BIO Module 3 Homework Questions

The absorption spectrum of an unknown pigment is shown below. What color would you expect this pigment to appear? red green blue yellow violet orange

blue

Indicate whether each of the following cell types would be haploid or diploid: skin cell liver cell egg cell somatic cell gamete hair cell sperm cell

skin cell - diploid liver cell - diploid egg cell - haploid somatic cell - diploid gamete - haploid hair cell - diploid sperm cell - haploid

Interact with signaling molecules that are hydrophobic. Bind ligands that cross the plasma membrane.

- permits substances to cross the membrane following a conformational change - contains 7 transmembrane proteins - has phosphorylation activity when it demerizes

Genes that are involved in causing uncontrolled cell division are known as Textbook chapter 10 section 10.4 oncogenes. tumor suppressor genes. proto-oncogenes. housekeeping genes. condensin genes.

oncogenes.

Suppose that rats have a diploid chromosome number of 42 (2n=42] ). How many chromatids will be present in a cell that is in the middle of mitosis metaphase? 21 84 168 42 2 0

84

Select all of the molecules that are produced during the light reactions: Rubisco ATP NADP+ Chlorophyll Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ADP NADPH Water Oxygen (O2)

ATP NADPH Oxygen (O2)

Suppose that a certain animal has 12 unique or different chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be found in a diploid cell from this organism? Enter only a numeral/number in the provided box.

24

Suppose that a cell in G1 contains 16 picograms (pg) of DNA. How many picograms would you expect to find in this same cell during G2? Note that a picogram (pg) is a measured quantity/mass. Think about how the amount of DNA changes as the cell progresses from G1 to G2.

32

If N=8 for a certain species, how many chromosomes would be found in a hexaploid (6N) cell? Enter only the numeral/number in the provided box.

48

Select all of the statements that correctly describe photosynthesis: Anabolic process Releases carbon dioxide as an end product. Overall exergonic process Series of redox reactions Breaks sugars to yield energy Converts inorganic molecules into organic molecules.

Anabolic process Series of redox reactions Converts inorganic molecules into organic molecules.

Cytokinesis of animal cells is characterized by the appearance of a cleavage furrow. When does the cleavage furrow first start to appear? Textbook chapter 10 section 10.2 Anaphase Telophase G1 Interphase Metaphase Prophase G2 Interphase

Anaphase

What is the function of the external domain of a cell-surface receptor? Phosphorylate amino acids as part of a signaling cascade. Bind the signaling molecule. Anchor the receptor in the membrane. Transmit the signal to the inside of the cell. Directly alter gene expression and transcription.

Bind the signaling molecule.

Which statements describe the DNA of eukaryotic cells? Select all that apply. Chromosomes contain molecules of DNA and protein. Nuclear chromosomes are linear molecules. The structure located between the two chromosome arms is known as a telomere. All of the DNA is located inside the nucleus.

Chromosomes contain molecules of DNA and protein. Nuclear chromosomes are linear molecules.

Which statement accurately describes a diploid cell? Contains chromosomes composed of two arms. Contains two copies of each chromosome. Contains chromosomes composed of two genes each. Contains one set of chromosomes.

Contains two copies of each chromosome.

What process leads to the creation of "sister chromatids"? separation of the centrosomes karyokinesis cytokinesis DNA replication DNA condensation

DNA replication

During photosynthesis, what is the light specifically used for? Powering ATP synthase Breaking down sugar molecules Synthesizing pigment molecules Exciting/energizing electrons Reducing carbon dioxide

Exciting/energizing electrons

In eukaryotic organisms, cell division is used for growth and development as well as the production of replacement cells. There are times when new cells are not needed. If a cell is not actively dividing or getting ready to divide, what phase/stage would it be in? Prophase G2 G0 Karyokinesis Cytokinesis Metaphase Telophase Anaphase G1

G0

Match the cell cycle phase with the events: G2 G1 S Phase M Phase

G2 - Replenish cell's energy stores. G1 - Increase in overall cell size. S Phase - DNA is duplicated to produce identical sister chromatids. M Phase - Sister chromatids are pulled apart.

During the light reactions, where does the energy needed for ATP synthesis come from? proton motive force conversion of NADP+ into NADPH transfer of electrons between pigment molecules oxidation of water active transport of hydrogen ions reduction of carbon dioxide

GOT THIS ONE WRONG!!!! the answer is NOT: - transfer of electrons between pigment molecules - active transport of hydrogen ions reduction of carbon dioxide

Which statements correctly describe intracellular receptors? Select all that apply. Interact with signaling molecules that are hydrophobic. Bind ligands that cross the plasma membrane. Change shape when the extracellular domain binds a ligand. Contains a transmembrane domain. Typically contain a DNA-binding domain.

Interact with signaling molecules that are hydrophobic. Bind ligands that cross the plasma membrane. Typically contain a DNA-binding domain.

Which of the following is not typically used to terminate a signaling cascade? Changes in phosphorylation of proteins. Internal digestion of the receptor. Removal of the ligand. Degrading secondary messengers such as cyclic AMP. Compartmentalization of calcium ions.

Internal digestion of the receptor.

Knowing that embryos have a very high rate of cell division, a biologist counted 1500 cells from an embryo to analyze this process. The following data was collected: Stage Number of Cells Observed Prophase 75 Metaphase 30 Anaphase 30 Telophase 15 Interphase 1350 Total 1500 Assuming that these cells were dividing randomly, which of the following statements would be a reasonable conclusion? The chromosomes can first be seen in prophase. Prophase is approximately three times as long as telophase. Metaphase is the shortest stage of the cell cycle. The duration of anaphase is appoximately one-half the duration of telophase. Interphase is the longest stage of the cell cycle.

Interphase is the longest stage of the cell cycle.

What type of receptor alters the distribution of ions across a membrane upon binding a signaling molecule? Ligand-gated ion channel intracellular receptor G protein-coupled receptor Tyrosine kinase receptor

Ligand-gated ion channel

What products of the light reactions are required reactants of the Calvin Cycle? Oxygen (O2) and chlorophyll ADP and Pi Carbon dioxide and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate NADPH and ATP Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate ATP synthase and Rubisco

NADPH and ATP

Which statements are correct concerning the pigments used during photosynthesis? Select all that apply. _____________________ Hint: Pigments (Links to an external site.)video Recap of Photosynthetic Pigments (Links to an external site.)video Textbook chapter 8 section 8.2 All of the light energy used by plants is collected/absorbed by chlorophyll a and b. The color of the pigment molecule will match the colors that it absorbs. Plants can absorb a variety of light colors since they contain a variety of pigments. Pigment molecules typically contain large hydrophobic sections. The photosynthetic pigments are located within the thylakoid lumen/space.

Plants can absorb a variety of light colors since they contain a variety of pigments. Pigment molecules typically contain large hydrophobic sections.

During the Calvin Cycle, what enzyme is responsible for the initial fixing of inorganic carbon? PEP carboxylase glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate phoshoglyceraldehyde ATP synthase ribulose bisphosphate Rubisco

Rubisco

Which statements are correct concerning light and photosynthesis? Light energy is absorbed by electron carriers in the thylakoids. Shorter wavelengths contain higher amounts of energy. Each color of light contains a different amount of energy. As the wavelength of light increases, the amount of energy contained within it also increases. All colors of light are equally valuable/useful for powering photosynthesis.

Shorter wavelengths contain higher amounts of energy. Each color of light contains a different amount of energy.

Plants do not typically eat other organisms. However, plants do contain mitochondria and they are able to undergo cellular respiration. When this occurs, what molecules will typically be broken down and where do they come from? Sugars that were produced by the Calvin Cycle. ATP produced by chemiosmosis. Carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed through stomata. Organic matter absorbed from organisms in the soil.

Sugars that were produced by the Calvin Cycle.

Which statement does NOT correctly describe the bacterial chromosome? Textbook chapter 10 section 10.5 There is usually only one starting point of replication. The DNA is organized with associated histone proteins. There is a single, circular chromosome. The chromosome is attached to the plasma membrane.

The DNA is organized with associated histone proteins.

Which statement(s) about chromatin structure is correct? Select all that apply. DNA is wrapped around sugar molecules. The DNA will always be tightly wound around proteins. The DNA packaging amount/level/degree is adjustable depending on the cell's needs. Nucleosomes are composed of proteins called histones.

The DNA packaging amount/level/degree is adjustable depending on the cell's needs. Nucleosomes are composed of proteins called histones.

Select all of the statements that correctly describe chloroplast structure: The stroma refers to the double-membrane that surrounds the outside of the chloroplast. The chloroplast contains 3 different membranes. The pigment molecules of photosynthesis are concentrated in the thylakoid membrane. The chloroplast contains 2 fluid-filled compartments/spaces.

The chloroplast contains 3 different membranes. The pigment molecules of photosynthesis are concentrated in the thylakoid membrane.

Select all of the following statements that typically occur during anaphase: Hint: Textbook chapter 10 section 10.2 The non-kinetochore microtubules elongate. Condensin proteins assist with separation of the chromatids. The kinetochore microtubules shorten. Sister chromatids are copied and separate into separate chromosomes. Cohesin proteins are degraded.

The non-kinetochore microtubules elongate. The kinetochore microtubules shorten. Cohesin proteins are degraded.

Suppose that a single somatic cell undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis. If you compared the original parent cell in G1 with the daughter cells that are produced, which of the following statements would be true? The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of DNA. The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA. The daughter cells have half the amount of cytoplasm and half the amount of DNA. The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and twice the amount of DNA. The daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA.

The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of DNA.

The electron transport chain of the light reactions is responsible for energy coupling. Which statement correctly describes the energy coupling that occurs here? The facilitated diffusion of water across the thylakoid membrane will release energy, and this will be used to generate an electrochemical gradient of electrons. The reduction of oxygen at the bottom of the electron transport chain will release energy, and this will be used to synthesize ATP. The conversion of NADP+ into NADPH will release energy, and this will be used to reduce carbon dioxide into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The electrons will decrease in potential energy as they are passed along, and this will be used to power the active transport of hydrogen ions.

The electrons will decrease in potential energy as they are passed along, and this will be used to power the active transport of hydrogen ions.

During the light reactions of photosynthesis, the excited electrons are passed to an electron transport chain. If there is not an electron transport chain available to accept the electrons, what effect will this have? The energy collected from light cannot be used and will instead damage the interior of the chloroplast. The photosystems will generate the needed hydrogen ion gradient. The plant will bypass the light reactions to continuously run the Calvin Cycle. ATP will be immediately made by substrate-level phosphorylation rather than chemiosmosis.

The energy collected from light cannot be used and will instead damage the interior of the chloroplast.

What is one major difference between cytokinesis in plant cells and animal cells? Textbook chapter 10 section 10.2 Cytokinesis in plant cells will produce two daughter cells, whereas it will produce four daughter cells in animal cells. Cytokinesis begins during metaphase in plant cells, whereas it begins during anaphase in animal cells. The non-kinetochore microtubules of plant cells contain cellulose, whereas in animal cells they do not. The first visual sign of cytokinesis in plant cells is a cell plate, whereas in animal cells it is a cleavage furrow.

The first visual sign of cytokinesis in plant cells is a cell plate, whereas in animal cells it is a cleavage furrow.

Which statement best describes an effect that an inhibitor might have? _____________________ Hint: Textbook chapter 9 section 9.3 The inhibitor may promote the initiation of apoptosis. The inhibitor may phosphorylate a protein to result in an increase in cell division. The inhibitor may cause a decrease in enzyme activity or function. The inhibitor may dissolve the plasma membrane. The inhibitor may bind to DNA and cause an increase in transcription.

The inhibitor may cause a decrease in enzyme activity or function.

Select all of the following statements that apply to prophase and prometaphase: Cohesin proteins become degraded. The microtubules become attached to the kinetochores. The nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes. Centrosomes separate and migrate towards opposite sides of the cell. Chromosomes become visible. The chromosomes become tightly coiled with condensin proteins. Polar microtubules (aka non-kinetochore spindles) lengthen.

The microtubules become attached to the kinetochores. Centrosomes separate and migrate towards opposite sides of the cell. Chromosomes become visible. The chromosomes become tightly coiled with condensin proteins.

Which of the following correctly describes the order of mitosis events? The mitotic spindle becomes attached to the kinetochore. Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate. The nucleus reforms and the cell divides. Cohesin proteins degrade and the sister chromatids separate. The nucleus reforms and the cell divides. Cohesin proteins degrade and the sister chromatids separate. Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate. The mitotic spindle becomes attached to the kinetochore. Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate. The mitotic spindle becomes attached to the kinetochore. The nucleus reforms and the cell divides. Cohesin proteins degrade and the sister chromatids separate. The mitotic spindle becomes attached to the kinetochore. Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate. Cohesin proteins degrade and the sister chromatids separate.The nucleus reforms and the cell divides.

The mitotic spindle becomes attached to the kinetochore. Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate. Cohesin proteins degrade and the sister chromatids separate.The nucleus reforms and the cell divides.

Consider a potted plant that has been sitting in a windowsill. Assuming the same watering schedule is maintained, what will happen if this plant is placed inside a dark room for several days? HINT: Review photosynthesis and cellular respiration; consider when each would be taking place The plant will weigh less because it is undergoing cellular respiration. The plant will weigh more because the Calvin Cycle will continue to occur. The plant will weight more because it is still absorbing water and nutrients from the soil. The plant will weight the same. The plant will weigh less because photosynthesis is not occurring.

The plant will weigh less because it is undergoing cellular respiration. expl: Without light, the plant will need to perform cellular respiration in order to supply its energy requirements/needs. Cellular respiration will break down organic molecules found inside the plant, and as a result, CO2 will be returned to the atmosphere.

Many ligands are hydrophobic. How do these signaling molecules usually enter the cell? They enter the cell with the help of carrier proteins and ATP hydrolysis. They are transported into the cell by ion channels. They enter the cell by creating a proton motive force. They enter the cell passively through the phospholipid bilayers. They are transported into the cell through gap junctions or plasmodesmata.

They enter the cell passively through the phospholipid bilayers.

Which statement best describes the overall function/purpose of interphase? To double the number of chromosomes. To convert a haploid nucleus into a diploid nucleus. To condense and package the DNA into tightly wound chromosomes. To divide a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. To duplicate all of the cellular contents.

To duplicate all of the cellular contents.

Oxygen (O2) is a product of photosynthesis. This released oxygen comes directly from carbon dioxide. rubisco. water. glucose. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

Water exp: A water molecule is split at the beginning of the light reactions. When the electrons are stripped from two water molecules, oxygen (O2) is released as a byproduct.

When ligands specifically interact with intracellular receptors, the end result is most often an increase in the production of second messengers. an increase in calcium ions in the cytoplasm. a change in gene expression. the release of the G-protein. a phosphorylation cascade.

a change in gene expression.

When a gland releases a hormone into the bloodstream, what form of cellular signaling would this be? autocrine signaling direct cell signaling paracrine signaling endocrine signaling

endocrine signaling

Plants use carbon dioxide as a reactant for photosynthesis. Following the Calvin Cycle, where will the carbon from this carbon dioxide molecule end up? water glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate chlorophyll ATP NADPH

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Indicate when each of the following steps of photosynthesis occurs: oxidation of water reduction of carbon dioxide production of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate hydrolysis of ATP chemiosmosis creation of a proton motive force oxidation of NADPH

oxidation of water: Light Reactions reduction of carbon dioxide: Calvin Cycle production of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate: Calvin Cycle hydrolysis of ATP: Calvin Cycle chemiosmosis: Light Reactions creation of a proton motive force: Light Reactions oxidation of NADPH: Calvin Cycle

Based on the absorption spectrum shown below and your knowledge of plants, which of the following pigments is least likely to be found in the photosynthetic portions of typical plants? carotenoids phycocyanin chlorophyll b phycoerythrin chlorophyll a

phycoerythrin The correct answer is phycoerythrin since it is absorbing green. The photosynthetic parts of a plant tend to be green because the pigments in those locations are not absorbing green (but instead, they are reflecting green). In the same way, you wouldn't expect to find pigments that absorb red in a red flower (because red is being reflected).

Select all of the following phases where "duplicated" chromosomes would be present: Chapter 10 Practice Question 1 (recall what "duplicated" chromosomes look like, see chapter 10 page) anaphase telophase G2 prometaphase G0 prophase G1 metaphase

prometaphase prophase metaphase G2

What amino acids are often phosphorylated during cell signaling? _____________________ Hint: Amino Acid Kinases (Links to an external site.)video Textbook chapter 9 section 9.1 under "Cell-Surface Receptors" glycine, serine, and valine cysteine, leucine, and proline serine, threonine, and tyrosine proline, arginine, and tryptophan histidine, proline, and tyrosine

serine, threonine, and tyrosine

order are: _____________________ Hint: Signal Transduction (Links to an external site.)video Textbook chapter 9 section 9.2 paracrine, local, and synaptic. phosphorylation, dimerization, and signal reception. ligand synthesis, transcription, and nucleus disintegration. alpha, beta, and gamma. signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response. signal reception, ligand synthesis, and phosphorylation.

signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response.

If the following organisms needed to produce new cells that were identical to the original parent cell, what process would they use? Answers may be used more than once. strawberry rabbit bacteria mushroom

strawberry - mitosis and cytokinesis rabbit - mitosis and cytokinesis bacteria - binary fission mushroom - mitosis and cytokinesis

During the light reactions, water is split in order to provide the protons to be used for the electrochemical gradient. the oxygen atoms for the synthesis of sugars. the electrons needed by the reaction center in PSI. the energy for synthesizing ATP by chemiosmosis. the electrons needed by the chlorophyll a pair in PSII.

the electrons needed by the chlorophyll a pair in PSII.