bio test 3 (ch 20)

The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,600 years. A fossil that has 1/8 the normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 is probably...

16,800 years old

A rock contains 18 mg of the radioactive isotope carbon-14. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,600 years. How many half-lives and years will it take before the carbon-14 decays to less than 4 mg?

3 half-lives; 16,800 years

Why can't "scientific creationism" be considered a science? Check all that apply. A) it is not supported by any empirical observations B) it does not obtain its principles from observation, as does science C) its assumption lead to no hypotheses that could be tested and possibly disproved D) the idea of creation by a supernatural agency lies outside the realm of science. E) only non-scientists believe it

A, B, C, D

Choose the scientific evidence that supports evolutionary theory (check all that apply). A) the fossil record B) homologous structures C) the molecular record D) intelligent design E) vestigial structures

A, B, C, E

Choose the true statement(s) about the evolutionary divergence of horses in North America. A) Most changes are seen as adaptations for life in grassland habitats. B) The general trends during horse evolution are increase in body size, lengthening of limbs, reduction of digits on both sets of limbs, and tooth development for a grazing lifestyle. C) Horse evolution is unusual in that rates of change were uniform and constant throughout most lineages. D) Living lineages of horses show much less diversity than existed in the past.

A, B, D

Select all of the following that are valid counterarguments that evolution is "just a theory" A) Scientists use the word theory to describe unifying ideas B) evolution is just a collection of facts without a central theme and this is not a theory C) scientific theories are supported by many types of evidence and no empirical data refutes them D) evolution occurred in the past, but it is not occurring in the present so it cannot be a theory

A, C

A new winged species is discovered in the Amazon rainforest. Select the evidence that supports that this species' wings are homologous to vertebrate animals and analogous to insect wings. A) The wings have an underlying bone structure. B) The wings are poisonous. C) A structure becomes vestigial. D) Structures are found to be homologous

A, C,

Choose the true statements about species that show convergent evolution. A) they do not share a recent common ancestor B) they must be found in the same biogeographical region C) they are subject to similar selection pressures D) they have similar phenotypes

A, C, D

Which observations illustrate shared ancestry by anatomical comparison studies? A) The same structure has evolved to carry out different functions B) Different structures evolve in similar ways when subjected to the same selective pressures C) A structure becomes vestigial D) Structures are found to be homologous.

A, C, D

Select the pairs of organism characteristics that are homologous structures. Check all that apply. A) cactus spines; tree leaves B) human hand bones; whale fin bones C) bat wings; butterfly wing D) octopus eye; mouse eye

A,B

Choose the evidence supporting that snakes evolved from legged lizards. Check all that apply. A) snakes have pelvic bones B) the oldest snake-like fossils have leg bones C) transitional fossils show sections of the snake backbone evolving into legs D) snake embryos temporarily develop limb buds which are reabsorbed before buds

A,B,D

Which of the following features of ancient horses are adaptations for living on open grasslands? A) multiple toes that increase flexibility B) complex patterns of ridges on molar and premolars that increased chewing ability C) lengthening of limbs that increased running speed over long distances D) decrease in body size that increased agility in confined spaces

B, C

Select the statements that provide direct biogeographical evidence for evolutionary theory. Check all that apply. A) Unrelated organisms from similar habitats exhibit similar characters. B) Terrestrial mammals are not found naturally on any island greater than 300 miles from a mainland. C) Organisms on islands are most similar to organisms on the nearby mainland, even when habitats on the mainland and island are quite different. D) Invasive rats have colonized more than 80% of the world's islands

B,C

Which statement best describes the correlation between beak depths of Geospiza fortis on the Galapagos island Daphne major and the dryness of the environment? A) Birds with large beaks are favored during wet years. B) Birds with small beaks are favored in dry years. C) Birds with large beaks are favored during dry years. D) Birds with either size beak (large or small) are favored equally.

C

Australian marsupial kangaroos and placental deer graze on grass with similar teeth. These species have... A) undergone divergent evolution B) undergone selective advantage C) undergone heterozygot advantage D) undergone convergent evolution E) developed homologous structures

D

Which "alternate" hypothesis might also explain industrial melanism?

Dark moths are more resistant to the toxic effects of pollution than light moths

The "scientific creationism" view includes all of the following benefits except that... A) biblical account of the origin of the earth is literally true. B) the earth is much younger than most scientists believe C) all species of organisms were individually created D) the organisms did not change from their original appearance E) extinct species are replaced with new ones

E

Evolution does not violate the second law of thermodynamics because...

Earth is not a closed system; it constantly receives an input of energy from the sun

In a hypothetical study, equal numbers of marked dark and light moths are released in polluted and unpolluted woodlands and recaptured 10 days later. According to the industrial melanism hypothesis, which of the following results is unexpected?

Fewer unmarked dark moths should be captured in polluted woodlands than unmarked light moths.

Radioactive isotopes are used in dating materials from the distant past. Which of the following statements about radioactive dating techniques is true?

It uses a technique in which the degree of radioactive decay is measured, the older the rock the more radioactive decay

The evidence for industrial melanism being caused by an increase in the dark allele was provided from field tests carried out by...

Kettlewell

Considerably more phenotypic variation exists in domesticated varieties of species like dogs and cabbages than exists in non-domesticated species like lions and maple trees. Which one of the following statements best explains why this is true?

Many domesticated varieties would not survive in the natural world

The figure below shows the relationship between beak depth in the medium ground finch on Daphne Major and relative fitness. Assuming that beak depth is heritable, what do you predict about beak depth in the next generation?

Mean beak depth will stay about the same

Industrial melanism involving the peppered moths (Biston sp.) is cited as an example of natural selection that has been observed in the last 100 years. Recall that the peppered moth exhibits two distinct morphological types with dark and light colored wings. Which of the following statements about changes in these two types of moths as a result of industrial melanism is true?

The dark forms are selected against in nonpolluted forests.

A scientist studying evolution of peppered moths (Biston betularia) in Michigan observed that the percentage of melanic moths increased by around 2% from 1960-1961. Has evolution occurred in this population?

Yes, because the frequency of the melanic moths in the population changed over time.

The pair of traits that best illustrates convergent evolution is...

a cartilage skeleton in a shark and a bone skeleton in a dolphin

After 35 generations (about 1 year's time), the two populations R and S were studied. Researchers found...

a huge increase in S, a huge decrease in R, with no overlap whatsoever

In 2006, scientists discovered a fossil that had scales and gills, a flat head with eyes on top like a crocodile, and fin and neck bones that would allow it to prop itself out of the water. The best explanation for this fossil is that it is...

a transitional fossil between fish and amphibians

Domestication of dogs has led to...

a variety of phenotypes

Comparing the evolution of domesticated dogs to the evolution of wolves over the same time period illustrates what relationship between artificial and natural selection?

artificial selection is more likely to produce maladaptive structures than natural selections

In studying the medium ground finch on Daphne Major, the Grants noted that each generation of finches had beaks...

best suited for their parents' environment

Inhabitants of oceanic islands resemble forms of the nearest mainland but show some differences. This is an example of...

biogeography

You would predict to see the fewest amino acid sequence substitutions in a protein between a human and a _______________.

bird

The figure below shows results of bristle number in Drosophila flies after 35 generations of artificial selection. This figure suggests that...

bristle number has evolved beyond the original range of phenotypic changes

The evolution of similar forms in different lineages when exposed to the same selective pressures is....

called convergence

Today, the fossil record...

can be dated reasonably well using a variety of radioactive isotopes with known half-lives

The size and shape of a finch's beak correlates with its...

choice of food

A new plant species is introduced to Daphne Major and produces small, thin seeds. This plant species is highly adapted to drought and after 5 years has replaced over 80% of the native plants that produce large seeds. How will this change affect the evolution of beak size in the medium ground finch population?

considerable variation existed in the beak size and shape of this finch; beak shape (depth) varied with the dryness of the year; offspring were similar to parents in beak size and shape

Plants in the desert-adapted families Cactacea (cactus) and Euphorbia (ephors) share many of the same physical characteristics, such as succulent stems that store water and CAM photosynthesis, but they do not share a recent common ancestor. This evidence suggest that these families are an example of...

convergent evolution

The extinct marsupial wolf in Australia closely resembled canines in the rest of the world. This is an example of...

convergent evolution

The observation that different geographical areas sometimes exhibit plant and animal communities of similar appearance, even though the individual plants and animals are not closely related, is called....

convergent evolution

Some of the most dramatic evidence for evolution has come from human agriculture. One of the most highly artificially selected crop plants is...

corn

Indicate which facts support the industrial melanism hypothesis.

dark moths have greater camouflage on trees in polluted woodlands; pollutants darken bark surfaces

Industrial melanism is a term...

describing the evolutionary process in which initially light-colored organisms become dark as a result of natural selection

Convergent evolution occurs when two species living in...

different areas evolve similarities through natural selection acting on those characteristics

Which one of the following features of Archaeopteryx clearly demonstrates that it was on the evolutionary line leading from dinosaurs to birds? A) egg-laying ability B) teeth C) feathers D) bony tail E) claws on forelimbs

feathers

In the laboratory, fruit flies (Drosophilia) were artificially selected for the number of bristles on their bodies. One population (R) was selected for low numbers of bristles, a second population (S) for high numbers of bristles. In order for the scientists to artificially select Drosophilia for their number of bristles...

genetic variation had to be present in the population

During development in the mother's uterus, human embryo have pharyngeal pouches (sometimes called gill slits) that later develop into various glands. Fish also pharyngeal pouches as embryos, but these develop into gills. The best explanation for why human and fish embryos develop pharyngeal pouches is...

humans and fish share a common ancestor that had gills

Which of the following is the best reason that the origin of species according to creation science should not be included in the curriculum of biology courses?

it is not a scientifically testable theory

Natural selection has favored the dark form of the peppered moth in areas subject to severe air pollution, perhaps because on darkened trees, moth-eating birds see them less easily. As pollution abated, the light forms increased in the population because....

light moths were able to produce more offspring than dark moths

The pattern of wet years and dry years shown will probably move the population toward...

maintaining abundant variation in beak depth

The most precise method of obtaining estimates of the absolute ages of geological deposits is...

measure the ratios of various radioactive isotopes in the deposits

The shape of the beaks of Darwin's finches and industrial melanism are often cited as examples of the process of _________________ leading to evolutionary change.

natural selection

Which statement applies to artificial but not natural selection?

phenotypic variation of a species has variable appeal to humans interested in that species

A technique used in dating a rock can be used to accurately predict the age of fossils occurring in the rocks. This technique involves...

radioactive isotope decay

A new plant species is introduces to Daphne Major and produces small, thin seeds. This plant species is highly adapted to drought and after 5 years has replaced over 80% of the native plants that produce large seeds. How will this change affect the evolution of beak size in the medium ground finch population?

small beaks will be favored under all rainfall conditions

Homologous structures are...

structures of animals that have difference appearances and functions but seem to have evolved from the same body part in a common ancestor

Flamingo beaks are upside down, forcing them to feed by putting their heads upside down in the water. The beak of a flamingo is an example of which of the following? A) structures that are not ideally suited to their purpose B) vestigial structures C) extinct structures D) homologous structures E) structures that follow a common developmental pattern

structures that are not ideally suited to their purpose

Marsupials are a very ancestral form of mammal, evolving before placental mammals over 70 million years ago. Today Australian marsupials can be compared to placental mammals on other continents. When you compare Australian marsupials to placental mammals today...

the marsupials are very similar to placental mammals in the ways they have adapted to similar ecological niches

The streamlined bodies seen in sharks, tuna, and dolphins best relate to...

the physical properties of water

The most likely explanation for why toothed whales have a blowhole is...

they evolved from an animal with nostrils

Progressive changes in the fossil record are evidence for evolution because...

they show descent with modification

Which aspect(s) of natural selection is (are) illustrated by the figure below (21.2b)?

variation must exist in the population; variation among individual must be genetically transmissible to the next generation

Structures that have no apparent function but had a function in ancestral species are...

vestigial structures

The side toe of a horse, the pelvis of the whale, and the human appendix are all examples of structures that resemble structures of presumed ancestors, which are known as...

vestigial structures