Bio: RNA & Protein Synthesis
Which nitrogenous bases are found in DNA?
GCAT
RNA
single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose
Which process is shown in the diagram?
transcription
What are the 2 steps of protein synthesis
transcription and translation
What is the function of tRNA?
transfers amino acids to ribosomes
Steps of Transcription
1. DNA unzips and the BOTTOM strand is exposed 2. RNA nucleotides attach to the bottom strand, making a mRNA 3. mRNA breaks off and the DNA zips back together
Why is Protein synthesis important?
1. They provide all sorts of functions to help us survive. 2.Proteins are essential for life
RNA base pairing
Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine (A-U, C-G)
Codon
Sequence of three nucleotides that codes for one amino acid
What is the end product of transcription?
a complementary copy of mRNA
What is the end product of translation?
a growing protein chain
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
a type of RNA molecule that makes up the main part of the structure of a ribosome
What is the monomer of a protein?
amino acid
Which amino acid is coded for by the mRNA codon UUC?
phenylalanine
Differences between RNA and DNA
- RNA has ribose sugar while DNA has deoxyribose - RNA uses Uracil for a base while DNA uses Thymine - RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded
steps of translation
1. mRNA attaches to ribosome in cytoplasm *attaches at start codon AUG 2. Ribosome "reads" codons on mRNA strand *Start codon AUG is read first 3. Ribosome brings in tRNA with complementary anticodon *tRNA already has matching amino acid attached 4. Ribosome catalyzes formation of peptide bond between amino acids 5. Ribosome ends translation at STOP codon
If a protein had 10 amino acids, how many nucleotides were transcribed?
30
What is the function of mRNA?
Carries instructions from the nucleus to the ribosome
Central Dogma
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
Which is the most accurate representation of protein synthesis?
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
tRNA (transfer RNA)
Form of RNA that brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.
mRNA (messenger RNA)
Form of RNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis.
How does the cell make RNA?
In transcription, segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules.
Translation
Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
Transcription
Process of copying a nucleotide sequence in DNA to form a complementary strand of mRNA.
What is gene expression?
The appearance of a gene by building a protein
How is the genetic code read?
The genetic code is read three "letters" at a time, so that each "word" is three bases long and corresponds to a single amino acid.
How to read Codons- using the codon wheel
To decode a codon find the first letter of your sequence in the inner circle and work outwards to see the corresponding amino acid
Which nitrogenous bases are found in mRNA?
UAGC
The three base sequence on a tRNA is called -
an anti-codon
What is a mutation?
change in DNA sequence
The three base sequence on mRNA is called -
codon
Start Codon
codon that signals to ribosomes to begin translation; codes for the first amino acid in a protein
Stop Codon
codon that signals to ribosomes to stop translation
genetic code
collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis
RNA polymerase
enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template
Anti-codon
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
Polypeptide
long chain of amino acids that makes proteins
How are amino acids held together in a polypeptide?
peptide bonds
RNA abbreviation
ribonucleic acid
What role does the ribosome play in assembling proteins?
ribosome reads the mRNA, tRNA molecules bring amino acids inside the ribosome where they are arranged into a polypeptide chain.
Where does protein synthesis take place?
ribosomes
What is Protein Synthesis?
the process in which cells make proteins
