, and they use cellular respiration to store chemical energy. D) obtain carbon dioxide.

A) store chemical energy, and they use cellular respiration to harvest energy.

21) Which component of the following reaction is the substrate? sucrose + sucrase + water → sucrase + glucose + fructose A) sucrose B) sucrase C) glucose D) fructose

A) sucrose

35) Similar to the nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria are ______. A) surrounded by two membranes B) green C) manufactured by the nucleolus D) able to synthesize lipids

A) surrounded by two membranes

16) Cytokinesis typically begins during the ______ stage of mitosis. A) telophase B) prophase C) metaphase D) anaphase

A) telophase

A hypothesis is a(n) ______. A) tentative answer to a question B) guess C) observation D) theory

A) tentative answer to a question

27) Which of the following parts of a cell is (are) most like the shipping center of a company? A) the Golgi apparatus B) mitochondria C) chloroplasts D) the nucleolus

A) the Golgi apparatus

38) Which of the following is an adaptation to increase the surface area of a part of a cell that is involved in cellular respiration? A) the cristae of a mitochondrion B) the outer membrane of a chloroplast C) the grana of a chloroplast D) the endoplasmic reticulum

A) the cristae of a mitochondrion

28) Osmosis can be defined as ______. A) the diffusion of water B) the diffusion of nonpolar molecules C) active transport D) the diffusion of a solute

A) the diffusion of water

14) During telophase ______. A) the events of prophase are reversed B) chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell C) sister chromatids separate D) the nuclear envelope breaks up

A) the events of prophase are reversed

Science is ______. A) the inquiry-based effort to describe and explain nature B) the search for truth C) an organized set of principles for how to ethically and morally behave D) all of the above

A) the inquiry-based effort to describe and explain nature

34) A child is born with a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from certain skeletal muscle cells. Physicians find that the muscle cells function. Not surprisingly, they also find that ______. A) the muscles contain large amounts of lactic acid following even mild physical exercise B) the muscles contain large amounts of carbon dioxide following even mild physical exercise C) the muscles require extremely high levels of oxygen to function D) the muscle cells cannot split glucose to pyruvic acid

A) the muscles contain large amounts of lactic acid following even mild physical exercise

Antibiotic resistance evolves in bacteria because ______. A) the presence of antibiotics favors bacteria that already have genes for resistance B) farmers do not use enough antibiotics in animal feed C) the antibiotics create resistance genes in bacteria D) none of the above

A) the presence of antibiotics favors bacteria that already have genes for resistance

8) The ultimate source of the energy in food is ______. A) the sun B) producers C) ATP D) consumers

A) the sun

29) In photosynthesis, an H+ ion gradient forms across the ______. A) thylakoid membrane B) outer chloroplast membrane C) endomembrane D) inner chloroplast membrane

A) thylakoid membrane

13) Nitrogen has an atomic number of 7; therefore, it has ______ electrons in its outermost electron shell. A) 10 B) 18 C) 5 D) 2

C

14) An atom with an electrical charge is a(n) ______. A) isotope B) molecule C) ion D) compound

C

33) The lower the pH of a solution, the ______. A) greater the number of oxygen atoms B) more acidic the solution C) less toxic the solution D) higher the OH— concentration

B

10) Humans are composed of ______ cells. A) bacterial B) eukaryotic C) plant D) prokaryotic

B) eukaryotic

1) ______ is an example of an element. A) Water B) Carbon C) Glucose D) Salt

B

16) In the following reaction, what type of bond is holding the two atoms together? K + Cl → K+ + Cl- → KCl A) hydrophilic B) ionic C) hydrophobic D) covalent

B

18) Sulfur has an atomic number of 16. How many covalent bonds can sulfur form? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 0

B

2) The four most common elements found in living things are A) nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and carbon. B) carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. C) carbon, oxygen, potassium, and calcium. D) oxygen, calcium, hydrogen, and carbon.

B

22) Adjacent water molecules are connected by the ______. A) sharing of electrons between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule B) electrical attraction between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule C) sharing of electrons between adjacent oxygen molecules D) electrical attraction between the hydrogens of adjacent water molecules

B

24) What are the reactant(s) in the following chemical reaction? C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O A) CO2 and H2O B) C6H12O6, H2O, and O2 C) O2 only D) C6H12O6, H2O, O2, CO2, and H2O

B

26) The tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together is called ______. A) bonding B) cohesion C) polarity D) adhesion

B

27) Why (if you are careful) are you able to float a needle on the surface of water? A) Water has adhesive properties. B) The surface tension that is a result of water's cohesive properties makes this possible. C) The covalent bonds that hold a water molecule together are responsible for this ability. D) A single needle is less dense than water.

B

30) Sugar dissolves when stirred into water. The sugar is the ______, the water is the ______, and the sweetened water is the ______. A) solution... solvent... solute B) solute... solvent... solution C) solvent... solute... solution D) solution... solute... solvent

B

34) Relative to a pH of 6, a pH of 4 has a ______. A) 200 times higher H+ concentration B) 100 times higher H+ concentration C) 20 times higher H+ concentration D) 100 times lower H+ concentration

B

37) People have long speculated about whether life exists on Mars. Scientists have evidence that on Mars, ______. A) microbial life exists B) liquid water has existed in the past C) the only water present has always been frozen in the polar ice caps D) water is found only in the form of water vapor

B

5) All atoms of an element have the same number of ______. A) protons plus neutrons B) protons C) electrons D) neutrons

B

9) The way Earth moves about the sun is most like ______. A) a neutron and electron moving around a proton B) an electron moving around the nucleus of an atom C) a proton moving about an electron D) a neutron moving about a proton

B

The last few miles of the marathon are the most difficult for Heather. Her hair is plastered to her head, sweat clings to her arms, and her legs feel as if they had nothing left. Heather grabs a cup of ice water. The ice cubes smash against her nose as she gulps some cool refreshment and keeps on running. Then a breeze kicks up and she finally feels some coolness against her skin. Drops of sweat, once clinging to her forehead, now spill down, and Heather feels a stinging as the sweat flows into her eyes. 41) Sweat on Heather's forehead and arms formed drops because of the ______. A) high salt content of sweat B) cohesive nature of water C) ability of water to moderate heat D) high evaporative cooling effect of water

B

9) Ten kilocalories are equivalent to ______ calories. A) 1,000 B) 10,000 C) 0.1 D) 100

B) 10,000

10) You have a 2-kg bottle of liquid water at 0°C. About how many Calories are needed to heat up the water to 100°C? A) 100 Calories B) 200 Calories C) 2,000 Calories D) 10,000 Calories

B) 200 Calories

8) Humans convert approximately ______ of the energy stored in food to useful work. A) 22% B) 34% C) 55% D) 99.9%

B) 34%

21) What chromosomes belong to a normal human female? A) 22 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes B) 44 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes C) 44 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome D) 46 autosomes and two X chromosomes

B) 44 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes

16) Most human cells contain ______ chromosomes. A) 36 B) 46 C) 2 D) 23

B) 46

9) Which of the following equations best summarizes photosynthesis? A) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 → C6H12O6 B) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 C) 6 CO2 + 6 O2 → C6H12O6 + 6 H2O D) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

B) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

11) What compound directly provides energy for cellular work? A) C6H12O6 B) ATP C) DNA D) fat

B) ATP

13) The products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are ______. A) ATP and NADH B) ATP and NADPH C) RuBP and O2 D) ATP and NADP+

B) ATP and NADPH

A) ADP can perform cellular work when it binds to an additional phosphate group B) ATP can perform cellular work when it releases a phosphate group C) ATP can be converted to ADP by adding a phosphate group D) energy is released from ATP during the process of cellular respiration

B) ATP can perform cellular work when it releases a phosphate group

An abundant and continual supply of ATP is necessary for all living cells. Active muscle cells require an extraordinary amount of ATP to permit strenuous exercise for prolonged periods. Toxins, reduced blood flow, and a compromised respiratory system can interfere with the transport of oxygen to active cells. A runner in a marathon faces multiple obstacles to continue to produce sufficient ATP to remain competitive. 43) When oxygen delivery becomes insufficient to support a runner's aerobic metabolism, cells switch to an emergency mode in which ______. A) ATP is generated less efficiently by harvesting the heat energy in a cell B) ATP is inefficiently produced and lactic acid is generated as a by-product C) lactic acid is broken down to produce smaller amounts of ATP D) carbon dioxide is joined with water to generate much smaller amounts of ATP

B) ATP is inefficiently produced and lactic acid is generated as a by-product

8) Carbohydrates typically include ______. A) an NH2 group B) C, H, and O atoms C) a hydrocarbon chain D) a PO4 group

B) C, H, and O atoms

7) Which of the following occurs during interphase? A) Chromatin becomes tightly coiled. B) Chromosome duplication. C) Sister chromatids separate. D) The mitotic spindle forms.

B) Chromosome duplication

A newly discovered multicellular organism obtains food by digesting dead organisms. Such an organism is most likely a member of the kingdom ______. A) Plantae B) Fungi C) Protista D) Animalia

B) Fungi

13) ______ store the information necessary to produce proteins. A) Lysosomes B) Genes C) Ribosomes D) Carbohydrates

B) Genes

You try to start your car, but it does not start. Which of these is a prediction? A) My car's battery is dead. B) If I recharge the battery, then my car will start. C) My car is too old to function properly. D) What is wrong with my car?

B) If I recharge the battery, then my car will start.

15) During cellular respiration, electrons move through a series of electron acceptor molecules. Which of the following is a true statement about this process? A) The electrons gain energy as they move from one electron acceptor to another. B) Oxygen is eventually reduced by the electrons to form water. C) The electrons release large amounts of energy each time they are transferred from one electron acceptor to another. D) Glucose is eventually reduced by the electrons to form water

B) Oxygen is eventually reduced by the electrons to form water.

29) Proteins are polymers constructed from ______ monomers. A) hydrocarbon B) amino acid C) nucleotide D) fatty acid

B) amino acid

The collared lizard is a species found in the Desert Southwest. Male collared lizards show considerable color variation, ranging from brightly colored to a very dull pattern. Your goal is to determine the function, if any, of male color patterns in collared lizards, using the scientific method. Your tentative explanation is that male color plays a role in attracting females for mating purposes. You predict that females will preferentially choose brightly colored males over dull-colored ones. To test this prediction, you observed the interactions of female collared lizards with their male counterparts. You selected males that were the same age and size, and that differed only in their coloration pattern. You placed equal numbers of the two types of male lizards, bright and dull, in aquariums, along with one female lizard per aquarium. Out of 350 aquariums observed, the female chose to mate with the brightly colored male 277 times, and the dull-colored male 70 times. In 3 instances, the females did not mate with either type. Create a bar graph of your data, plotting the type of male (dull or brightly colored) on the x-axis. On the y-axis, plot the frequency with which each type of male was chosen by females. Using this graph, answer the following question. Identify the experimental group of this case study. A) brightly colored female lizards B) brightly colored male lizards C) dull-colored female lizards D) dull-colored male lizards

B) brightly colored male lizards

34) Plant cells, unlike animal cells, are characterized by the presence of a ______. A) cell wall and contractile vacuole B) cell wall and central vacuole C) nucleus and cell wall D) nucleus and contractile vacuole

B) cell wall and central vacuole

Which of the following structures can perform all the activities required for life? A) DNA molecules B) cells C) organelles D) nuclei

B) cells

26) Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH? A) electron transport chain B) citric acid cycle C) glycolysis D) Calvin cycle

B) citric acid cycle

The collared lizard is a species found in the Desert Southwest. Male collared lizards show considerable color variation, ranging from brightly colored to a very dull pattern. Your goal is to determine the function, if any, of male color patterns in collared lizards, using the scientific method. Your tentative explanation is that male color plays a role in attracting females for mating purposes. You predict that females will preferentially choose brightly colored males over dull-colored ones. To test this prediction, you observed the interactions of female collared lizards with their male counterparts. You selected males that were the same age and size, and that differed only in their coloration pattern. You placed equal numbers of the two types of male lizards, bright and dull, in aquariums, along with one female lizard per aquarium. Out of 350 aquariums observed, the female chose to mate with the brightly colored male 277 times, and the dull-colored male 70 times. In 3 instances, the females did not mate with either type. Create a bar graph of your data, plotting the type of male (dull or brightly colored) on the x-axis. On the y-axis, plot the frequency with which each type of male was chosen by females. Using this graph, answer the following question. Dull-colored males were part of the ______. A) observation group B) control group C) experimental group D) predicted group

B) control group

22) Which of the following is a result of glycolysis? A) production of CO2 B) conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid C) a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule D) conversion of NADH to NAD+

B) conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid

34) Destruction of a protein's shape is called ______. A) hydrolysis B) denaturation C) a dehydration reaction D) hydrogenation

B) denaturation

Which of the following is not recycled but is lost from ecosystems? A) nitrogen B) energy C) magnesium D) carbon

B) energy

23) Substances that plug up an enzyme's active site are ______. A) enzyme substrates B) enzyme inhibitors C) induced fit factors D) enzyme products

B) enzyme inhibitors

38) Certain cells that line the stomach synthesize a digestive enzyme and secrete it into the stomach. This enzyme is a protein. Which of the following processes could be responsible for its secretion? A) endocytosis B) exocytosis C) phagocytosis D) passive transport

B) exocytosis

43) Examine the cells below. Cells with a higher concentration of ions than the surrounding medium tend to ______. A) stay about the same size and shape B) expand C) shrink D) divide

B) expand

25) How much genetic material is present in a cell during prophase I compared to a cell that has completed meiosis II? A) one-quarter as much B) four times as much C) one-half as much D) twice as much

B) four times as much

15) Animals store carbohydrates as ______. A) cellulose B) glycogen C) starch D) maltose

B) glycogen

16) The energy of wavelengths that appear ______ is least useful to photosynthesis. A) red B) green C) blue D) orange

B) green

7) Plant cells ______. A) do not need chloroplasts because their mitochondria meet their energy needs B) have chloroplasts and mitochondria C) use carbon dioxide but do not use oxygen D) do not need mitochondria because their chloroplasts meet their energy needs

B) have chloroplasts and mitochondria

5) One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells ______ prokaryotic cells. A) have DNA, which is lacking in B) have membrane-enclosed structures called organelles, which are lacking in C) have a plasma membrane, which is lacking in D) have a nucleoid region, which is lacking in

B) have membrane-enclosed structures called organelles, which are lacking in

Cellular respiration converts the energy of fuel molecules to a form of energy that a cell can use to perform work. In an average day, most adult humans need to consume about 2,000 Calories to maintain their health. However, the exact amount of dietary Calories a person needs depends upon many factors, including the person's age, physical activity, size, and health. Foods that we consume vary greatly in their nutritional content and quality. A large hard-boiled egg, for example, has about 75 dietary Calories and contains about 70% of our recommended daily intake of cholesterol. 46) If a person eats one hard-boiled egg and digests the egg fully, cellular respiration will convert most of this energy into ______. A) ATP B) heat C) carbon dioxide D) sugars

B) heat

26) During metaphase I, ______. A) crossing over occurs B) homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell C) the nuclear envelope breaks up D) sister chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles

B) homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

7) What name is given to the following reaction? sucrose + water → glucose + fructose A) glucogenesis B) hydrolysis C) denaturation D) dehydration reaction

B) hydrolysis

18) Sometimes when I have my morning coffee, which I drink black with no sugar, I notice a thin film floating on top of the coffee. Since I have just read Chapter 3 of the text, I now realize the nature of this substance and so I run to my friend screaming, "Look at this ______ in my coffee!" A) hydrophilic substance B) hydrophobic substance C) glucose D) nucleotide

B) hydrophobic substance

More than half of all known species are ______. A) plants B) insects C) bacteria D) vertebrates

B) insects

32) Some protozoans have special organelles called contractile vacuoles that continually eliminate excess water from the cell. The presence of these organelles tells you that the environment ______. A) is isotonic to the protozoan B) is hypotonic to the protozoan C) is hypertonic to the protozoan D) contains a higher concentration of solutes than the protozoan

B) is hypotonic to the protozoan

31) C4 plants conserve water by ______. A) shuttling CO2 from the Calvin cycle to the water-splitting photosystem B) keeping their stomata closed when the weather is hot and dry C) growing very deep roots D) running the Calvin cycle at night

B) keeping their stomata closed when the weather is hot and dry

1) People with lactose intolerance do not have enough ______. A) lactose B) lactase C) glucose D) fructose

B) lactase

33) Refer to the accompanying figure. Plant cells that contain the organelle responsible for photosynthesis are concentrated in cells of the ______. A) roots B) leaves C) stomata D) grana

B) leaves

23) Based on its function in detoxifying drugs, you would expect to find a large amount of smooth ER in ______ cells. A) brain B) liver C) intestinal D) muscle

B) liver

30) Tay-Sachs disease results from ______ lacking a specific type of lipid-digesting enzyme. A) the Golgi apparatus B) lysosomes C) mitochondria D) the endoplasmic reticulum

B) lysosomes

41) This diagram of the human life cycle shows that ______. A) meiosis produces a diploid zygote B) meiosis produces haploid sperm and egg cells C) fertilization produces a haploid zygote D) a diploid zygote undergoes meiosis to produce an adult human

B) meiosis produces haploid sperm and egg cells

5) In the following reaction, galactose is a ______. galactose + glucose → lactose + water A) polysaccharide B) monomer C) polymer D) protein

B) monomer

The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is found within the ______ A) archaea B) nucleus C) prokaryotic cell D) insulin.

B) nucleus

What are the two main processes that ecosystems depend upon? A) speciation and evolution B) nutrient recycling and energy flow C) decomposition and nutrient recycling D) sunlight and photosynthesis

B) nutrient recycling and energy flow

41) The figure below shows that ______. A) amino acids can move directly into the electron transport chain B) our cells can use sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids to produce ATP C) our cells can produce ATP only from glucose D) our cells can produce ATP from sugars and glycerol, but not fatty acids

B) our cells can use sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids to produce ATP

18) The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ______. A) ATP B) oxygen C) lactic acid D) NAD+

B) oxygen

40) As shown in the following figure, plant cell cytokinesis differs from animal cell cytokinesis because ______. A) plant cells produce more daughter cells B) plant cells form a cell plate and animal cells do not C) animal cells produce more daughter cells D) animal cells form a cell plate and plant cells do not

B) plant cells form a cell plate and animal cells do not

26) Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus? A) digestion of organic matter inside the cell B) protein modification C) drug detoxification D) protein synthesis

B) protein modification

33) A protein's function is dependent on its ______. A) pH B) shape C) size D) weight

B) shape

14) Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide? A) glucose B) starch C) maltose D) sucrose

B) starch

37) Cellular respiration can be described as the conversion of the energy ______. A) of sunlight to energy stored in organic compounds B) stored in food molecules to energy stored in ATP C) stored in ATP to energy stored in food molecules D) stored in ATP to energy used to do work

B) stored in food molecules to energy stored in ATP

19) Which component of the following reaction is the enzyme? sucrose + sucrase + water → sucrase + glucose + fructose A) sucrose B) sucrase C) glucose D) fructose

B) sucrase

2) Photosynthesis contributes to plant growth by _____. A) taking in oxygen and making wood B) taking in carbon dioxide and making sugars (carbohydrates) C) synthesizing carbon dioxide and making cellulose D) converting sugar to oxygen and water

B) taking in carbon dioxide and making sugars (carbohydrates)

10) Which of the following is a stage of mitosis? A) cytokinesis B) telophase C) interphase D) DNA synthesis

B) telophase

What does adaptation mean in a biological context? A) the way an individual's body adjusts to its environment B) the accumulation of favorable variations in a population over time C) the ability of organisms to alter their appearance under changing environmental conditions D) all of the above

B) the accumulation of favorable variations in a population over time

1) What is energy? A) the capacity to cause movement B) the capacity to cause change C) a measure of calories D) a measure of disorder

B) the capacity to cause change

23) The second stage of aerobic respiration is ______. A) ATP production B) the citric acid cycle C) lactic acid fermentation D) glycolysis

B) the citric acid cycle

35) Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that ______. A) the mixture needs more sugar; yeast need a lot of energy before they can begin to produce alcohol B) the mixture needs less oxygen; yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen C) the mixture needs more oxygen; yeast need oxygen to break down sugar to produce alcohol D) the mixture needs less sugar; high sugar concentrations stimulate cellular respiration, and alcohol is not a by-product of cellular respiration

B) the mixture needs less oxygen; yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen

44) Examine the following figure. Imagine that cell signaling using a signal transduction pathway is like a person answering the door after hearing the doorbell ring. Which structure in this figure is like the button for the doorbell? A) epinephrine B) the receptor protein C) proteins of the signal transduction pathway D) the plasma membrane

B) the receptor protein

14) The color that we see when looking at a pigmented object is ______. A) the wavelengths that are absorbed by the pigment B) the wavelengths that are reflected or transmitted by the pigmented object C) the wavelengths that have been raised to an excited state by the pigmented object D) the wavelengths that the pigmented object created after interacting with sunlight

B) the wavelengths that are reflected or transmitted by the pigmented object

23) Where are photosystems located? A) chlorophyll B) thylakoid membrane C) cristae D) stroma

B) thylakoid membrane

37) DNA nucleotides include ______. A) uracil, guanine, adenine, and cytosine B) thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine C) thymine, uracil, adenine, and cytosine D) thymine, guanine, adenine, and uracil

B) thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine

18) What is one reason why plants have accessory pigment molecules, like chlorophyll b and carotenoids? A) to reflect more energy B) to absorb energy in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that chlorophyll a cannot C) to give them different colors D) because plants cannot make enough chlorophyll a for all of their energy needs

B) to absorb energy in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that chlorophyll a cannot

27) Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires ______ and moves a substance ______ its concentration gradient. A) energy... down B) transport proteins... down C) energy and transport proteins... against D) transport proteins... against

B) transport proteins... down

4) ______ is a hydroxyl group. A) —NH2 B) —OH C) —COOH D) —H

B) —OH

20) Why is water considered a polar molecule? A) The oxygen is found between the two hydrogens. B) The oxygen atom attracts the hydrogen atoms. C) The oxygen end of the molecule has a slight negative charge, and the hydrogen end has a slight positive charge. D) Both hydrogens are at one end of the molecule, and oxygen is at the other end.

C

28) Sweating cools your body by ______. A) cohesion B) radiation C) evaporative cooling D) hydrogen bonding

C

3) Which of the following elements, essential to life, is a trace element? A) phosphorus B) carbon C) iodine D) calcium

C

31) Which of the following is an acid? A) NaOH B) NaCl C) HCl D) CH4

C

36) When a base is added to a buffered solution, the buffer will ______. A) donate OH- ions B) accept water molecules C) donate H+ ions D) form covalent bonds with the base

C

The last few miles of the marathon are the most difficult for Heather. Her hair is plastered to her head, sweat clings to her arms, and her legs feel as if they had nothing left. Heather grabs a cup of ice water. The ice cubes smash against her nose as she gulps some cool refreshment and keeps on running. Then a breeze kicks up and she finally feels some coolness against her skin. Drops of sweat, once clinging to her forehead, now spill down, and Heather feels a stinging as the sweat flows into her eyes. 42) Which of the following is the most likely reason why the ice struck Heather's nose when she took a drink? A) Water can store large amounts of heat. B) Water can moderate temperatures through evaporative cooling. C) The density of water decreases when it freezes. D) Water has a cohesive nature.

C

35) Crossing over during prophase I results in ______. A) nondisjunction B) reciprocal translocation C) duplication D) genetic recombination

D) genetic recombination

25) Which of the following is a health effect of a diet high in saturated fats? A) increased blood flow B) decreased risk of atherosclerosis C) increased risk of heart attack D) decreased risk of stroke

C) increased risk of heart attack

Cellular respiration converts the energy of fuel molecules to a form of energy that a cell can use to perform work. In an average day, most adult humans need to consume about 2,000 Calories to maintain their health. However, the exact amount of dietary Calories a person needs depends upon many factors, including the person's age, physical activity, size, and health. Foods that we consume vary greatly in their nutritional content and quality. A large hard-boiled egg, for example, has about 75 dietary Calories and contains about 70% of our recommended daily intake of cholesterol. 47) The amount of dietary Calories in one hard-boiled egg could raise the temperature of ______. A) 75 grams of water by 1 degree Celsius B) 750 grams of water by 1 degree Celsius C) 1,000 grams of water by 75 degrees Celsius D) 7,500 grams of water by 50 degrees Celsius

C) 1,000 grams of water by 75 degrees Celsius

33) For a species with four pairs of chromosomes, ________ chromosome combinations are possible. A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 20

C) 16

37) Large amounts of oxygen gas first appeared in Earth's atmosphere about ______ years ago. A) 500,000 B) 10 million C) 2.7 billion D) 3.5 billion

C) 2.7 billion

38) How many chromosomes does an individual with Turner syndrome have? A) 2n + 1 B) n + 1 C) 2n - 1 D) n - 1

C) 2n - 1

The human genome consists of about ______ chemical letters. A) 300,000 B) 1 million C) 3 billion D) 300 billion

C) 3 billion

29) Aerobic cellular respiration generates about ______ ATP from one glucose. A) 2 B) 6 C) 38 D) The number generated depends on whether the end product of aerobic respiration is lactic acid or ethyl alcohol.

C) 38

20) What chromosomes belong to a normal human male? A) 22 autosomes and two Y chromosomes B) 44 autosomes and two Y chromosomes C) 44 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome D) 46 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome

C) 44 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome

You work for a company selling tropical rain forest plants commonly found in the understory of the forest. These plants are shade tolerant and can be grown indoors because they require low light. Your employer wants you to find out what is the best type of light to maximize growth of these understory plants. Using a full spectrum of natural light would cause these plants to die because they are a shade-tolerant plant species. From your biology class, you recall that the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis involve pigment molecules that absorb light of specific wavelengths. You also remember the experiments done by the German biologist Theodor Engelmann, in which he separated light using a prism into different wavelengths and then determined which wavelengths were best for promoting photosynthesis in the algae species he was examining. Your goal is to determine which wavelengths (colors) of light are best for promoting photosynthesis to enhance growth in your species of plant. To achieve this, you grew your plants under different wavelengths of light and measured their growth rates. The wavelengths were measured in nanometers (nm), and the growth rate was measured in millimeters per day (mm/day). The data you collected are as follows: 41) Which wavelength is best for your plants' growth? A) 650 nm B) 550 nm C) 500 nm D) 400 nm

C) 500 nm

You work for a company selling tropical rain forest plants commonly found in the understory of the forest. These plants are shade tolerant and can be grown indoors because they require low light. Your employer wants you to find out what is the best type of light to maximize growth of these understory plants. Using a full spectrum of natural light would cause these plants to die because they are a shade-tolerant plant species. From your biology class, you recall that the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis involve pigment molecules that absorb light of specific wavelengths. You also remember the experiments done by the German biologist Theodor Engelmann, in which he separated light using a prism into different wavelengths and then determined which wavelengths were best for promoting photosynthesis in the algae species he was examining. Your goal is to determine which wavelengths (colors) of light are best for promoting photosynthesis to enhance growth in your species of plant. To achieve this, you grew your plants under different wavelengths of light and measured their growth rates. The wavelengths were measured in nanometers (nm), and the growth rate was measured in millimeters per day (mm/day). The data you collected are as follows: 42) Of the following, which wavelength is least useful to your plants? A) 650 nm B) 450 nm C) 550 nm D) 400 nm

C) 550 nm

The collared lizard is a species found in the Desert Southwest. Male collared lizards show considerable color variation, ranging from brightly colored to a very dull pattern. Your goal is to determine the function, if any, of male color patterns in collared lizards, using the scientific method. Your tentative explanation is that male color plays a role in attracting females for mating purposes. You predict that females will preferentially choose brightly colored males over dull-colored ones. To test this prediction, you observed the interactions of female collared lizards with their male counterparts. You selected males that were the same age and size, and that differed only in their coloration pattern. You placed equal numbers of the two types of male lizards, bright and dull, in aquariums, along with one female lizard per aquarium. Out of 350 aquariums observed, the female chose to mate with the brightly colored male 277 times, and the dull-colored male 70 times. In 3 instances, the females did not mate with either type. Create a bar graph of your data, plotting the type of male (dull or brightly colored) on the x-axis. On the y-axis, plot the frequency with which each type of male was chosen by females. Using this graph, answer the following question. Which of the following is the hypothesis of this case study? A) Male collared lizards exhibit color variation. B) Dull males are less likely to be eaten by predators. C) A function of male coloration is to attract females. D) Males prefer brightly colored females.

C) A function of male coloration is to attract females.

9) What compound directly provides energy for cellular work? A) C6H12O6 B) glucose C) ATP D) fat

C) ATP

12) The Calvin cycle requires ______ and ______ from the light reactions in order to operate. A) glucose... carbon dioxide B) electrons... NADH C) ATP... NADPH D) RuBP... NADP+

C) ATP... NADPH

17) What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor? A) Benign tumors are composed of cancer cells; malignant tumors are not. B) Benign tumors are not the result of a failure of a cell cycle control system; malignant tumors are. C) Benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do. D) Benign tumors do not form lumps; malignant tumors do form lumps.

C) Benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do.

38) The first step of the Calvin cycle is the incorporation of ______ into ______. A) O2... G3P B) RuBP... O2 C) CO2... RuBP D) G3P... RuBP

C) CO2... RuBP

17) Which one of the following is true? A) Enzymes are the products in a chemical reaction. B) Enzymes are the reactants in a chemical reaction. C) Enzymes catalyze specific reactions. D) An enzyme's function requires inhibitors.

C) Enzymes catalyze specific reactions

37) One of the compounds that is a direct output of the Calvin cycle is ______. A) C6H12O6 B) NADPH C) G3P D) ATP

C) G3P

32) Which of the following is the best description of the events of anaphase I? A) Half of the chromosomes inherited from the mother go to one pole along with half of the chromosomes inherited from the father. B) Sister chromatids separate and the daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles. C) Homologous chromosomes randomly separate and migrate to opposite poles. D) All of the chromosomes inherited from the mother go to one pole of the cell, and all of the chromosomes inherited from the father go to the other pole.

C) Homologous chromosomes randomly separate and migrate to opposite poles.

5) You are riding on your bike and stop pedaling, coasting along the road. Eventually, your bike slows down and stops. What happened to the energy of your motion when your bike stopped? A) It was returned to the bicycle. B) It was converted back to chemical energy. C) It was released as heat. D) It was used to chemically break down the tires.

C) It was released as heat.

1) A(n) ______ is an example of an organism that can sometimes reproduce asexually. A) cat B) human C) Komodo dragon D) mouse

C) Komodo dragon

The earliest cells detectable in fossils were different from the cells in animals, plants, fungi, and protists living today. These first prokaryotic cells gave rise to eukaryotic cells approximately 1.7 billion years ago. The structure of eukaryotic cells today suggests how they might have evolved from their prokaryotic ancestors. Scientists examining mitochondria and chloroplasts now think that these organelles were probably free-living prokaryotes before becoming a part of eukaryotic cells long ago. 47) Which of the following is a characteristic of mitochondria that suggests that they might have evolved from free-living bacteria? A) Mitochondria have cell walls. B) The plasma membrane of a mitochondrion, forming the surface of this organelle, is the site of many important steps of cellular respiration. C) Mitochondria have their own DNA. D) Mitochondria rely upon proteins as their source of energy.

C) Mitochondria have their own DNA

17) The first electron acceptor of cellular respiration is ______. A) CO2 B) O2 C) NAD+ D) H2O

C) NAD+

40) If an herbicide blocked the Calvin cycle before the generation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P), which of the following statements would be true? A) The plant would still be able to make sugar, just a lot less. B) No oxygen would be released by the plant. C) No sugar would be made by the plant. D) Only RuBP would be recycled.

C) No sugar would be made by the plant.

16) Which of the following statements is true? A) Oxygen is a product of cellular respiration; carbon dioxide is a product of photosynthesis. B) Lactic acid is a product of aerobic respiration; ethyl alcohol is a product of fermentation. C) Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons. D) Glucose is a product of aerobic respiration; lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration.

C) Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons.

40) How does RNA differ from DNA? A) RNA is double-stranded; DNA is single-stranded. B) RNA is a polymer of amino acids; DNA is a polymer of nucleotides. C) RNA contains uracil; DNA contains thymine. D) In RNA G pairs with T; in DNA G pairs with C.

C) RNA contains uracil; DNA contains thymine

18) Which of the following will help prevent cancer and increase survival? A) Eat a low-fiber, low-fat diet. B) Limit exercise. C) Seek early detection of tumors. D) Smoke only cigarettes.

C) Seek early detection of tumors.

34) Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of the following is true regarding the behavior of a chlorophyll molecule as it absorbs a photon? A) An electron goes from the excited state to the ground state. B) Light is released. C) The energy of a photon raises an electron to the excited state. D) ATP is broken down.

C) The energy of a photon raises an electron to the excited state.

While shopping, you settle on two types of cookies. The nutritional label for the chocolate mint cookies lists 5 grams of saturated fat, 0 grams of trans fat, 22 grams of carbohydrates, and 11 grams of protein per serving. The nutritional label for the peanut butter cookies lists 0 grams of saturated fat, 5 grams of trans fat, 26 grams of carbohydrates, and 4 grams of protein per serving. 45) Which cookies are less healthy? A) The chocolate mint cookies because they contain more saturated fat. B) The chocolate mint cookies because they contain more total grams of protein and carbohydrates. C) The peanut butter cookies because they contain more trans fat. D) The peanut butter cookies because they contain more grams of carbohydrates.

C) The peanut butter cookies because they contain more trans fat.

14) The nuclear envelope is composed of ______. A) chromatin B) DNA C) a double membrane D) carbohydrates

C) a double membrane

13) Which of the following are produced during cellular respiration? A) ATP and water B) carbon dioxide and ATP C) carbon dioxide, water, and ATP D) oxygen and glucose

C) carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

17) What is responsible for the yellow-orange coloration of leaves in the fall? A) RuBP B) chlorophyll a C) carotenoids D) chlorophyll b

C) carotenoids

15) The structural combination of DNA and protein forms ______. A) nucleoli B) nucleoplasm C) chromatin D) ribosomes

C) chromatin

Humans are ______. A) producers B) producers and consumers C) consumers D) producers and decomposers

C) consumers

41) The ability to tolerate lactose throughout life is most likely to be seen in ______. A) populations that live in cold climates B) populations that live in wet climates C) cultures that keep dairy herds D) Native Americans

C) cultures that keep dairy herds

8) If you provided your shade-tolerant plants with their preferred wavelength of light, but only minimal amounts of water, which of the following would you expect to occur? A) increased plant growth B) increased amounts of oxygen released by the plants C) decreased amounts of ATP being produced by the plants D) increased growth of the plants' leaves

C) decreased amounts of ATP being produced by the plants

16) Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by ______. A) increasing the temperature of the substrates B) contributing electrons to the reaction C) decreasing activation energy D) changing the pH of the substrates

C) decreasing activation energy

29) If a cell's lysosomes burst, the cell would ______. A) shrivel B) divide into two cells C) digest itself D) need to manufacture more lysosomes

C) digest itself

28) Lysosomes are responsible for ______. A) lipid synthesis B) cellular respiration C) digestion of organic matter inside the cell D) protein synthesis

C) digestion of organic matter inside the cell

11) In the following equation, lactose is a ______. galactose + glucose → lactose + water A) nucleic acid B) fatty acid C) disaccharide D) dipeptide

C) disaccharide

14) During redox reactions, ______. A) the loss of electrons from one substance is called reduction B) a substance that gains electrons is said to be oxidized C) electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance D) protons from one molecule replace the electrons lost from another molecule

C) electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance

37) When a person cries, tears are exported from cells through the process of A) facilitated diffusion. B) active transport. C) endocytosis. D) exocytosis.

C) endocytosis

16) Cellulose is an example of ______. A) a polypeptide B) a steroid C) fiber D) fat

C) fiber

12) Which of these equations describes aerobic cellular respiration? A) glucose → lactic acid + energy B) energy + carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen + water C) glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy D) none of the above

C) glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

3) The following molecule is best described as a ______. CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2

C) hydrocarbon

21) Saturated fats are saturated with ______. A) carbon B) nitrogen C) hydrogen D) oxygen

C) hydrogen

31) What is the name given to the reaction that breaks peptide bonds? A) dehydration reaction B) hydrogenation C) hydrolysis D) denaturation

C) hydrolysis

32) A protist that contains contractile vacuoles most likely lives ______. A) in a marine environment B) within the cells of another organism C) in fresh water D) in ice

C) in fresh water

25) The light reactions of photosynthesis take place ______. A) in the stroma B) on the cristae C) in the thylakoid membrane D) in the cytosol

C) in the thylakoid membrane

24) Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include ______. A) steroid synthesis, protein synthesis, and drug detoxification B) lipid synthesis, protein synthesis, and drug detoxification C) lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification D) lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and protein synthesis

C) lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification

24) A fat that is hydrogenated is ______. A) more unsaturated B) easier to digest C) more solid D) less likely to cause strokes

C) more solid

The collared lizard is a species found in the Desert Southwest. Male collared lizards show considerable color variation, ranging from brightly colored to a very dull pattern. Your goal is to determine the function, if any, of male color patterns in collared lizards, using the scientific method. Your tentative explanation is that male color plays a role in attracting females for mating purposes. You predict that females will preferentially choose brightly colored males over dull-colored ones. To test this prediction, you observed the interactions of female collared lizards with their male counterparts. You selected males that were the same age and size, and that differed only in their coloration pattern. You placed equal numbers of the two types of male lizards, bright and dull, in aquariums, along with one female lizard per aquarium. Out of 350 aquariums observed, the female chose to mate with the brightly colored male 277 times, and the dull-colored male 70 times. In 3 instances, the females did not mate with either type. Create a bar graph of your data, plotting the type of male (dull or brightly colored) on the x-axis. On the y-axis, plot the frequency with which each type of male was chosen by females. Using this graph, answer the following question. "Male collared lizards show considerable color variation." This is a(n) ______. A) hypothesis B) conclusion C) observation D) result

C) observation

Which of the following are the proper components of the scientific method? A) experiment, conclusion, application B) question, observation, experiment, analysis, prediction C) observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, results, conclusion D) observation, question, opinion, conclusion, hypothesis

C) observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, results, conclusion

19) Where does protein synthesis take place? A) in the nucleolus B) on smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) on ribosomes D) in the nucleus

C) on ribosomes

19) What name is given to a discrete packet of light? A) phaser B) wavelength C) photon D) quantum

C) photon

1) Which of the following is an autotroph? A) human B) mushroom C) pine tree D) fish

C) pine tree

3) Photosynthetic organisms are ______. A) producers that make all of their organic matter from organic molecules that they take in B) consumers that obtain organic molecules from other living organisms C) producers that make all their own organic matter from inorganic molecules D) decomposers that obtain nutrients from the soil

C) producers that make all their own organic matter from inorganic molecules

2) Ordinary cell division produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical. This type of cell division is important for all of the following functions EXCEPT A) growth of a multicellular organism. B) cell replacement. C) production of sperm and eggs. D) asexual reproduction.

C) production of sperm and eggs

39) The last stage of one complete turn of the Calvin cycle involves ______. A) G3P production B) oxidation of CO2 C) regeneration of RuBP D) sugar production

C) regeneration of RuBP

2) What type of microscope would be best for studying the detailed structure of the surface of a plasma membrane? A) light microscope B) transmission electron microscope C) scanning electron microscope D) both a light microscope and an electron microscope

C) scanning electron microscope

32) A pleated sheet is an example of protein ______ structure. A) tertiary B) quaternary C) secondary D) primary

C) secondary

18) An enzyme's function is dependent on its ______. A) pH B) temperature C) shape D) size

C) shape

7) What are grana? A) thick fluids inside chloroplasts B) convolutions of the inner chloroplast membrane C) stacks of membranous sacs D) pigments found in chloroplasts

C) stacks of membranous sacs

12) Table sugar is ______. A) glucose, a monosaccharide B) glucose, a disaccharide C) sucrose, a monosaccharide D) sucrose, a dissaccharide

C) sucrose, a monosaccharide

6) What name is given to the membranous sacs found within a chloroplast? A) stroma B) cristae C) thylakoids D) vesicles

C) thylakoids

3) Within the inner membrane of a chloroplast, interconnected sacs of membrane called ______ are suspended in a thick fluid called the ______. A) chlorophyll... thylakoid B) thylakoids... grana C) thylakoids... stroma D) grana... thylakoid

C) thylakoids... stroma

25) What structures move proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus? A) transport proteins B) central vacuole C) transport vesicles D) nucleolus

C) transport vesicles

8) The cell cycle results in the production of ______. A) four cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information B) two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material but with different genetic information C) two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information D) four cells, each with the same amount of genetic material but with different genetic information

C) two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information

27) Upon completion of telophase I and cytokinesis, there is(are) ______ cell(s). A) four haploid B) two diploid C) two haploid D) one diploid

C) two haploid

22) By definition, what type of fatty acid has double bonds? A) steroid B) triglyceride C) unsaturated D) saturated

C) unsaturated

6) The waste products of cellular respiration include ______. A) water only B) carbon dioxide only C) water and carbon dioxide D) water and glucose

C) water and carbon dioxide

11) How do radioactive isotopes differ from isotopes? A) Radioactive isotopes have more neutrons than do isotopes. B) Radioactive isotopes are stable; isotopes are unstable. C) Radioactive isotopes have fewer neutrons than do isotopes. D) Radioactive isotopes are unstable; isotopes are stable.

D

12) The second electron shell of an atom can hold a maximum of ______ electron(s). A) 1 B) 2 C) 6 D) 8

D

21) Adjacent water molecules are joined by ______ bonds. A) covalent only B) ionic C) polar and covalent D) hydrogen

D

23) How many oxygen atoms are in the products of the following reaction? C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O A) 18 B) 6 C) 12 D) 24

D

25) Human body cells are approximately ______ water. A) 95—99% B) 25—35% C) 50—55% D) 70—95%

D

32) A base ______. A) removes H2O molecules from a solution B) decreases the pH of a solution C) removes OH— ions from a solution D) removes H+ ions from a solution

D

9) Which of the following occurs during prophase? A) Chromosomes line up on the midline of the cell. B) The nuclear envelope forms. C) Sister chromatids separate. D) The mitotic spindle begins to form.

D) The mitotic spindle begins to form.

28) ATP synthase plays a role in ______. A) pulling electrons down the electron transport chain B) glycolysis C) pumping hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane D) generating ATP

D) generating ATP

25) In aerobic respiration, how many molecules of acetic acid are produced from six molecules of glucose? A) 1 B) 38 C) 6 D) 12

D) 12

2) A single carbon atom can form a maximum of ______ covalent bond(s). A) none; carbon only participates in ionic bonds B) 1 C) 2 D) 4

D) 4

The earliest cells detectable in fossils were different from the cells in animals, plants, fungi, and protists living today. These first prokaryotic cells gave rise to eukaryotic cells approximately 1.7 billion years ago. The structure of eukaryotic cells today suggests how they might have evolved from their prokaryotic ancestors. Scientists examining mitochondria and chloroplasts now think that these organelles were probably free-living prokaryotes before becoming a part of eukaryotic cells long ago. 45) What evidence suggests that mitochondria might have evolved before chloroplasts? A) Mitochondria can sometimes divide to produce chloroplasts. B) Only mitochondria have their own DNA. C) Some mitochondria have chloroplasts inside of them. D) Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria but only some cells have chloroplasts.

D) Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria but only some cells have chloroplasts.

30) The Calvin cycle makes direct use of ______ to make ______. A) light energy and CO2... sugar B) CO2, ATP, and NADPH... sugar and O2 C) light energy, CO2, and water... sugar and O2 D) CO2, ATP, and NADPH... sugar

D) CO2, ATP, and NADPH... sugar

28) Which of the following is a characteristic seen in prophase I that does not occur in prophase II? A) Chromosomes move to the middle of the cell. B) Spindle formation occurs. C) Chromosomes have been duplicated. D) Crossing over occurs.

D) Crossing over occurs.

What are eukaryotic genes composed of? A) RNA B) organelles C) RNA and DNA D) DNA

D) DNA

39) Examine the figure below. Nucleosomes are made of ______. A) RNA and protein B) DNA C) proteins D) DNA and histone proteins

D) DNA and histone proteins

26) ______ is a steroid. A) Butter B) Sucrose C) Amino acid D) Estrogen

D) Estrogen

21) The endomembrane system includes ______. A) ribosomes, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum C) Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum D) Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum

D) Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum

27) Which of the following is the source of electrons for the light reactions? A) C6H12O6 B) CO2 C) NADPH D) H2O

D) H2O

10) In photosynthesis, redox reactions ultimately transfer electrons from ______ to ______. A) O2... CO2 B) C6H12O6... O2 C) H2O... C6H12O6 D) H2O... CO2

D) H2O... CO2

While shopping, you settle on two types of cookies. The nutritional label for the chocolate mint cookies lists 5 grams of saturated fat, 0 grams of trans fat, 22 grams of carbohydrates, and 11 grams of protein per serving. The nutritional label for the peanut butter cookies lists 0 grams of saturated fat, 5 grams of trans fat, 26 grams of carbohydrates, and 4 grams of protein per serving. 46) The manufacturer of the chocolate mint cookies changed the ingredients of its cookies. Each serving now has 1 gram of saturated fat (4 fewer grams), 4 grams of trans fat (4 more grams), 21 grams of carbohydrates (1 fewer gram), and 11 grams of protein (no change). Do you think that the manufacturer made these cookies healthier? A) No, because they now have less saturated fat. B) Yes, because they now have less saturated fat. C) Yes, because they now have fewer grams of carbohydrates. D) No, because they now have more grams of trans fat.

D) No, because they now have more grams of trans fat

9) ______ are the major lipids of plasma membranes. A) Steroids B) Fatty acids C) Mosaics D) Phospholipids

D) Phospholipids

39) If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence AGTACTG, what will be the sequence of the other strand? A) GACGTCA B) AGTACTG C) GTCATGA D) TCATGAC

D) TCATGAC T to A, G to C

38) Which of the following is true with regard to a DNA molecule? A) The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of guanine, and the amount of thymine is equal to the amount of cytosine. B) The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of cytosine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of thymine. C) The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of uracil. D) The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine.

D) The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine.

29) A balloon permeable to water but not to glucose contains a 10% glucose solution. A beaker contains a 5% glucose solution. Which of the following is true? A) The solution in the beaker is hypertonic relative to the solution in the balloon. B) The solution in the balloon is isotonic; the solution in the beaker is hypertonic. C) When placed in the beaker, the balloon will lose water by osmosis. D) The solution in the balloon is hypertonic relative to the solution in the beaker.

D) The solution in the balloon is hypertonic relative to the solution in the beaker.

40) Tobacco smokers (and those exposed to tobacco smoke) are at greater risk of an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy. Based on your understanding of the structures of the cytoskeleton, what is the best explanation? A) Tobacco smokers tend to get pregnant when they are younger. B) Tobacco interferes with the functioning of the flagella propelling sperm. C) Tobacco interferes with the transfer of oxygen to the uterus, thereby forcing the zygote to implant in a fallopian tube. D) Tobacco interferes with the sweeping motion of cilia that aids in the movement of the egg toward the uterus.

D) Tobacco interferes with the sweeping motion of cilia that aids in the movement of the egg toward the uterus.

What is a gene? A) a type of eukaryotic cell B) an organelle that houses DNA C) a type of prokaryotic cell D) a unit of inheritance

D) a unit of inheritance

22) Which of the following is a way that a molecule releases energy gained by absorption of a photon? A) heat B) fluorescence C) light D) all of the above

D) all of the above

36) Active transport ______. A) uses ATP as an energy source B) can move solutes against their concentration gradient C) can involve the transport of ions D) all of the above

D) all of the above

39) Microtubules are associated with ______. A) cilia B) flagella C) cell shape D) all of the above

D) all of the above

In what way(s) is the science of biology influencing and changing our culture? A) by helping us understand the relevance of evolution to human health B) by revealing how mutations in genes can lead to disease C) by providing new tools for forensic investigations D) all of the above

D) all of the above

Which of these is required for natural selection to occur? A) inheritance B) unequal reproductive success C) individual variation D) all of the above

D) all of the above

27) A friend of yours appears to have put on a lot of muscle very quickly. At the same time, you notice that your friend seems to have a lot of mood swings and appears depressed. It is reasonable for you to suspect that your friend has begun to take ______. A) amino acid supplements B) creatine C) protein powder D) an anabolic steroid

D) an anabolic steroid

18) Some ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol of a cell, whereas other ribosomes _______. A) make proteins inside the nucleus B) are found on the plasma membrane C) are attached to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum D) are attached to the outside of the nucleus

D) are attached to the outside of the nucleus

What accounts for the different breeds of domesticated dogs? A) overproduction B) natural selection C) competition D) artificial selection

D) artificial selection

22) Chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual are called ______. A) homologous chromosomes B) nonhomologous chromosomes C) sex chromosomes D) autosomes

D) autosomes

34) In a hypotonic solution, a plant cell will ______. A) undergo plasmolysis B) become flaccid C) burst D) become turgid

D) become turgid

Unequal reproductive success ______. A) can lead to a population being less well adapted to its environment B) increases variation C) does not affect the frequency of expression of traits in succeeding generations of a population D) can lead to natural selection

D) can lead to natural selection

33) In plant cells, ______ may contain organic nutrients, pigments, and poisons. A) mitochondria B) chloroplasts C) lysosomes D) central vacuoles

D) central vacuoles

24) What compound is found at the reaction center of a photosystem? A) chlorophyll b B) carotenoids C) phycobilins D) chlorophyll a

D) chlorophyll a

36) Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis? A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum B) mitochondrion C) ribosome D) chloroplast

D) chloroplast

12) During metaphase ______. A) the nuclear envelope breaks up B) sister chromatids separate C) centromeres divide D) chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

D) chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

43) In a Paramecium, a single-celled freshwater protest, the hairlike structures visible on the Paramecium allow it to move. These structures are ______. A) microfilaments B) intermediate filaments C) flagella D) cilia

D) cilia

20) What name is given to the following reaction? glycerol + 3 fatty acids → triglyceride + 3 water molecules A) denaturation B) hydrolysis C) hydrogenation D) dehydration reaction

D) dehydration reaction

6) What name is given to the following reaction? galactose + glucose → lactose + water A) hydrolysis B) hydrogenation C) glycolysis D) dehydration reaction

D) dehydration reaction

28) Which of the following is found in both cellular respiration and in the light reactions of photosynthesis? A) citric acid cycle B) glycolysis C) Calvin cycle D) electron transport chain

D) electron transport chain

21) When a molecule absorbs a photon, one of its electrons is raised to the ______ state. A) energetic B) quantum C) higher D) excited

D) excited

36) A karyotype (a chromosome display) would be unable to determine ______. A) sex B) Down syndrome C) Turner syndrome D) eye color

D) eye color

19) A glycerol with three fatty acids attached is referred to as a ______. A) prostaglandin B) nucleic acid C) steroid D) fat

D) fat

4) What is the function of stomata? A) water absorption B) Calvin cycle C) location of photosystems D) gas exchange

D) gas exchange

33) Which of the following metabolic pathways is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown? A) the citric acid cycle B) the electron transport chain C) conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid D) glycolysis

D) glycolysis

20) The shorter the wavelength of visible light, the ______. A) less energy absorbed by photosynthetic pigments B) redder the color C) more photons it contains D) greater the energy

D) greater the energy

15) A cell that completed the cell cycle without undergoing cytokinesis would ______. A) have less genetic material than it started with B) not have completed anaphase C) have its chromosomes lined up in the middle of the cell D) have two nuclei

D) have two nuclei

15) The sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in organisms is called ______. A) summation B) cellular synthesis C) replication D) metabolism

D) metabolism

Which of these is most closely associated with Darwin? A) energy flow B) ecosystem structure C) the three domains of life D) natural selection

D) natural selection

17) Which of the following structures manufactures the components of ribosomes? A) nucleus B) cytoplasm C) endoplasmic reticulum D) nucleolus

D) nucleolus

35) Nucleic acids are polymers of ______ monomers. A) monosaccharide B) fatty acid C) DNA D) nucleotide

D) nucleotide

What name is given to the functional compartments of a cell? A) genomes B) nuclei C) genes D) organelles

D) organelles

38) Examine the following figure. Which of the following reactants primarily come(s) from the air? A) water B) glucose C) carbon dioxide D) oxygen and carbon dioxide

D) oxygen and carbon dioxide

25) Diffusion is an example of ______. A) phagocytosis B) active transport C) endocytosis D) passive transport

D) passive transport

12) Energy is transferred from ATP to other molecules by transferring a(n) ______. A) adenosine B) heat unit C) photon D) phosphate group

D) phosphate group

7) You find a cell of a type you have never seen before. The cell has both a nucleus and a cell wall. Therefore, you conclude that it must be a ______ cell. A) prokaryotic B) animal C) bacterial D) plant

D) plant

13) For good health, it is important to include ______ in our diets. A) fructose B) monosaccharides C) disaccharides D) polysaccharides

D) polysaccharides

26) Diffusion ______. A) is the result of the potential energy of atoms B) requires an input of cellular energy C) occurs when particles spread from areas where they are less concentrated to areas where they are more concentrated D) proceeds until equilibrium is reached

D) proceeds until equilibrium is reached

31) Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to A) produce more ATP than is possible through aerobic respiration. B) produce ATP using the electron transport chain. C) regenerate NADH. D) produce ATP without O2

D) produce ATP without O2.

4) When using a light microscope to view a cell you obtained from scraping under your fingernails, you notice that the cell lacks a nucleus; therefore, you conclude that the cell must be a type of ______ cell. A) plant B) eukaryotic C) fungal D) prokaryotic

D) prokaryotic

14) Usually, enzymes are ______. A) fats B) steroids C) chemical reactions D) proteins

D) proteins

28) Enzymes are ______. A) amino acids B) monosaccharides C) phospholipids D) proteins

D) proteins

21) A product of glycolysis is ______. A) lactic acid B) ethyl alcohol C) O2 D) pyruvic acid

D) pyruvic acid

5) A duplicated chromosome consists of two ______. A) centromeres B) centrosomes C) genomes D) sister chromatids

D) sister chromatids

36) How many times must the Calvin cycle turn for the plant cell to be able to produce one molecule of glucose? A) one B) two C) three D) six

D) six

29) Anaphase II is essentially the same as mitotic anaphase except that in anaphase II ______ and in mitotic anaphase ______. A) the cells are diploid... the cells are haploid B) chromosomes line up double file in the middle of the cell... chromosomes line up single file in the middle of the cell C) crossing over occurs... crossing over does not occur D) the cells are haploid and sister chromatids separate... the cells are diploid and sister chromatids separate

D) the cells are haploid and sister chromatids separate... the cells are diploid and sister chromatids separate

42) Which of the following organelles connect(s) to the nuclear envelope? A) the Golgi apparatus B) lysosomes C) mitochondria D) the endoplasmic reticulum

D) the endoplasmic reticulum

31) Genetic variation is accomplished by all but one of the following. Which is it? A) the events of meiosis I B) crossing over C) independent assortment D) the events of meiosis II

D) the events of meiosis II

33) If placed in tap water, an animal cell will undergo lysis, whereas a plant cell will not. What accounts for this difference? A) expulsion of water by the plant cell's central vacuole B) the relative impermeability of the plant cell membrane to water C) the relative impermeability of the plant cell wall to water D) the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall

D) the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall

40) The figure below shows... A) the synthesis of ADP B) the breakdown of ATP to perform cellular work C) the removal of a phosphate group from ADP D) the synthesis of ATP through the addition of a phosphate group

D) the synthesis of ATP through the addition of a phosphate group

35) Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of the following best describes the direct mechanism of ATP production during photosynthesis? A) use of the energy generated as hydrogen ions (H+) move up a proton gradient; this energy is used to make ATP B) use of the energy released as excited electrons are passed from one molecule to another in the electron transport system; the energy is converted to the chemical bond energy of ATP C) use of the energy stored in excited electrons; as the electrons move from the excited state to the ground state, the energy released is converted to the energy stored in the third phosphate bond in ATP D) use of the energy stored in hydrogen ion (H+) gradients; the potential energy of the proton gradient is released as the protons move down their gradient through special membrane protein channels; this energy is converted to chemical bond energy in the ATP molecule

D) use of the energy stored in hydrogen ion (H+) gradients; the potential energy of the proton gradient is released as the protons move down their gradient through special membrane protein channels; this energy is converted to chemical bond energy in the ATP molecule