Bio Psych week 12 + 13 + 14 + 15
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: __________ increase arousal of the brain directly and the body indirectly while __________ increase arousal of the brain and body directly.
Behavioral stimulants; general stimulants
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: In aggressive animals and humans, testosterone levels are _______, serotonin levels are ____________.
High; low
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: In the emotional circuit of the brain, the ____________ provides input on interoception or how the body feels while the __________ provides error warning by evaluating threat, conflict, reward, etc.
Insular cortex; cingulate cortex
Which of the following descriptions best describes the electrophysiological characteristics of slow-wave or NREM sleep?
Large slow EEG waves, no EOG activity, low EMG activity.
Which of the following is associated with high levels hunger and low levels of satiety?
Melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH Low cholecystokinin (CCK) levels
Oxytocin causes which of the following changes in brain activity? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Oxytocin decreases activity of the amygdala.
Which of the following is associated with increased oxytocin levels? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Parent-child bonding in females and males Ethnocentric behavior, envy, and "schadenfreude
According to the Monoamine Hypothesis of depression, the vegetative symptoms of depression are attributable to defects in which of the following? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Serotonin signaling
Which of the following descriptions best describes the electrophysiological characteristics of wakefulness?
Short rapid EEG waves, high EMG activity, high EOG activity.
Which of the following is true regarding hypnotics? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Side effects of hypnotics include drowsiness, dizziness, and confusion.
Which of the following stages of sleep is characterized by short rapid EEG waves, high EMG activity, and high EOG activity?
wakefulness
You are a pharmaceutical scientist trying to develop drugs to stimulate satiety in overweight individuals. Which of the following substances would stimulate satiety and/or decrease hunger?
A CRH agonist
Which of the following describes a drug that is acting as an antagonist? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
A drug that increases neurotransmitter reuptake. A drug that increases neurotransmitter degradation A drug that decreases neurotransmitter synthesis.
You are a drug researcher and you discover a compound that activates a number of intracellular signaling pathways regulating cell growth such as ERK and IP3. This compound has the potential to be which of the following classes of drugs based on this action?
A mood stabilizer
You are a psychiatrist and one of your patients is lethargic (low energy) and unalert. Which of the following substances would you give this patient to alleviate this condition or symptom?
A psychomotor stimulant
Select the answer below that fills in the blanks of the following sentence: Cortisol is secreted by the ____________, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) is secreted by the __________________.
Adrenal cortex; hypothalamus
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: In the emotional circuit of the brain, the ____________ evaluates emotional salience, or whether, which, and how much emotion is needed, while the ________ provides error warning by evaluating threat, conflict, reward, etc.
Amygdala; cingulate cortex
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding neurotrophins such as BDNF and depression? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.
Blocking BDNF inhibits the beneficial effects of anti-depressants but injection of BDNF alone does not decrease depression. Both anti-depressants and monoamine signaling decrease BDNF release.
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with satiety? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Both a hunger and satiety center; satiety centers
You just finished a very big meal. Which of the following is a chemical signal produced by the body that stimulates satiety that is likely increasing in your blood right now? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Cholecystokinin or CCK
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: They psychoactive marijuana compound THC ____________ a Ca2+ channel, which decreases flow of Ca2+ _____________ the cell.
Closes; into
Which of the following is associated with increased oxytocin levels? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Decreased fear and aggression responses
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: Oxytocin _________ activity of the amygdala, and ___________ activity of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC).
Decreases; increases
Which of the following is true regarding dreaming? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Dreams mostly contain conflict or negative emotional states. Sensory information can occasionally be incorporated into dreams.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding facial expressions and emotions? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.
Emotions are always accompanied by facial expressions.
You have been studying hard in Norlin Library and haven't eaten in 7 hours. Which of the following is a chemical signal produced by the body that stimulates hunger that is likely increasing in your blood right now? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Endocannabinoids
Which of the following is true regarding dreaming? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Everyone dreams, including people who say they don't dream--they just don't remember their dreams.
agonist are not always good and agonist are not always bad
FINAL EXAM QUESTION
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding facial expressions and emotions? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.
Fake smiles cannot be distinguished from real ones. People in different parts of the world make and interpret facial expressions very differently
Which of the following brain chemicals promotes sleep? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
GABA release by neurons of the VLPO hypothalamus. Buildup of adenosine in the basal forebrain.
You are a sleep research and one of your subjects appears to be in REM sleep. Which of the following is a characteristic of REM sleep that this subject might be demonstrated that would make you think this? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
He is twitching occasionally but making no large movements
Select the answer below that fills in the blanks of the following sentence: Corticotropin releasing hormone is secreted by the ____________, cortisol is secreted by the __________________.
Hypothalamus; adrenal cortex
Prolonged HPA activation and chronically elevated cortisol levels result in which of the following adverse health consequences associated with chronic stress? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Immune system dysfunction Formation of gastrointestinal ulcers
You have a patient who is experiencing chronically elevated HPA but NOT SNS activity. Which of the following chronic health conditions might you expect to see in this patient as a consequence of this? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Immune system dysfunction Formation of gastrointestinal ulcers
Which of the following is true regarding testosterone and aggression? Please select all of the answers that are true below.
In humans, a causal relationship between physiological levels of testosterone and aggression is not well supported. In animals, testerosterone may be permissive for, and exaggerate existing levels of, social aggression.
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: Sedatives and hypnotics ___________ the flow of Cl- into neurons, which makes them ___________ likely to fire an action potential.
Increase; less
Which of the following would tend to increase cellular tolerance? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Increased uptake or inactivation of drugs by neurons or glia Decreased dendritic branching or synaptic number
Which of the following is characteristic of REM sleep? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
It is characterized by occasional twitches but large movements are not common
Which of the following statements is true regarding the active marijuana compound CBD? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
It is non-psychotropic, that is, it doesn't make you high. CBD has no effect on, or decreases, anxiety
Which of the following is the best definition of vegetative symptoms in depression?
It is the sleep disturbances, appetite and body weight disturbances, and high stress hormones that accompanies depression.
Which of the following statements is true regarding leptin signaling and obesity? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Mutations to leptin or its receptor are associated with hyperphagia (increased eating) and obesity Most human obesity is environmental, not genetic, and leptin levels are normal or even elevated in most obese people.
Which of the following is an argument in favor of REM sleep being necessary? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Nearly all mammals and many birds appear to have REM sleep. If deprived of REM sleep, people experience "REM rebound".
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with hunger? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Neuropeptide Y or NPY
You are a psychiatrist and one of your patients is on a medication that is making her experience constipation, drowsiness, and nausea. Which of the following medications is she most likely to be on based on what we have learned about the side effects of different drugs in class?
Opioid analgesics
Which of the following is a neural mechanism by which anxiety is thought to occur? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
People with an anxiety disorder may have elevated excitatory glutamatergic input to amygdala neurons. People with anxiety disorder may have decreased inhibitory GABAergic input to amygdala neurons. People with anxiety disorder may have increased dendritic branching on amygdala neurons
Which of the following statements is true regarding leptin signaling and obesity? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Rapid and dramatic weight loss can be associated with decreases in leptin levels that may cause people to overeat and regain weight.
Which of the following statements is true regarding leptin signaling and obesity? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Rapid and dramatic weight loss can be associated with decreases in leptin levels that may cause people to overeat and regain weight. Mutations to leptin or its receptor are associated with hyperphagia (increased eating) and obesity.
Which of the following statements is true regarding leptin signaling and obesity? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
Rapid and dramatic weight loss can be associated with decreases in leptin levels that may cause people to overeat and regain weight. Mutations to leptin or its receptor are associated with hyperphagia (increased eating) and obesity.utations to leptin or its receptor are associated with hyperphagia (increased eating) and obesity.
Which of the following classes of drugs increases dopamine signaling either directly or indirectly? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
THC, the active ingredient in marijuana Psychomotor stimulants Sedatives like benzodiazepines
You are a neuroscience researcher studying emotion. You insert an electrode into the brain of a cat and when you stimulate that brain region the cat becomes very fearful. Which of the following brain regions is this electrode most likely in? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
The amygdala
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the amygdala? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.
The amygdala seems to play a very small role in evaluating emotional salience of a situation. Damage to the amygdala is most associated with a heightened aggression response.
Which of the following brain chemicals promotes sleep? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
The buildup of adenosine in the basal forebrain. Increased GABA release by neurons of the VLPO hypothalamus.
Which of the following parts of the brain is involved in threat and conflict assessment and is often increased in size or activity in the brains of anxiety disorder patients?
The cingulate cortex
You are a clinical neuroscientist working with individuals who have emotion regulation issues. One of your patients has difficulty in error warning from evaluating the threat, reward, and conflict in a situation. Which of the following parts of the brain is most likely damaged in this patient?
The cingulate cortex
The theory that dreams are nothing more than meaningless brain activity is most consistent with which of the following?
The fact that epileptics having seizures and schizophrenics having hallucinations report similar experiences to dreaming.
The fact that activity of the anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala increases during dreaming is considered consistent with which of the following interpretations of why we dream?
The idea that dreams are a way to rehearse difficult, dangerous or aversive situations.
Your aunt has a brain tumor that is damaging her orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex. Which of the following is most likely to be affected with respect to her eating behaviors?
The influence of flavor on eating behavior, which is the combination of taste, smell, "mouth feel", and other sensory signals on eating will be decreased.
You are an academic researcher studying the neurobiology of hunger and satiety. You insert an electrode into the brain of a rat and when you stimulate it, the animal starts eating. In which of the following hypothalamic nuclei is it most likely that you inserted the electrode? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
The lateral hypothalamus
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: The _______________ is primarily concerned with increasing alertness and attention to deal with potential threats while the ________________ is primarily concerned with providing the energy and muscle activity to allow an organism to escape from an immediate threat.
The locus coeruleus; the sympathetic nervous system
You are an academic researcher studying the neurobiology of hunger and satiety. You insert an electrode into the brain of a rat and when you stimulate it, the animal stops eating. In which of the following hypothalamic nuclei is it most likely that you inserted the electrode? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
The paraventricular nucleus or PVN
You are an academic researcher studying the neurobiology of hunger and satiety. You insert an electrode into the brain of a rat and when you stimulate it, the animal stops eating. In which of the following hypothalamic nuclei is it most likely that you inserted the electrode? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
The paraventricular nucleus or PVN The ventromedial hypothalamus or VMH
Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: The _______________ is primarily concerned with providing energy and muscle activity to allow an organism to escape an immediate threat while the ________________ is primarily concerned with mobilizing/conserving energy stores in order to battle a prolonged stressor like lack of food.
The sympathetic nervous system; the HPA axis
Your uncle has had a stroke and now he doesn't eat because he no longer feels any "wanting" for food. Which of the following brain regions is responsible for the "wanting" of reward and thus was most likely damaged in your uncle's brain?
The ventral tegmental area or VTA
Which of the following brain regions tends to show a DECREASE in size or activity in people with anxiety disorders or depression? Please select all of the answers that are DECREASED in size or activity in anxious individuals below.
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex
You are a clinical neuroscientist working with individuals who have emotion regulation issues. One of your patients has difficulty making moral judgments, deciding on a plan of action, and inhibiting inappropriate or excessive emotional responses. Which of the following parts of the brain is most likely damaged in this patient?
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex
The ventral tegmental area or VTA is most important for the influence of which of the following factors on eating behaviors?
The wanting of reward.
Which of the following refers to a component of personality or predisposition that influences behavior making it more likely that a person perceives a circumstance as threatening?
Trait anxiety
Which of the following is characteristic of REM sleep? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
We dream in both REM and NREM sleep. It accounts for less (about 2 of 8 hours) of total sleep in adults but more as the sleep period progresses.
You are a physician treating a patient with narcolepsy. Which of the following may have caused this? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
damage to the lateral hypothalamus Damage to the reticular activating system.
Activity of which of the following brain regions is increased during dreaming? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.
the hippocampus The amygdala
Activity of which of the following brain regions is increased during craving, and provides interoceptive cues about the negative physical sensations associated with craving?
the insula
