bio test

Place the following in developmental order beginning with the earliest event. 1) limb buds appear 2) face begins to look human 3) muscles differentiate 4) downy hair covers the fetus 5) sex can be determined by external inspection

1,3,5,2,4

Figure 51-4 . Refer to the accompanying figure. Which structure is from a different germ layer than the rest?

3

What is the best definition of learning?

A long-term change in behavior due to experience

Which statement about nervous tissue is false?

A neuron is made up of an axon and a glial cell.

What is a characteristic of a hydrostatic skeleton?

Contractile cells of the hydrostatic skeleton work in an antagonistic fashion.

Why doesn't every cell in the body respond to every hormone circulating in the bloodstream?

Each cell has specific surface receptors, which interact only with hormones that they recognize.

Which statement about chemical or electrical synapses is true?

Electrical synapses involve the transfer of ions from presynaptic to postsynaptic neurons.

Why are eyespots ineffective at detecting images?

Eyespots lack lenses.

Which of the following statements about fertilization is FALSE?

Fertilization permits the formation of gametes with new genetic combinations.

What is the least likely effect of fires on organisms?

Fire instigates the growth of shade-tolerant plants.

Which behavior is developed through experience for the wasp Philanthus?

How to locate the burrow

Which of the following statements about stress is true?

It causes a body response in an attempt to maintain homeostasis.

Which statement about cholesterol is TRUE?

LDLs must bind with an LDL receptor on the cell membrane to be taken up by cells.

What is a key feature of an open circulatory system?

Open-ended vessels carry the blood.

Which of the following statements concerning saliva is FALSE?

Saliva starts the enzymatic digestion of lipids.

Which factor is most critical for organisms to facilitate social behavior?

There must be a mechanism for communication.

Which of the following characteristics applies to biomes?

They encompass interacting landscapes.

The central nervous system contains:

a brain and a dorsal tubular spinal cord.

The main nitrogenous waste of freshwater fishes is:

ammonia

Which of the following could be an example of a limiting resource?

amount of precipitation

The function of the malleus, incus, and stapes in the middle ear is to:

amplify the vibrations of sound waves.

Which of the following applies to the deepest zone of a large lake?

anaerobic conditions

Monozygotic twins:

are called identical twins

Blood pressure is greatest in the:

arteries

The collection of sperm from a male and the use of that sperm to impregnate a female of the same species is called:

artificial insemination.

Hensen's node is located:

at the end of the primitive streak

Bacterial decomposition of organic nitrogen results in the production of:

atmospheric nitrogen

When impulses are conducted through the heart, transmission is delayed at the ____ so that the____ may contract before the ____.

atrioventricular node; atria; ventricles

The introduction of a foreign species into an area where it is not native is called:

biotic pollution

Parabronchi are characteristic of:

birds

____ have the most efficient respiratory system of any living vertebrate.

birds

Blood pressure depends on:

blood flow and resistance of blood against the vessel walls.

An inhibitory post-synaptic impulse (IPSP):

brings the neuron further away from firing.

Carcinomas are:

cancers that develop from epithelial tissue.

Which pairing accurately describes a one specific type of muscle tissue?

cardiac muscle tissue - involuntary contraction

Bone cells communicate with one another by:

cellular extensions running through canaliculi.

Immediately outside the pulp cavity of a tooth is the:

dentin

Today, the major danger to species is:

destruction of habitats.

Decompression sickness is caused by:

dissolved gases coming out of solution and forming gas bubbles.

A filter feeder is an animal that:

entraps food particles from water

Which of the following statements accurately describes the following reaction?

enzymatic digestion of proteins in the small intestine by enzymes secreted by the pancreas

Most human cancers originate in which type of tissue?

epithelial

From the pharynx, a bolus moves next into the:

esophagus

The state of torpor caused by lack of food or water during periods of high temperature is called:

estivation.

Figure 39-2 One function of the type of tissue represented in the accompanying figure is:

flexible support

Biologists in which of the following applied disciplines must understand population ecology?

forestry, agronomy, and wildlife management

Which of the following occurs during gastrulation?

formation of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

The term "archenteron" refers to the developing:

gut

The trophoblast secretes ____, which signals the corpus luteum that pregnancy has begun.

hCG

The breakup of large areas of habitat into small, isolated patches is called:

habitat fragmentation

Mothers with small children often do not seem to hear their noisy children. This is an example of:

habituation.

A sudden loud sound such as an explosion is most likely to impair hearing by damaging which of the following?

hair cells in the organ of Corti

Figure 51-1 What type of cleavage pattern is represented in the accompanying figure?

holoblastic and radial

Two members of the same species compete for a limited resource, resulting in equal sharing of the limited resource. What is this called?

infraspecific scramble competition

Which of the following arises from the mesoderm?

inner layer of skin

A teratogen is a drug that:

interferes with morphogenesis.

Sexual selection:

leads to a reproductive advantage for some individuals over others of the same sex and species.

A population that is divided into several local populations among which individuals occasionally disperse (emigrate and immigrate) is known as a:

metapopulation

Which structure contributes to the large surface area of the small intestine?

microvilli

Which of the following relationships is incorrectly paired?

nesting seabirds−random dispersion

Which structure is the most immediate precursor of the brain?

neural tube

Which molecule acts as a retrograde messenger at many synapses?

nitric oxide

Within a community, a dominant species may appropriate a disproportionate share of available resources, thus ____ other species.

outcompeting

Which of the following is reported to cause deformities in amphibians in the Sierra Nevadas of California?

pesticides

What mineral is responsible for more functions than any other mineral, including being a component of nucleic acids?

phosphorus

In some animals, such as the marsh wren, one male bird mates with several females. This is known as:

polygyny.

The secretion of ____ is an important homeostatic mechanism involved in maintaining normal heart rhythm.

potassium ions

The renal medulla contains the:

renal pyramids

The basic unit of muscle contraction is known as the:

sarcomere

The size of the motor area in the brain for any specific body part is relative to:

the complexity of its movements.

When blood calcium levels are high, ____.

the release of parathyroid hormone would decrease

A respiratory system is needed if an organism is too ____ to rely on the diffusion of gases through the body's tissues.

thick

The characteristic that enables efficient gas exchange in capillaries is:

thin walls that are only one cell wide.

In mammals, the ____ is a temporary center for the formation of blood cells.

yolk sac

Which statement about a blastodisc is FALSE?

It is found in isolecithal eggs.

What is one drawbacks to using pheromones for communication?

They transmit information slowly.

Which animals exhibit problem solving?

a few vertebrates, including primates

The difference between a society and an aggregation is that aggregations are characterized by:

a lack of intentional interaction between those animals present.

The enzyme nitrogenase is rather unique, as it specifically functions in the:

absence of oxygen

By the end of the 21st century, it is expected that the human population will:

achieve zero population growth.

Troponin and tropomyosin regulate:

actin and myosin interactions.

A biodiversity hotspot is a(n):

an area rich in endemic species and high in human population.

Which habitat would be expected to have the greatest species richness?

an ecotone

In a lake, a certain native species of zooplankton is found evenly distributed in the water column. After introduction of a different species of zooplankton, the native species is only found in the shallow water zone. This is most likely an illustration of:

competitive exclusion

The main point of entry of water into the blood of freshwater fishes is through the:

gills

Which molecule is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

glutamate

Which of the following is a predicted effect of continued global warming?

greater impact on plant species in particular

The tropical rain forest biome is characterized by:

high density of plants, but nutrient poor soil.

The ability of an infant organism to be able to keep track of the location of its mother is an example of:

imprinting

The brief length of time when mammals and birds learn the appearance of a parent is called:

imprinting

A squirrel is born and raised in captivity. Once released into the wild, it immediately begins to bury nuts. This is an example of:

innate behavior

Which of the following is used by loggerhead turtles as a guide for navigation?

magnetic fields

The countercurrent exchange system found in fish gills maximizes gas exchange efficiency by:

maintaining a high concentration gradient of oxygen along the entire length of capillaries.

Damage to which type of sensory receptor would lead to an impaired detection of food?

mechanoreceptors

A person with fair skin produces less ____ than a person with dark skin.

melanin

Which of the following would increase population size?

natality

Which process is not involved in the hydrologic cycle?

nitrification

The best definition of population density is the number of individuals:

of one species in a given area at a given time.

A group of associated tissues is known as a(n):

organ

The condition that is characterized by the wearing-down of joints due to insufficient cartilage repair is called:

osteoarthritis

Large, multinucleate cells that break down bone are called:

osteoclasts

Helena's doctor has advised her to take calcium supplements to help prevent:

osteoporosis

An example of a density-dependent factor that influences the size of a population is:

parasites

When ____ comes in contact with acidic gastric juices, it is converted to ____, the main digestive enzyme of the stomach.

pepsinogen; pepsin

The ____ secretes melatonin, a hormone that promotes sleep in human beings.

pineal gland

Communities are composed of all of the:

populations of all the different species that live together within an area.

Due to recent changes in blood pressure guidelines, a reading of 120/80 is now considered to be:

prehypertensive

Which group of receptors is most important in helping a diver maintain an upright position while exploring a dark passageway in an underwater shipwreck?

proprioceptors

Pepsin converts ____ to ____.

proteins; peptides

Wernicke's area of the temporal lobe is involved in the:

recognition and interpretation of words.

Calcium ions are commonly stored in the ____ of the muscle cell.

sarcoplasmic reticulum

An individual born without Pacinian corpuscles will not:

sense surface vibrations easily.

Birds that display nocturnal migration use ____ to guide their flight.

stars

The function of oxytocin is to:

stimulate uterine contractions

Cardiac output is determined by:

stroke volume and heart rate.

Sensory neurons release glutamate and neuropeptides such as ____ to enhance the effect of glutamate.

substance P

Embryonic endoderm gives rise to:

the lining of the digestive tract.

Platelets in mammals are functionally the same as ____ in other vertebrates.

thrombocytes

Amphibian eggs have large amounts of yolk at the ____ pole, and most metabolism takes place at the ____ pole.

vegetal; animal

In sea urchins, the fertilization envelope forms from the:

vitelline envelope.