Bio test #1, 2, & 3 answers, BIO 104 chapter 5.1 & 5.2, BIOL 104 test #2 chapter 3.1-3.3, BIO 104 chapter 6.1 & 6.2, BIO 104 chapter 8.1 & 10.2

An advantage of an economic policy tool approach to protecting the environment is the _______.

encouragement of innovation for reducing environmental impacts

A species is considered _______ to an area if it is not found anywhere else on Earth.

endemic

A wind-pollinated species like a dandelion would best fit which form of population distribution?

random

Individuals of a population that are spread out irregularly over their environment with no discernable pattern are referred to as living in a _______ distribution.

random

Desalination, the process that removes ________________ from water is _______________.

salt and other minerals; expensive

which example illustrates a consequence of climate change?

sea level rise

The group in an experimental study that is manipulated such that it differs from the control group in only one way is the ______ group

test

The cause of the vast majority of climate change can be attributed to _________.

the burning of fossil fuels

What is biomimicry?

the use of nature as a model for our own systems

Including both internal and external costs, when setting a price for a good or service, is an example of ___ cost.

true

In a coral reef, small fish can hide from predators in the corals. Large fish are fast and can evade predators with speed. Medium fish cannot fit in the coral and are not as fast as the large fish. In evolutionary terms, what would you expect to see in the population over time?

The medium fish would be less likely to survive.

In a study comparing the trophic interactions in two stream, you discover that a Florida stream has 12 different fish species at the secondary consumer level, while an Ohio stream has only six. Compared to the Ohio stream, you hypothesize that the Florida stream shows ______.

-A higher number of trophic levels -Greater ecological complexity -Greater resilience -Greater connectivity in the food web (ALL of these choices are correct)

Potential effects of climate change likely include all of the following EXCEPT _________.

-An increase in the proportion of land area in severe drought -Colder winters in some regions -Heat extremes in some areas -Increased fire risk in boreal North America (ALL of these choices are possible)

Which of the following choices is considered natural capital?

-Fish -trees -water -oxygen (ALL of these)

Which event may lead two populations to undergo speciation?

-Habitat fragmentation -new predators -food availability -isolation (ALL of these)

An effect of hypoxic waters can be _____.

-Loss of millions of dollars in revenue to the seafood industry -A decrease in some species like oysters -Fish moving further away from coastal dead zones -Commercial fisherman and women have a harder time catching fish (ALL are correct)

How can water quality be assessed?

-Measuring nitrates -counting benthic micro-invertebrates -measuring dissolved oxygen levels -measuring pH (ALL are correct)

Why can scientific opinions change over time?

-Our understanding of a concept or process can change as scientists learn more -New evidence may be used to overturn a prevailing conclusion -All conclusions in science are considered tentative and open to revision (ALL of these statements are true)

Humans drained the Everglades in the early 20th century because __________.

-People thought it would prevent flooding -People wanted to develop cities and towns in the region -They were seen as having no utility to humans (ALL of these choices are correct)

What is a consequence of too much water being removed from an aquifer?

-dry wells -lowered water table -cones of depression -saltwater intrusion (ALL are correct)

The slow extinction of species is always occurring on Earth. Five periods of mass extinction have also happened. Many scientists feel that humans are responsible for causing another era of mass extinction. Which of the following human factors might contribute to this mass extinction?

-overpopulation -human-made contributions -encroachment on animal habitat -pollution (ALL of these)

Which of the following contains genes from another species?

-transgenic organisms -roundup tolerant cotton plants -golden rice -bt corn plants (ALL are correct)

Information obtained from the fossil record sets the background rate of extinction per year at ____ species out of every million species

1

The United Nations is calling for an increase of _____ times the amount of agricultural productivity of smallholder family farms in developing countries by 2030 to end hunger and achieve food security

2

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention declared that medical intervention is needed when concentrations of lead in the blood are at or above 5 micrograms per decaliter. In Flint, most children with elevated blood levels of lead had values between ________.

5 and 9

During a normal, non-drought year, by how much was nutrient loss reduced on the Nettiewyynt Farm in Strock and Hick's experiment?

50%

Of all the freshwater on Earth, approximately ______ is trapped as ice

80%

What did the comparative study on chytridiomycosis teach scientists studying white-nose syndrom in bats?

A novel fungal infection could spread to colonies and cause dramatic population crashes, as seen in the comparative study

Which biome would have the lowest mean annual temperature and the lowest mean annual precipitation?

A tundra

What is the difference between an acute effect and a chronic effect? Give an example of each.

An acute effect is an adverse reaction that occurs very soon after one is exposed to a toxic substance, whereas a chronic effect is an adverse effect that happens after repeated long-term exposure to low doses of a toxic substance. An example of an acute effect would be a headache after inhaling fumes from a cleaning solution, while a chronic effect would be lung cancer from smoking cigarettes for years.

If a forest produces 200 trees each year, which of the following is a sustainable action?

Both A & B (taking 200 trees/taking 100 trees)

A bear eating a fish is an example of which of the following?

Both nutrient cycling and energy flow

Populations that have a _______ range of tolerance and are _______ genetically diverse have a greater chance of surviving a change to their environment.

Broad; more

The environmental law that regulates the amount of hazardous pollutants in the air and that contains provisions for protecting the ozone layer is the _______.

Clean Air Act (CAA)

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding climate models?

Climate models that exclude anthropogenic factors are most accurate

Which of the following terms best describes the population distribution of humans in relation to the biosphere?

Clumped

What is environmental literacy? Why is it important for individuals to have a strong understanding of environmental literacy when discussing environmental problems caused by humans?

Environmental literacy is a basic understanding of how ecosystems function and of the impact of our choices on the environment. Most environmental problems can be traced to three causes: human population growth, overuse of resources, and pollution. It is important that people understand the impact that a growing human population has on Earth and how our increasing numbers are consuming resources at unsustainable rates. Additionally, it is important that individuals understand how our activities generate pollution and how this pollution affects our health and the environment.

Which type of study manipulates a variable in a test group and compares the response to a control group?

Experimental

Which common logical fallacy is an argument that sets up an either/or choice that is not valid?

False dichotomy

Which of the following is a TRUE statement?

GMOs will almost certainly be part of the solution to meeting future food demands as the global population swells.

Under the Lautenberg Act, who has to show a chemical is safe before it receives approval to go on the market?

The manufacturers of the chemical

What specific (and controversial) tool or approach does Green Revolution 2.0 utilize to improve agricultural productivity/yields?

Green Revolution 2.0 programs focus on the production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to increase crop productivity.

Based on the precautionary principle, what is TRUE?

Harmful products are prevented from reaching store shelves

Which common logical fallacy draws a broad conclusion based on too little evidence?

Hasty generalization

Giant ragweed and pigweed are examples of super weeds. These weeds have acquired the gene for _______, which makes them tolerant to all herbicides.

Ht

Which personal attitude will lead to the GREATEST long-term sustainability?

I wonder how using this product will affect the environment; maybe there's a better choice available.

Which species would be better suited to survive an unexpected environmental change?

r-selected species

Which statement is FALSE?

In an anthropogenic worldview, human beings have an instrumental value.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the greenhouse effect?

Increased levels of human-produced carbon dioxide have enhanced the greenhouse effect

How did Strock and Hick's compare to agriculture runoff on Nettiewyynt Farm?

Installing two drainage treatments

Which statement is NOT a characteristic of a sustainable ecosystem?

It is able to support an ever-increasing number of species

What method of measuring atmospheric CO2 levels give a more accurate result?

Local air measurement

Why are some people supportive of low-tech farming methods over industrial agricultural methods?

Low-tech farming methods are typically less harmful to the environment

Which of the following is NOT a main nutrient cycle?

Magnesium

Which species would you often find in areas of primary succession?

Moss

Cell theory states that all living organisms are made up of one or more cells. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding this theory?

No living organism will ever be discovered that is not made out of cells

Which type of experiment collects data in the real world, without manipulating the subject of study?

Observational

An environmental impact statement (EIS) accomplishes which of the following?

Outlines the positive and negative impacts of a proposed action

Which of the following ensures that only quality scientific studies that have been well controlled and avoid bias appear in scientific journals?

Peer Review

Prior to the 1987 Montréal Protocol, there existed some uncertainty in the scientific community as to the magnitude of ozone depletion caused by CFCs in the atmosphere. Nevertheless, the Protocol did recommend phasing out CFCs from refrigerants and other uses because the potential consequences of not doing so were so severe. This is an example of applying the _______________ principle. A. uncertainty B. guilty-until-proven-innocent C. precautionary D. utopian E. better-safe-than-sorry

Precautionary

The Hawaiian islands are a chain formed by volcanic activity about 1-3 million year ago. Which pattern of ecological succession would have occurred soon after the formation of the Big Island, Hawaii?

Primary

_________ ecology is the science that deals with the repair of damage or disturbed ecosystems.

Restoration

When treatment marshes are used by sewage treatment facilities to treat wastewater, the treatment marsh is acting as a form of ______________ treatment.

Secondary

Which of the following does NOT characterize a particular biome?

Size

Which of the following options includes two of the other options?

Species diversity

Which international agreement phased out CFCs and other stratospheric ODSs

Stockholm Convection on Persistent Organic Pollutants

Human impact increases instances of which random events?

The bottleneck effect and the founder effect

Today, if we were to purchase a good or service at its true cost, how would the price compare to what we are accustomed to paying for the good or service?

The price would be higher

The difference between natural selection and artificial selection is _______

The selective pressure for artificial selection is humans

To make wastewater _______, or clean enough for consumption, it is put through a process called reverse osmosis

potable

Wetland filtration systems differ from traditional high-tech filtration systems in that _____________.

They both create water that is not potable and depend on nature to purify sewage

Which of the following would NOT be considered an ecosystem service?

Timber from trees

Which federal law regulates chemical safety in the United States?

Toxic Substances Control Act

What is a dead zone?

Water so depleted of oxygen that aquatic life suffers

Which of the following farming techniques is considered non-GMO and nonindustrial?

Zai Pit

What evidence did scientists use in Greenland to study atmospheric conditions at the time of the Viking settlements?

air bubbles trapped in ice cores

Which common logical fallacy is used when claiming there is no way to know the effect of lead, since humans are exposed to so many toxins; thus, we should do nothing about the use of lead?

appeal to ignorance

Final treatment of wastewater in the United States normally involves treatment with _____________ to make it safe.

chlorine

A shift of only a few degrees Fahrenheit in the average global temperature will likely result in more frequent and extreme heat waves. Which of the following best describes this phenomenon?

climate change

A genetic mutation that allows lions to better hunt their prey (gazelles) becomes prevalent in a population. In order to survive, a gazelle population must _______.

coevolve to avoid the lions more effectively

All of the populations living and interacting in an area is known as a(n) _________.

community

Regions of distinctly different physical areas that serve as boundaries between different communities are called ______.

ecotones

The cowbird is a nest parasite that lays its eggs in the nests of other species in the trees along the boundaries of forests and meadows. Nest parasitism (the number of nests with cowbird eggs) declines dramatically as you move deeper into the forest. Cowbirds would be considered a __________.

edge species

In the 1960s and 1970s, ________.

environmental problems in one state affecting other states more often

The two schools of economic thought that consider the environment when making decisions are ________ and _______.

environmental; ecological

The term that describes a population growing at its biotic potential is _________.

exponential growth

What is one of the leading causes of infection globally?

exposure to pathogen-polluted waters

What do healthy riparian areas provide?

filtration of runoff water before it enters the river or lake

The number-one reason for the endangered status of many species is ________.

habitat destruction

Like the Green Revolution, low-tech farming methods in Africa have:

increased grain production in less developed countries

Which of the following influences U.S. environmental policy decision making?

industry lobbyists, science, and congressional committees

What are riparian areas?

land areas close enough to water to be affected by it

Which is an example illustrates a disconnect between our actions and their environmental consequences?

leaving lights on and the air conditioning running when no one is home

A population at low density is more likely to _______.

lose genetic variability

Predict whether the water table would be higher or lower in New Mexico at the height of summer.

lower

What method of measuring atmospheric CO2 levels gives data related to what past atmosphere CO2 levels were?

measurements taken from gas bubbles trapped in the ice

In biomimicry, scientists use nature as a model, _________, and measure .

mentor

Which of the following is NOT a type of toxic chemical?

neutralizers

In the carbon cycle, plants remove carbon from the atmosphere through the process of _________.

photosynthesis

What three factors are multiplied in the IPAT model to gauge a population's ecological footprint?

population, affluence, and technology