bio test 2 (google forms ch. 4,22,29,5)

When bacteria lack fimbriae, what are they less likely to do? A. Adhere to cell surfaces B. retain the ability to divide C. swim through bodily fluids D. synthesize proteins

A. Adhere to cell surfaces

What are the advantages and disadvantages of light microscopes? What are the advantages and disadvantages of electron microscopes? A. Advantage: In light microscopes, the light beam does not kill the cell. Electron microscopes are helpful in viewing intricate details of a specimen and have high resolution. Disadvantage: Light microscopes have low resolving power. Electron microscopes are costly and require killing the specimen. B. Advantage: Light microscopes have high resolution. Electron microscopes are helpful in viewing surface details of a specimen. Disadvantage: Light microscopes kill the cell. Electron microscopes are costly and low resolution. C. Advantage: Light microscopes have high resolution. Electron microscopes are helpful in viewing surface details of a specimen. Disadvantage: Light microscopes can be used only in the presence of light and are costly. Electron microscopes uses short wavelength of electrons and hence have lower magnification. D. Advantage: Light microscopes have high magnification. Electron microscopes are helpful in viewing surface details of a specimen. Disadvantage: Light microscopes can be used only in the presence of light and have lower resolution. E

A. Advantage: In light microscopes, the light beam does not kill the cell. Electron microscopes are helpful in viewing intricate details of a specimen and have high resolution. Disadvantage: Light microscopes have low resolving power. Electron microscopes are costly and require killing the specimen.

Given your understanding of the experiment and of bacterial genetic recombination, explain why there are fewer colonies on plate IV than on plate III. A. All E.coli cells were not successfully transformed on plate IV. B. The nutrient agar medium inhibited the growth of some bacteria on plate IV. C. All E.coli cells were successfully transformed on plate IV. D. The bacteria in plate III were naturally resistant to ampicillin.

A. All E.coli cells were not successfully transformed on plate IV.

Which element of the cell theory has practical applications in health care because it promotes the use of sterilization and disinfection? A. All cells come from pre-existing cells. B. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. C. A cell is the basic unit of life. D. A nucleus and organelles are found in prokaryotic cells.

A. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Which of the following statements is part of the cell theory? A. All living organisms are made of cells. B. All cells contain DNA that they pass on to daughter cells. C. All cells depend on their surroundings to provide energy. D. All cells have a nucleus.

A. All living organisms are made of cells.

Why is it challenging to study the biochemistry of bacterial fossils and determine if the fossils are members of the domain archaea, rather than bacteria? A. Bacteria lack rigid structures, thus make the study of fossils difficult. B. Bacteria have rigid structures, but their fossil impression is scarce. C. Fossils of bacteria are rarely found because bacteria were not abundant in the past. D. A fossil of bacteria changes overtime due to the presence of new bacteria living on them.

A. Bacteria lack rigid structures, thus make the study of fossils difficult.

What are the similarities and differences between the structures of centrioles and flagella? A. Centrioles and flagella are made of microtubules but show different arrangements. B. Centrioles are made of microtubules but flagella are made of microfilaments and both show the same arrangement. C. Centrioles and flagella are made of microfilaments. Centrioles have a 9 + 2 arrangement. D. Centrioles are made of microtubules and flagella are made of microfilaments and both have different structures.

A. Centrioles and flagella are made of microtubules but show different arrangements.

How does the structure of a plasmodesma differ from that of a gap junction? A. Gap junctions are essential for transportation in animal cells and plasmodesmata are essential for the movement of substances in plant cells. B. Gap junctions are found to provide attachment in animal cells and plasmodesmata are essential for attachment of plant cells. C. Plasmodesmata are essential for communication between animal cells and gap junctions are necessary for attachment of cells in plant cells. D. Plasmodesmata help in transportation and gap junctions help in attachment, in plant cells.

A. Gap junctions are essential for transportation in animal cells and plasmodesmata are essential for the movement of substances in plant cells.

Describe a typical prokaryotic cell. A. It has a cell wall enclosing cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and nucleoid region with genetic material. It may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili and plasmids. B. It has a cell wall enclosing cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and nucleus containing genetic material. It may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili and plasmids. C. It has a cell wall enclosing nuclear membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and nucleoid region with genetic material. It may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili and plasmids. D. It has a cell wall enclosing nuclear membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, vacuoles and nucleoid region with genetic material. It may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili and plasmids.

A. It has a cell wall enclosing cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and nucleoid region with genetic material. It may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili and plasmids.

Eukaryotic cells contain complex organelles that carry out their chemical reactions. Prokaryotes lack many of these complex organelles, although they have a variety of unique structures of their own. However, most prokaryotic cells can exchange nutrients with the outside environment faster than most eukaryotic cells. Why is this so? A. Most prokaryotic cells are smaller, and have a higher surface-to-volume ratio, than eukaryotic cells. B. Most prokaryotic cells are larger, and have a higher surface-to-volume ratio than eukaryotic cells. C. Most prokaryotic cells are smaller, and have a lower surface-to-volume ratio than eukaryotic cells. D. Prokaryotic cells are larger and have a lower surface-to-volume ratio than eukaryotic cells.

A. Most prokaryotic cells are smaller, and have a higher surface-to-volume ratio, than eukaryotic cells.

Which option best describes the function and presence of cell organelles among prokaryotes and eukaryotes? A. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Cell wall is a protective layer, typical in prokaryotic cells and in some eukaryotes. Chromosomal DNA, the genetic material of the cell is present in a nucleoid region in prokaryotes while enclosed in a nucleus in eukaryotes. B. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The cell wall is a protective layer found in some prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Chromosomal DNA is the genetic material of the cell present in a nucleoid region in prokaryotes while in eukaryotes, it is enclosed in a nucleus. C. Ribosomes are sites of ATP production found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The cell wall is a protective layer, typically found in prokaryotic cells and in some eukaryotes. Chromosomal DNA is present in a nucleoid region while enclosed in a nucleus in eukaryotes. It is the genetic material of the cell. D. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The cell wall is a protective layer, typically foun

A. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Cell wall is a protective layer, typical in prokaryotic cells and in some eukaryotes. Chromosomal DNA, the genetic material of the cell is present in a nucleoid region in prokaryotes while enclosed in a nucleus in eukaryotes.

What are the structural and functional similarities and differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts? A. Similarities: double membrane, inter-membrane space, ATP production, contain DNA. Differences: mitochondria have inner folds called cristae, chloroplast contains accessory pigments in thylakoids, which form grana and a stroma. B. Similarities: DNA, inter-membrane space, ATP production, and chlorophyll. Differences: mitochondria have a matrix and inner folds called cristae; chloroplast contains accessory pigments in thylakoids, which form grana and a stroma. C. Similarities: double membrane and ATP production. Differences: mitochondria have inter-membrane space and inner folds called cristae; chloroplast contains accessory pigments in thylakoids, which form grana and a stroma. D. Similarities: double membrane and ATP production. Differences: mitochondria have inter-membrane space, inner folds called cristae, ATP synthase for ATP synthesis, and DNA; chloroplast contains accessory pigments in thylakoids, which, form grana and a stroma.

A. Similarities: double membrane, inter-membrane space, ATP production, contain DNA. Differences: mitochondria have inner folds called cristae, chloroplast contains accessory pigments in thylakoids, which form grana and a stroma.

How does an inhibitor of microtubule assembly affect cancerous cells? A. The inhibitors restrict the separation of chromosomes, thereby stopping cell division. B. The inhibition of microtubules interferes with the synthesis of proteins. C. The inhibitors bind the microtubule to the nuclear membrane, stopping cell division. D. The inhibitor interferes with energy production.

A. The inhibitors restrict the separation of chromosomes, thereby stopping cell division.

If there is a mutation in the gene for collagen, such as the one involved in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and the individual produces defective collagen, how would it affect coagulation? A. The syndrome affects the clotting factors and platelet aggregation. B. The disease leads to hyper-coagulation of blood. C. Coagulation is not affected because collagen is not required for coagulation. D. The disease occurs due to the breakdown of platelets.

A. The syndrome affects the clotting factors and platelet aggregation.

Explain the statement that both Archaea and Bacteria have the same basic structures, but these structures are built from different chemical components. A. Typical cells in Archaea and Bacteria contain a cell wall, cell membrane, nucleoid region, ribosomes, and often a capsule, flagellum, and pili. However, these are sometimes made from different chemical compounds. Cell walls of Bacteria contain peptidoglycan while Archaea do not. Plasma membrane lipids of Bacteria are fatty acids while those of Archaea are phytanyl groups. B. Typical cells in Archaea and Bacteria contain a cell wall, cell membrane, nucleoid region and often a capsule, flagellum, and pili but in some instances different chemical compounds make them. Cell walls of Bacteria contain peptidoglycan while Archaea do not. Bacteria contain 70S ribosomes while Archaea contain 80S ribosomes. C. Typical cells in Archaea and Bacteria contain a cell wall, nuclear membranes, nucleoid region and often a capsule, flagellum, and pili but in some instances different chemical compounds make them. Cell walls of Bacteria contain peptidoglycan while Archaea do not. Plasma membrane lipids of bacteria are fatty acids, while the plasma membrane

A. Typical cells in Archaea and Bacteria contain a cell wall, cell membrane, nucleoid region, ribosomes, and often a capsule, flagellum, and pili. However, these are sometimes made from different chemical compounds. Cell walls of Bacteria contain peptidoglycan while Archaea do not. Plasma membrane lipids of Bacteria are fatty acids while those of Archaea are phytanyl groups.

Ammonification is the process by which ____. A. ammonia is released during the decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic compounds B. ammonium is converted to nitrite and nitrate in soils C. nitrate from soil is transformed to gaseous nitrogen compounds D. gaseous nitrogen is fixed to yield ammonia

A. ammonia is released during the decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic compounds

Which of the following organisms appear first in the fossil record? A. archaea B. fish C. protists D. plants

A. archaea

What is the basic unit of life? A. cell B. organism C. organ D. tissue

A. cell

With which cellular structure does the extracellular matrix interact? A. cytoskeleton B. nucleus C. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A. cytoskeleton

Which of the following health issues is caused by biofilm colonization? A. dental plaque B. dry scalp C. skin rash D. prosthetic discomfort

A. dental plaque

The most substantial difficulty in culturing prokaryotes in laboratory settings is related to _____. A. the lack of knowledge about their needs for growth B. growth requirements that are too difficult to meet C. inefficient methods for resuscitation of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) organisms D. the expense of techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A. the lack of knowledge about their needs for growth

In what situation, or situations, would the use of a light microscope be ideal? Why? A. A light microscope is used to view the details of the surface of a cell as it cannot be viewed in detail by the transmission microscope. B. A light microscope allows visualization of small living cells, which have been stained and cannot be viewed by scanning electron microscope. C. A standard light microscope is used to view living organisms with little contrast to distinguish them from the background, which would be harder to see with the electron microscope. D. A light microscope reveals the internal structures of a cell, which cannot be viewed by transmission electron microscopy.

B. A light microscope allows visualization of small living cells, which have been stained and cannot be viewed by scanning electron microscope.

In a rapidly changing environment, which prokaryotic population would you hypothesize likely to be more successful: one that included individuals capable of conjugation or one that did not? A. A population including individuals capable of conjugation would be more successful because all of its members would form recombinant cells having new gene combinations advantageous in a new environment. B. A population including individuals capable of conjugation would be more successful as some members could form recombinant cells having new gene combinations advantageous in a new environment. C. A population including individuals not capable of conjugation would be more successful as the members undergoing conjugation would form new recombinant cells having gene combinations lethal in the new environment. D. A population including individuals not capable of conjugation would be more successful because conjugation will result in an increase in genetic diversity of the prokaryotic population which will be disadvantageous in a new population.

B. A population including individuals capable of conjugation would be more successful as some members could form recombinant cells having new gene combinations advantageous in a new environment.

What is a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic​ cells? A. Both cells have a nucleus but prokaryotic cells lack cytoplasm. B. Both cells have cytoplasm but prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. C. Both cells have DNA but prokaryotic cells lack a cell membrane. D. Both cells have a cell membrane but prokaryotic cells lack DNA.

B. Both cells have cytoplasm but prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus.

Why is the relationship between sustainable agriculture and nitrogen fixers called a mutualism? A. Due to agrobacterium which are nitrogen fixers, plants benefit from an endless supply of nitrogen; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized and bacteria benefit from using photosynthates from plants. B. Due to rhizobia, which are nitrogen fixers, plants benefit from an endless supply of nitrogen; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized and bacteria benefit from using photosynthates from plants. C. Due to rhizobia, which are nitrogen fixers, plants benefit from an endless supply of nitrogen; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized and bacteria benefit from using potassium from plants. D. Due to rhizobia, which are nitrogen fixers, plants benefit from a limited supply of nitrogen; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized and bacteria benefit from using potassium from plants.

B. Due to rhizobia, which are nitrogen fixers, plants benefit from an endless supply of nitrogen; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized and bacteria benefit from using photosynthates from plants.

Assuming that you could synthesize all of the nitrogen-containing compounds needed if you had nitrogen, what might you need to include in your diet if you could fix nitrogen like some prokaryotes? A. My diet might include fruits or vegetables and water as nitrogen is present in the highest amount in water. B. My diet might include fruits or vegetables, water and air as atmospheric nitrogen could be simply absorbed. C. My diet might include fruits or vegetables, cheese, meat, water, and air as atmospheric nitrogen could be simply absorbed. D. My diet might include cheese or meat, water, and air as atmospheric nitrogen could be simply absorbed.

B. My diet might include fruits or vegetables, water and air as atmospheric nitrogen could be simply absorbed.

Which of the following observations contributed to the cell theory? A. Animal and plant cells have nuclei and organelles. B. Non-living material cannot give rise to living organisms. C. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane. D. Viruses replicate.

B. Non-living material cannot give rise to living organisms.

What was the initial benefit for humans in processing foods with prokaryotes? A. The foods taste better. B. Nutrients are preserved. C. The food is less stable. D. Nutrients were safer.

B. Nutrients are preserved.

Which of these is a possible explanation for the presence of a rigid cell wall in plants? A. Plants remain exposed to changes in temperature and thus require rigid cell walls to protect themselves. B. Plants are subjected to osmotic pressure and a cell wall helps them against bursting or shrinking. C. Plant cells have a rigid cell wall to protect themselves from grazing animals. D. Plant cells have a rigid cell wall to prevent the influx of waste material.

B. Plants are subjected to osmotic pressure and a cell wall helps them against bursting or shrinking.

We have discussed the upper limits of cell size; yet, there is a lower limit to cell size. What determines how small a cell can be? A. The cell should be large enough to escape detection. B. The cell should be able to accommodate all the structures and metabolic activities necessary to survival. C. The size of the cell should be large enough to reproduce itself. D. The cell should be large enough to adapt to the changing environmental conditions.

B. The cell should be able to accommodate all the structures and metabolic activities necessary to survival.

Why does the structure of the cytoplasmic membrane point to a common ancestor? A. The presence of a cytoplasmic membrane in every organism does not point to a common ancestry. B. The similar arrangement of phospholipids and proteins points to common ancestry. C. The lipid nature of the membrane makes it the most primitive trait. D. The similar effect of temperature on the membrane makes it the ancestral trait.

B. The similar arrangement of phospholipids and proteins points to common ancestry.

Thiomargarita namibiensis is a large single-cell organism, which can reach lengths of 700 microns. The cell is classified as a bacterium. What is the main argument to justify the classification? A. This organism shows simple diffusion for the uptake of nutrients and is thus classified as a bacterium. B. This organism does not show presence of any cell organelles, and thus is classified as a bacterium. C. the existence of these organisms in long chains and pearl appearance D. The organism demonstrates characteristics of gram-negative bacteria, and thus is classified as a bacterium.

B. This organism does not show presence of any cell organelles, and thus is classified as a bacterium.

Which are three foods for which prokaryotes are used in their processing? A. cheese, yogurt, and milk B. cheese, yogurt, and bread C. wine, bread, and butter D. milk, wine, and beer

B. cheese, yogurt, and bread

Which of the following structures is not found in prokaryotic cells? A. plasma membrane B. chloroplast C. nucleoid D. ribosome

B. chloroplast

Some animal cells produce extensive extracellular matrix. You would expect their ribosomes to synthesize large amounts of which of the following proteins? A. actin B. collagen C. myosin D. tubulin

B. collagen

Which of the following structures has the same general structure in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya, pointing to a common origin? A. centriole B. cytoplasmic membrane C. Golgi apparatus D. nucleus

B. cytoplasmic membrane

A primary role of many prokaryotes in the carbon cycle is that of ____. A. producers B. decomposers C. fixers D. synthesizers

B. decomposers

In order to obtain some materials and remove waste, what process is used by prokaryotes? A. cell division B. diffusion C. flagellar motion D. ribosomes

B. diffusion

Radioactive amino acids are fed to a cell in culture for a short amount of time. This is called a pulse. You follow the appearance of radioactive proteins in the cell compartments. In which organelles and in what order does radioactivity appear? A. endoplasmic reticulum - lysosomes - Golgi body - vesicle - extracellular region B. endoplasmic reticulum - vesicles - Golgi body - vesicles - extracellular region C. Golgi Body - vesicles - endoplasmic reticulum - vesicles - extracellular region D. nucleus - endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi body - vesicle - extracellular region

B. endoplasmic reticulum - vesicles - Golgi body - vesicles - extracellular region

The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of ____. A. prokaryotic cells B. eukaryotic cells C. all cells D. viruses

B. eukaryotic cells

The cell wall, a feature of most prokaryotes, is _______. A. interior to the cell membrane B. exterior to the cell membrane C. a part of the cell membrane D. interior or exterior, depending on the particular cell

B. exterior to the cell membrane

Macrophages ingest and digest many pathogens. Which organelle plays a major role in the activity of macrophages? A. chloroplast B. lysosome C. nucleus D. peroxisome

B. lysosome

Which components of the cytoskeleton are responsible for the contraction of muscles? A. intermediate filaments B. microfilaments C. microtubules

B. microfilaments

In which human tissues would you find desmosomes? Think of tissues that undergo strong mechanical stress and must be held together with some flexibility. A. bone cells and cartilage cells B. muscle cells and skin cells C. nerve cells and muscle cells D. secretory cells and muscle cells

B. muscle cells and skin cells

Gap junctions are formed by ________. A. gaps in the cell wall of plants B. protein complexes that form channels between cells C. tight, rivet-like regions in the membranes of adjacent cells D. a tight knitting of membranes

B. protein complexes that form channels between cells

All prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have four structures in common: the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, nucleic acid, and ____. A. the cell wall B. ribosomes C. the nucleus D. organelles

B. ribosomes

Halophiles prefer conditions in which there is a _____. A. high sugar concentration B. salt concentration of at least 0.2 M C. pH of 3 or below D. high level of radiation

B. salt concentration of at least 0.2 M

Consider the shapes. The diameter of the sphere is equal to 1 mm and the side of the cube is also equal to 1 mm. What is the ratio of the surface to volume ratios for the sphere and the cube? A. 3 : 1 B. 4 : 1 C. 1 : 1 D. 2 : 1

C. 1 : 1

Which best describes the crisis related to antibiotics? A. It is becoming too expensive to manufacture effective antibiotics. B. It takes too much time to develop effective antibiotics; infections spread before treatment is available. C. Bacteria are increasingly resistant to antibiotics used to treat and eradicate infections. D. People are increasingly allergic to antibiotics commonly used in treatment.

C. Bacteria are increasingly resistant to antibiotics used to treat and eradicate infections.

Which of the following cell types does [Figure 22.10] below illustrate? A. Plant cell B. Animal cell C. Bacterial cell D. Fungal cell

C. Bacterial cell

The major role of the cell wall in bacteria is protecting the cell against changes in osmotic pressure, pressure caused by different solute concentrations in the environment. Bacterial cells swell, but do not burst, in low solute concentrations. What happens to bacterial cells if a compound that interferes with the synthesis of the cell wall is added to an environment with low solute concentrations? A. Bacterial cells will shrink due to the lack of cell wall material. B. Bacterial cells will shrink in size. C. Bacterial cells may burst due to the influx of water. D. Bacterial cells remain normal; they have alternative pathways to synthesize cell walls.

C. Bacterial cells may burst due to the influx of water.

How do cilia and flagella differ? A. Cilia are made of microfilaments and flagella of microtubules. B. Cilia are helpful in the process of engulfing food. Flagella are involved in the movement of the organism. C. Cilia are short and found in large numbers on the cell surface whereas flagella are long and fewer in number. D. Cilia are found in prokaryotic cells and flagella in eukaryotic cells.

C. Cilia are short and found in large numbers on the cell surface whereas flagella are long and fewer in number.

Which best summarizes the conditions of early Earth at the time that life first evolved? A. The atmosphere of early Earth was very different from today's atmosphere, but most other conditions (such as geologic upheaval and volcanic activity) were very much the same. B. The atmosphere of early Earth was very much like today's atmosphere, but many other conditions (such as geologic upheaval and volcanic activity) were very different. C. Early Earth had a very different atmosphere, was subject to extreme radiation, and had a lot of geologic upheaval and volcanic activity. D. Early Earth had a very different atmosphere and was subject to extreme radiation, but there was very little geologic upheaval or volcanic activity.

C. Early Earth had a very different atmosphere, was subject to extreme radiation, and had a lot of geologic upheaval and volcanic activity.

Explain the relationship between Earth's ancient atmosphere and the evolution of some of the first life forms on Earth. Use the terms anaerobicandphototrophic, and explain the effect of cyanobacteria on the atmosphere. A. Phototrophic organisms appeared during the first two billion years of Earth's existence. Anaerobic organisms appeared within one billion years of Earth's formation. From these organisms evolved the cyanobacteria which produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, leading to the oxygenation of the atmosphere. B. For the first two billion years of Earth's existence, the atmosphere had no molecular oxygen. Thus, the first organisms were anaerobic. Cyanobacteria appeared within one billion years of Earth's formation. From these evolved the phototrophic organisms which produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, leading to the oxygenation of the atmosphere. C. For the first two billion years of Earth's existence, the atmosphere had no molecular oxygen. Thus, the first organisms were anaerobic. Phototrophic organisms appeared within one billion years of Earth's formation. From these organisms evolved the cyanobacteria, which produce oxygen as a by-product of photos

C. For the first two billion years of Earth's existence, the atmosphere had no molecular oxygen. Thus, the first organisms were anaerobic. Phototrophic organisms appeared within one billion years of Earth's formation. From these organisms evolved the cyanobacteria, which produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, leading to the oxygenation of the atmosphere.

Plates that have only ampicillin-resistant bacteria growing include which of the following? A. I only B. III only C. IV only D. I and II

C. IV only

Which statement about nitrogen fixation is false? A. It can be accomplished abiotically, as a result of lightning. B. It can be accomplished abiotically, as a result of industrial processes. C. It can be accomplished biologically, by algae. D. It can be accomplished biologically, by cyanobacteria.

C. It can be accomplished biologically, by algae.

Who was the first to clearly identify and name individual cells? A. Anton van Leeuwenhoek. B. Matthias Schleiden C. Robert Hooke D. Theodore Schwann

C. Robert Hooke

Is the nuclear membrane part of the endomembrane system? Why or why not? A. The nuclear membrane is not a part of the endomembrane system as the endoplasmic reticulum is a separate organelle of the cell. B. The nuclear membrane is considered a part of the endomembrane system as it is continuous with the Golgi body. C. The nuclear membrane is part of the endomembrane system as it is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. D. The nuclear membrane is not considered a part of the endomembrane system as the nucleus is a separate organelle.

C. The nuclear membrane is part of the endomembrane system as it is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Bacteria do not have organelles; yet, the same reactions that take place on the mitochondria inner membrane, the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP, and chloroplasts, photosynthesis, take place in bacteria. Where do these reactions take place? A. These reactions take place in the nucleoid of the bacteria. B. These reactions occur in the cytoplasm present in the bacteria. C. These reactions occur on the plasma membrane of bacteria. D. These reactions take place in the mesosomes.

C. These reactions occur on the plasma membrane of bacteria.

Three basic prokaryotic categories are cocci, spirilli, and bacilli. Describe the basic structural features of each category. A. These three prokaryote groups have similar basic structural features. They typically have cell walls enclosing nuclear membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria and nucleoid region with genetic material. They may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili and plasmids. B. Cocci and spirilli have similar basic structural features. They typically have cell walls enclosing cell membranes, a flagellum for locomotion and pili for attachment. Bacilli are rod shaped which contain ribosomes and a nucleoid region with genetic material. C. These three prokaryote groups have similar basic structural features. They typically have cell walls enclosing cell membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes and a nucleoid region with chromosomes. They may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili and plasmids. D. Bacilli and spirilli have similar basic structural features. They typically have cell walls enclosing nuclear membranes, a flagellum for locomotion and pili for attachment. Cocci are spherical containing ribosomes and a nucleoid region with genetic material.

C. These three prokaryote groups have similar basic structural features. They typically have cell walls enclosing cell membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes and a nucleoid region with chromosomes. They may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili and plasmids.

Which of the following is most likely to have the greatest concentration of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)? A. a cell that secretes enzymes B. a cell that destroys pathogens C. a cell that makes steroid hormones D. a cell that engages in photosynthesis

C. a cell that makes steroid hormones

Which of the following could most effectively be visualized with a scanning electron microscope? A. cells swimming in a drop of pond water. B. details of structures inside cells C. a three-dimensional view of the surface of a membrane D. the movement of molecules inside the cell

C. a three-dimensional view of the surface of a membrane

Nitrogen is an essential element that is widely available in the atmosphere. Because eukaryotes cannot use nitrogen in its gaseous form, they benefit from prokaryotes' conversion of gaseous nitrogen to ____. A. nitrates, a form of nitrogen they can use B. phosphate, a different essential element they can use C. ammonia, a form of nitrogen they can use D. hydrogen, a different essential element they can use

C. ammonia, a form of nitrogen they can use

Pseudopeptidoglycan is a characteristic of the walls of some _____. A. eukaryotic cells B. bacterial prokaryotic cells C. archaean prokaryotic cells D. bacterial and archaean prokaryotic cells

C. archaean prokaryotic cells

What are prokaryotes that obtain their energy from chemical compounds called? A. phototrophs B. autotrophs C. chemotrophs D. heterotrophs

C. chemotrophs

Which structure or structures allow bacteria to move about? A. fimbriae only B. flagella only C. flagella and fimbriae D. plasmid and capsule

C. flagella and fimbriae

Where would you find DNA, the genetic material, in an animal cell? A. in the centriole B. only in the mitochondria C. in the mitochondria and the nucleus

C. in the mitochondria and the nucleus

Which of the following have the ability to disassemble and reform quickly? A. intermediate filaments and microtubules B. microfilaments and intermediate filaments C. microfilaments and microtubules D. only intermediate filaments

C. microfilaments and microtubules

Which organelles would be present in high numbers in the leg muscles of a marathon runner? A. centrioles B. chloroplasts C. mitochondria D. peroxisome

C. mitochondria

Peroxisomes got their name because hydrogen peroxide is ______. A. a cofactor for the organelles' enzymes B. incorporated into their membranes C. produced during their oxidation reactions D. used in their detoxification reactions

C. produced during their oxidation reactions

Which of the following is found both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? A. mitochondrion B. nucleus C. ribosomes D. centrosomes

C. ribosomes

Pictured are two cells along with their radius. What does cell B likely have when compared to cell A? (Cell A is small, radius 5; Cell B is big, radius 50) A. smaller surface area and larger volume B. larger surface area and smaller volume C. smaller surface area-to-volume ratio D. larger surface area-to-volume ratio

C. smaller surface area-to-volume ratio

Which of the following sequences correctly lists in order the steps involved in the incorporation of a protein within a cell membrane? A. synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the Golgi apparatus; packaging in the endoplasmic reticulum; modification in the vesicle B. synthesis of the protein on the lysosome; modification in the Golgi; packaging in the vesicle; distribution in the endoplasmic reticulum C. synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the endoplasmic reticulum; tagging in the Golgi; distribution via the vesicle D. synthesis of the protein on the lysosome; packaging in the vesicle; distribution via the Golgi; modification in the endoplasmic reticulum

C. synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the endoplasmic reticulum; tagging in the Golgi; distribution via the vesicle

You are looking at a sample under a light microscope and observe a new type of cell. You come to the conclusion that it is a bacterium and not a eukaryotic cell. What would you observe to come to this conclusion? A. the cell has a cell wall B. the cell has a flagellum C. the cell does not have a nucleus

C. the cell does not have a nucleus

Which best defines bioremediation? A. the use of microbial metabolism to clean up oil spills B. the use of microbial metabolism to ferment food C. the use of microbial metabolism to remove pollutants D. the use of microbial metabolism to fix nitrogen

C. the use of microbial metabolism to remove pollutants

Which statement about the cause of resistant bacteria is false? A. The excessive use of antibiotics has resulted in the natural selection of resistant forms of bacteria. B. Antibiotics are used by patients with colds or the flu, the treatment for which antibiotics are useless. C. There is excessive use of antibiotics in livestock and in animal feed. D. Antibiotics are used by patients of different ages and the fact that their ages differ increases resistance.

D. Antibiotics are used by patients of different ages and the fact that their ages differ increases resistance.

Which of the statements about the loci of biofilm-related disease is false? A. Biofilms are related to foodborne illnesses because they colonize food surfaces and food-processing equipment. B. In healthcare environments, biofilms grow on ventilators, shunts, and other medical equipment. C. Biofilms tend to colonize medical devices such as prostheses, contact lenses, and catheters. D. Biofilms form in open wounds, burned tissue, or internal medical devices such as pacemakers.

D. Biofilms form in open wounds, burned tissue, or internal medical devices such as pacemakers.

A bacterium requires only a particular amino acid as an organic nutrient and lives in a completely lightless environment. What mode of nutrition (free energy and carbon) does it use? Justify your response. A. Chemoheterotroph, as it must rely on chemical sources of energy living in a lightless environment and a heterotroph if it uses organic compounds for its carbon source. B. Chemoorganotroph, as it must rely on chemical sources of energy living in a lightless environment and an organotroph if it uses organic compounds other than carbon dioxide for its carbon source. C. Chemolitoautotroph, as it must rely on chemical sources of energy living in a lightless environment and an autotroph if it uses organic compounds other than carbon dioxide for its carbon source. D. Chemoheterotroph, as it must rely on chemical sources of energy living in a lightless environment and a heterotroph if it uses organic compounds other than carbon dioxide for its carbon source.

D. Chemoheterotroph, as it must rely on chemical sources of energy living in a lightless environment and a heterotroph if it uses organic compounds other than carbon dioxide for its carbon source.

Which statement best explains which organisms need nitrogen fixation and why? A. Prokaryotes cannot use gaseous nitrogen to synthesize macromolecules, so it must be converted into ammonia. B. Prokaryotes cannot use ammonia to synthesize macromolecules, so it must be converted into gaseous nitrogen. C. Eukaryotes cannot use ammonia to synthesize macromolecules, so it must be converted into gaseous nitrogen. D. Eukaryotes cannot use gaseous nitrogen to synthesize macromolecules, so it must be converted into ammonia.

D. Eukaryotes cannot use gaseous nitrogen to synthesize macromolecules, so it must be converted into ammonia.

Extremophiles are considered an important area for research in the development of therapeutic drugs or industrial applications. Why do you think this is so? A. Extremophiles can be altered genetically in vitro to allow them to live in extreme conditions and this capability of alteration can be used to help humans. For example, some water-resistant prokaryotes have developed DNA repair mechanisms. Also, they could be developed and used in the treatment of human disease. B. Extremophiles have specialized adaptations that allow them to live in extreme conditions. These adaptations can be mobilized to help humans. For example, some water-resistant prokaryotes have developed DNA repair mechanisms. Also, they could be developed and used in the treatment of human disease. C. Extremophiles can be altered genetically in vitro to allow them to live in extreme conditions and this capability of alteration can be used to help humans. For example, some radiation-resistant prokaryotes have developed DNA repair mechanisms. Also, they could be developed and used in the treatment of human disease. D. Extremophiles have specialized adaptations that allow them to live in extreme conditions. These adaptatio

D. Extremophiles have specialized adaptations that allow them to live in extreme conditions. These adaptations can be mobilized to help humans. For example, some radiation-resistant prokaryotes have developed DNA repair mechanisms. Also, they could be developed and used in the treatment of human disease.

A nonpathogenic bacterium acquires resistance to antibiotics. Which of the following scenarios describing how this strain could pose a health risk to people is false? A. Genes for antibiotic resistance are transferred from the nonpathogenic bacterium to a pathogenic bacterium via transduction. B. Genes for antibiotic resistance are transferred from the nonpathogenic bacterium to a pathogenic bacterium via transformation. C. Genes for antibiotic resistance are transferred from the nonpathogenic bacterium to a pathogenic bacterium via conjugation. D. Genes for antibiotic resistance are transferred from the nonpathogenic bacterium to a pathogenic bacterium via binary fission.

D. Genes for antibiotic resistance are transferred from the nonpathogenic bacterium to a pathogenic bacterium via binary fission.

Cells lining the intestine absorb a lot of nutrients. How did those cells adapt to their function? A. Cells use cilia to move nutrients to their surface. B. Cells grow much larger than adjacent cells to increase intake C. Cells are flat and thin to absorb more nutrients. D. Membrane folds called microvilli increase the surface area.

D. Membrane folds called microvilli increase the surface area.

Mitochondria are observed in plant cells that contain chloroplasts. Why do you find mitochondria in photosynthetic tissue? A. Mitochondria are not needed but are an evolutionary relic. B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts work together to use light energy to make sugars. C. Mitochondria participate in the Calvin cycle/light independent reactions of photosynthesis. D. Mitochondria are required to break down sugars and other materials for energy.

D. Mitochondria are required to break down sugars and other materials for energy.

Identify three beneficial results of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. A. Plants benefit from an endless supply of nitrogen; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized; and bacteria benefit from using potassium from plants. B. Plants benefit from a limited supply of nitrogen; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized, and bacteria benefit from using photosynthates from plants. C. Plants benefit from an endless supply of carbon; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized; and bacteria benefit from using photosynthates from plants. D. Plants benefit from an endless supply of nitrogen; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized; and bacteria benefit from using photosynthates from plants.

D. Plants benefit from an endless supply of nitrogen; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized; and bacteria benefit from using photosynthates from plants.

What is the major consideration in setting the lower limit of cell size? A. The cell must be large enough to fight the pathogens B. The cell must be large enough to attach to a substrate. C. The lower limit should be small enough, for the cell to move in the fluid efficiently. D. The cell size must be small as to fit all the processes and structures to support life.

D. The cell size must be small as to fit all the processes and structures to support life.

Which statement comparing the prokaryotes Bacteria and Archaea is false? A. The cytoplasm of both bacterial and archaean prokaryotic cells has a high concentration of dissolved solutes. B. Osmotic pressure in both types of prokaryotic cells is relatively high. C. The domains Bacteria and Archaea differ in the use of fatty acids versus phytanal groups in their cell membranes. D. The domains Bacteria and Archaea have very similar cell wall structure.

D. The domains Bacteria and Archaea have very similar cell wall structure.

What happens to the proteins that are synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm? Do they go through the Golgi apparatus? A. These proteins move through the Golgi apparatus and enter in the nucleus. B. These proteins go through the Golgi apparatus and remain in the cytosol. C. The proteins do not go through the Golgi apparatus and move into the nucleus for processing. D. The proteins do not go through the Golgi apparatus and remain free in the cytosol

D. The proteins do not go through the Golgi apparatus and remain free in the cytosol.

Which of the following is true regarding the surface-to-volume ratios of the cube and the sphere? A. The sphere will have a higher surface area than the cube. B. The sphere will have a higher volume than the cube. C. The sphere will have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio than the cube. D. Their surface area-to-volume ratios will be equal. E. The sphere will have a lower surface area-to-volume ratio than the cube.

D. Their surface area-to-volume ratios will be equal.

What uses organic compounds as both an energy source and as a carbon source? A. chemolithotrophs B. photoautotrophs C. photoheterotrophs D. chemoorganotrophs

D. chemoorganotrophs

Which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system? A. endoplasmic reticulum B. Golgi apparatus C. lysosome D. mitochondrion

D. mitochondrion

Which is an example of a relatively moderate environmental condition to which some prokaryotes are adapted and can survive as spores? A. extremely low temperature B. hypersalinity C. high doses of radiation D. normal drought

D. normal drought

Which of the following is surrounded by two phospholipid bilayers? A. lysosomes B. ribosomes C. nucleolus D. nucleus

D. nucleus

Which of the following do not play a role in intracellular movement? A. intermediate filaments and microtubules B. microfilaments and intermediate filaments C. microfilaments and microtubules D. only intermediate filaments

D. only intermediate filaments

Which of the following molecules are typically found in the extracellular matrix? A. nucleic acids such as DNA B. peptidoglycans C. cellulose D. proteoglycans

D. proteoglycans

Which type of extremophile grows optimally at temperatures of -15 to 10 ºC or lower? A. alkaliphiles B. thermophiles C. hyperthermophiles D. psychrophiles

D. psychrophiles

When viewing a specimen through a light microscope, what is a method that scientists use to make it easier to see individual components of cells? A. a beam of electrons B. high temperatures C. radioactive isotopes D. special stains

D. special stains

What type of junctions prevent the movement of chemicals between two adjacent animal cells? A. desmosomes B. gap junctions C. plasmodesmata D. tight junctions

D. tight junctions

In plant cells, the function of the lysosomes is carried out by what? A. nuclei B. peroxisomes C. ribosomes D. vacuole

D. vacuole

chapter 22

chapter 22

chapter 4

chapter 4