Bio: RNA & Protein Synthesis

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Which nitrogenous bases are found in DNA?

GCAT

RNA

single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

Which process is shown in the diagram?

transcription

What are the 2 steps of protein synthesis

transcription and translation

What is the function of tRNA?

transfers amino acids to ribosomes

Steps of Transcription

1. DNA unzips and the BOTTOM strand is exposed 2. RNA nucleotides attach to the bottom strand, making a mRNA 3. mRNA breaks off and the DNA zips back together

Why is Protein synthesis important?

1. They provide all sorts of functions to help us survive. 2.Proteins are essential for life

RNA base pairing

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine (A-U, C-G)

Codon

Sequence of three nucleotides that codes for one amino acid

What is the end product of transcription?

a complementary copy of mRNA

What is the end product of translation?

a growing protein chain

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

a type of RNA molecule that makes up the main part of the structure of a ribosome

What is the monomer of a protein?

amino acid

Which amino acid is coded for by the mRNA codon UUC?

phenylalanine

Differences between RNA and DNA

- RNA has ribose sugar while DNA has deoxyribose - RNA uses Uracil for a base while DNA uses Thymine - RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded

steps of translation

1. mRNA attaches to ribosome in cytoplasm *attaches at start codon AUG 2. Ribosome "reads" codons on mRNA strand *Start codon AUG is read first 3. Ribosome brings in tRNA with complementary anticodon *tRNA already has matching amino acid attached 4. Ribosome catalyzes formation of peptide bond between amino acids 5. Ribosome ends translation at STOP codon

If a protein had 10 amino acids, how many nucleotides were transcribed?

30

What is the function of mRNA?

Carries instructions from the nucleus to the ribosome

Central Dogma

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

Which is the most accurate representation of protein synthesis?

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

tRNA (transfer RNA)

Form of RNA that brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.

mRNA (messenger RNA)

Form of RNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis.

How does the cell make RNA?

In transcription, segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules.

Translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

Transcription

Process of copying a nucleotide sequence in DNA to form a complementary strand of mRNA.

What is gene expression?

The appearance of a gene by building a protein

How is the genetic code read?

The genetic code is read three "letters" at a time, so that each "word" is three bases long and corresponds to a single amino acid.

How to read Codons- using the codon wheel

To decode a codon find the first letter of your sequence in the inner circle and work outwards to see the corresponding amino acid

Which nitrogenous bases are found in mRNA?

UAGC

The three base sequence on a tRNA is called -

an anti-codon

What is a mutation?

change in DNA sequence

The three base sequence on mRNA is called -

codon

Start Codon

codon that signals to ribosomes to begin translation; codes for the first amino acid in a protein

Stop Codon

codon that signals to ribosomes to stop translation

genetic code

collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis

RNA polymerase

enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template

Anti-codon

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

Polypeptide

long chain of amino acids that makes proteins

How are amino acids held together in a polypeptide?

peptide bonds

RNA abbreviation

ribonucleic acid

What role does the ribosome play in assembling proteins?

ribosome reads the mRNA, tRNA molecules bring amino acids inside the ribosome where they are arranged into a polypeptide chain.

Where does protein synthesis take place?

ribosomes

What is Protein Synthesis?

the process in which cells make proteins


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