Bio Test 2 More

products of pyruvate oxidation

2 NADH, 2 CO2, 2 Acetyl CoA

products of glycolysis

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, which results in the net production of which of the following sets of molecules?

ATP, CO2, and ethanol

Which of the following molecules is the lowest-energy donor of electrons to the electron transport chain?

FADH2

Which statement best explains why more ATP is made per molecule of NADH than per molecule of FADH2?

Fewer protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane when FADH2 is the electron donor than when NADH is the electron donor.

Sort the labels into the correct bin according to the effect that gramicidin would have on each process.

Gramicidin causes membranes to become very leaky to protons, so that a proton gradient cannot be maintained and ATPATP synthesis stops. However, the leakiness of the membrane has no effect on the ability of electron transport to pump protons. Thus, the rates of proton pumping, electron transport, and oxygen uptake remain unchanged.

Which of the following observations would be the best indicator that an organism lacks photosystem II?

It does not produce O2 in the light.

In the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, one carbon atom is released as CO2. However, the oxidation of the remaining two carbon atoms—in acetate—to CO2 requires a complex, eight-step pathway—the citric acid cycle. Consider four possible explanations for why the last two carbons in acetate are converted to CO2 in a complex cyclic pathway rather than through a simple, linear reaction.

It is easier to remove electrons and produce CO2 from compounds with three or more carbon atoms than from a two-carbon compound such as acetyl CoA

Energy released from the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location in eukaryotic cells?

mitochondrial intermembrane space

glucose oxidation

occurs within cells and is a step-by-step enzymatic breakdown of glucose with the accompanying release of energy to synthesize ATP

succinate dehydrogenase

only enzyme that participates in citric acid cycle and ETC converts succinate to fumarate making FADH2 and is complex II in ETC using FADH2

Which of the following statements describes a primary function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?

oxidation of NADH to NAD+

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?

oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

Inhibition of which of the following metabolic pathways would result in decreased rates of CO2 production?

oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes contain about five times the surface area of the outer mitochondrial membranes, which allows for increased rates of which process below?

oxidative phosphorylation

In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to

oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration.

substrate level phosphorylation

phosphorylation of ATP with the help of an enzyme (ADP and Pi are substrates) (taking pi from one molecule and adding it to ADP)

ATP is synthesized in plant cells by chemiosmosis in which of the following processes?

photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Which of the following products result from the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

NADH and CO2

Which of the following molecules is the final electron acceptor for electrons from photosystem I?

NADP+

Which of the following molecules is the primary reducing agent in the Calvin cycle reactions?

NADPH

cyclic vs noncyclic photophosphorylation

Non cyclic flow is the typical Z-scheme that plants use to generate ATP and NADPH that can be used in the calvin cycle. Cyclic flow occurs using only PS1 and is useful for producing a large amount of ATP when levels are low in the cell.

regeneration

Some G3P is lost as sugars and some goes back into the cycle to be regenerated into RuBP

acetyl coa condenses with oxaloacetate to form

citric acid

The synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation is an example of which of the following processes?

coupling of an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction

In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions

provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient.

Which of the following processes occurs in the Calvin cycle?

reduction of CO2

Which of the following processes is driven by the free energy released as electrons move through photosystem II and I in the thylakoid membranes?

establishment of a proton gradient

In chemiosmosis, the most direct source of energy used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP is energy released ________

from movement of protons through ATP synthase, down their electrochemical gradient

Which of the following sequences describes the path by which electrons move from high-energy to lower-energy molecules in aerobic respiration?

glucose → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen

Which of the following types of molecules will diffuse through a cell membrane most readily?

small hydrophobic molecules

In which cellular structure are the enzymes of the Calvin cycle localized?

stroma of the chloroplast

Most CO2CO2 from catabolism is released during

the citric acid cycle

Which of the following reactions produces the majority of the CO2 released by the complete oxidation of glucose?

the citric acid cycle

In a plant, which of the following reactions produces molecular oxygen (O2)?

the light reactions alone

oxidative phosphorylation

the oxidation of NADH and ATP during the ETC drives the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP by ATP synthase, using free floating Pi.

If various plant cell membranes are isolated and incubated with a proton gradient across the isolated membrane in the presence of ADP and Pi, which of the following samples are most likely to be able to synthesize ATP?

thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane

In mitochondrial electron transport, what is the direct role of O2O2?

to function as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

Engelmann's experiment

- The man placed a strip of green alga under light reflected through a prism, creating a visible light spectrum - Then put oxygen-using bacteria into the mix and they congregated where photosynthesis was most active (violet/blue and red light)

products of citric acid cycle

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 4 CO2

A mutation that disrupts cyclic electron flow in the light reactions of photosynthesis will specifically reduce the production of which of the following molecules?

ATP

What are the products of linear electron flow in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

ATP and NADPH

reduction

ATP and NADPH give up their phosphate groups to and reduce 3PG to turn it into Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

cellular respiration equation

C 6H12O6+6 O2---> 6 CO2+6 H2O+ATP

carbon fixation

Carbon is combined with RuBP by rubisco, creating 3 -phosphoglycerate

Depletion of which of the following molecules from the mitochondria will most directly inhibit the citric acid cycle?

NAD+

products of oxidative phosphorylation

NAD+, FAD, H2O, ATP

Before pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle, it is decarboxylated, oxidized, and combined with coenzyme A, forming acetyl coA, carbon dioxide,, and one molecule of

NADH

Upon completion of the citric acid cycle, most of the energy originally stored in each glucose molecule catabolized by cellular respiration is stored in which of the following molecules?

NADH

Compare the mechanism of ATP formation during photosynthesis to the process of oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration.

They both use a proton motive force to power ATP synthase Cell respiration uses oxygen to power the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP, while photosynthesis does not require oxygen for this purpose.

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? H2OH2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle