bio unit 6
[6.4 pre#8, Q2#1] In a population of humans, the frequency of blue eyes is 0.09. If having blue eyes is the recessive phenotype, what is the frequency of the recessive allele? A. 0.3 B. 0.9 C. 0.18 D. 0.36
A
[6.1 pre#4, Q2#3, Q3#3] Which would least likely be a cause of natural selection? A. adaptation B. evolution C. overpopulation D. variation
B
[6.2 pre#6] Which environmental factor would likely lead to an increase in genetic variation in a population of squirrels? A. an increase in predators B. an increase in available food C. an increase in forest fires D. an increase in pollution
B
[6.6 pre#4] Australopithecus is an ape that lived in trees, but could walk on two feet. How might fossils from Australopithecus provide evidence for evolution? A. Australopithecus is a fossil that is used to date other Precambrian fossils. B. Australopithecus provides evidence of the existence of apes, but not humans. C. Australopithecus is a transitional form between apes and humans. D. Australopithecus provides evidence that humans existed.
C
[6.6 pre#6] Dogs have a reduced nonfunctional digit on their paws known as a dewclaw. What is this an example of? A. analogous structure B. homologous structure C. vestigial structure D. mutated structure
C
[6.4 Assignment] Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
No
[6.4 Notes] Is mating random in the human population?
No, it is not
[6.4 Notes] What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
[6.4 Notes] What did scientists think before Hardy and Weinberg?
that dominant alleles increased, overrunning recessive and causing decrease
[6.9 Notes] What is taxonomy?
the science of naming and classifying organisms based on structural comparisons and genetic evidence
[6.2 pre#2, Q1#3, Q2#1] Which term best describes the difference in colors of the birds below? mc003-1.jpg A. natural selection B. reproductive maturity C. genetic variation D. genetic drift
C
[6.4 pre#3] In pea plants, purple flower color, C, is dominant to white flower color, c. The table shows the frequencies of the dominant and recessive alleles in three generations of peas in a garden. Which scientific question might these results cause a scientist to ask? A. Which population most likely experienced a genetic mutation? B. Why do some pea plants have purple flowers and others have white flowers? C. Would the frequency of these alleles change if the insect pollinators in the area all died? D. Is there another way to calculate the frequencies of the alleles in this population?
C
[6.5 pre#9] Imagine a population of rabbits with fur color that ranges from black to white. If this population were put in an area that has dark rocks that camouflage the black rabbits, as well as light stones that hide the white rabbits, what would most likely happen to the gray rabbits? A. Gray rabbits would blend into either environment. B. Gray rabbits would adapt to have black fur. C. Gray rabbits would be eliminated by predators. D. Gray rabbits would mutate to white fur.
C
[6.6 pre#1] Studying the anatomy of different organisms allows scientists to determine how different species have evolved over time. mc010-1.jpg mc010-2.jpg Which type of anatomic structure are bird wings and butterfly wings when compared to each other? A. vestigial B. homologous C. analogous D. heterologous
C
[6.6 pre#8] A scientist makes the argument that she has found DNA evidence that shows that evolution does not exist. What would her evidence have to show for her to be correct? A. Strong genetic similarities in closely related organisms and weak genetic similarities in distantly related organisms. B. Weak genetic similarities in closely related organisms and strong genetic similarities in distantly related organisms. C. Strong physical similarities among closely related organisms and also among distantly related organisms. D. Weak physical similarities among closely related organisms and also among distantly related organisms.
C
[6.1 Q2#1] Natural selection is a process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to A. increase in size. B. migrate. C. evolve new traits. D. survive.
D
[6.1 Q2#5, Q3#2] Which was Charles Darwin's contribution to the study of biology? A. He was the first person to recognize that organisms change over time. B. He believed that organisms adapted through the inheritance of acquired traits. C. He explained how traits are passed from parents to offspring. D. He proposed that natural selection is the primary mechanism of evolution.
D
[6.1 pre#8, Q2#2, Q3#9] Veronica wrote Charles Darwin's main points on the board, but she made a mistake in one point. 1. Since more offspring are produced than an environment can support, organisms within a population must compete for resources to survive. 2. Due to variations within the population, some competitors will be better equipped for survival than others. 3. The best-equipped organisms will survive and will produce well-equipped offspring. 4. Variations that help with survival will be passed on to future generations and will rapidly change the whole population. Which point is flawed as written above? A. point 1 B. point 2 C. point 3 D. point 4
D
[6.4 Assignment] A large forested area has remained relatively untouched for thousands of years. The population of red oak trees has not been subjected to any known diseases or other environmental stresses.
Equilibrium
[6.4 Assignment] A group of birds is blown from the mainland to a small island during a storm. They remain there and develop into a new population.
Evolving
[6.4 Assignment] A population of humans lives in a secluded community and tends to intermarry within their own group. Occasionally they bring in young people from communities in other areas.
Evolving
[6.4 Notes] What is the relationship between frequencies and dominance?
Frequency does not result from dominance
[6.2 Notes] Genetic drift
The random change in the frequency of an allele in a population
[6.2 Notes] Gene pool
The sum of all genetic traits in a population's individuals at anyi given time
[6.1 pre#1] Which statement describes natural selection? A. It is the primary mechanism for evolution. B. It must act on structural traits. C. It acts to cause overpopulation. D. It causes learned skills to become heritable traits.
A
[6.2 Notes] natural selection
Drives the changes that occur in the populations
[6.9 Notes] What is xenotransplantation?
Transplanting of organ, tissue, or cells between different species
[6.4 pre#4, Q1#5] In one kind of butterfly, brown color is caused by a dominant allele, B, and white color is caused by a recessive allele, b. The table shows the observed numbers of phenotypes in a population of 100 butterflies. What is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype in this population of butterflies? A. 0.24 B. 0.36 C. 0.48 D. 0.6
0C
[6.4 Notes] What are the conditions for hardy-weinberg equilibrium?
1. Large Population 2. Random Mating 3. No Migration 4. No Natural Selection 5. No Mutations
[6.1 pre#3] Which best describes the relationship between evolution and natural selection? A. Natural selection leads to evolution. B. Evolution leads to natural selection. C. Natural selection is the same as evolution. D. Evolution and natural selection are not related.
A
[6.4 Assignment] A number of conditions are required for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Which of the following are correct descriptions of the conditions that must be met? Check all that apply. no mutations random mating small population migration or gene flow occurrence of mutations no natural selection
A, B, F
[6.4 Assignment] Which allele is increasing in the population?
Allele C
[6.1 Q2#9, Q3#7] According to the concept of "survival of the fittest," if a population of birds eats worms that they find deep under ground by using their beaks, which members of the bird population would be more fit? A. birds that have flatter beaks B. birds that have longer beaks C. birds that have wider beaks D. birds that have brighter beaks
B
[6.2 pre#1, Q1#1] Changes in the gene pool can occur due to various mechanisms. From 1892 to 1954, millions of individuals emigrated (moved out) from countries across the Atlantic Ocean to the United States. Many of these individuals entered through Ellis Island, a federal immigration station in New York. Which mechanism affected the gene pool of the immigrants that entered the United States through Ellis Island? A. genetic drift B. gene flow C. gene mutation D. natural selection
B
[6.4 pre#7, Q1#3, Q2#4] Which term can be applied to a population that is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A. large B. stable C. stagnant D. evolving
D
[6.9 Notes] What happens when organisms are further down?
They are more related
[6.9 Notes] What are the negative parts of common names?
They are not always physically accurate and can be applied to multiple species
[6.9 Notes] Why is physical features not reliable?
They are not the same as evolution
[6.2 pre#7] Which change in a gene pool is occurring in the image below? A. gene mutation B. gene flow C. genetic drift D. genetic resistance
c
[6.4 Notes] What is the hardy-weinberg used for?
estimating frequencies of genes
[6.4 Q2#3] Which is the transfer of genes from one population to another? A. gene flow B. genetic drift C. gene mutation D. genetic selection
A
[6.2 pre#10, Q1#4, Q2#7] Which of the following is least likely to change the gene pool of a population of chipmunks? A. A pesticide poisons and kills a large number of chipmunks. B. A group of chipmunks moves to a new habitat. C. A number of chipmunks die due to old age. D. A genetic mutation causes some of the chipmunks to have larger eyes.
C
[6.6 pre#5] The fossil record shows that two groups of organisms are related, which means they share a
common ancestor
[6.4 Assignment] A dog breed has a pair of alleles that determine curly hair (C) versus straight hair (c). Given allele frequencies of C = 0.1 and c = 0.9, solve the Hardy-Weinberg equation to determine the expected frequencies of individuals in the population having genotypes CC, Cc, and cc. Choose the correct value in each case. p squared + 2 p q + q squared = 1 Expected frequency of CC genotype: Expected frequency of Cc genotype: Expected frequency of cc genotype:
0.01 0.18 0.81
[6.4 Assignment] The dog breed from the previous question has genotype frequencies as follows: f(CC) = 0.01 f(Cc) = 0.18 f(cc) = 0.81 Assuming the size of the population is 110, how many dogs with each genotype would you expect the population to have? Dogs with genotype CC = Dogs with genotype Cc = Dogs with genotype cc =
1 20 89
[6.1 Q2#7, Q3#5] The map shows the allele frequency of sickled hemoglobin (HbS) and malaria endemicity in Africa. mc027-1.jpg Which statement best explains the relationship between HbS allele frequency and malaria endemicity in Africa? A. When an area is malaria free, the HbS allele frequency is between 0 and 2.02. B. When an area is holoendemic, the HbS allele frequency is between 0.52 and 4.04. C. When an area is malaria free, the HbS allele frequency is between 12.64 and 18.18. D. When an area is holoendemic, the HbS allele frequency is between 0 and 0.51.
A
[6.1 pre#10] What is natural selection? A. a process that selects variations that help with survival and that spreads the variations to more offspring B. a process through which nature selects an individual within a population for extinction C. the difference in heritable traits within a population D. the process of nature that causes random variations to appear in the offspring of every generation
A
[6.2 Q2#6] In a few generations, this population of beetles changed. mc005-1.jpg Which is the most likely explanation for the change? A. The beetle population moved to a greener habitat. B. A natural disaster almost caused the extinction of the population. C. The beetle population's food sources decreased dramatically. D. A mutation resulted in a new color of insect.
A
[6.2 pre#5, Q1#2, Q2#5] A new pesticide has been introduced to the habitat of this population of beetles. mc007-1.jpg Which describes the effect of this environmental change? A. decreased genetic variation B. increased genetic variation C. genetic drift D. gene flow
A
[6.4 Q1#9] Scientists base many of their investigations on questions that test accepted theories. Which outcome of an investigation would cause a scientist to ask a different question? A. The observed results are different from the expected results. B. The investigation had many sources of error. C. Another scientist proposed the same theory. D. The expected results could be explained in different ways.
A
[6.4 Q2#5] Which population is most likely to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A. a large population of ocean fish that lives in an unpolluted ecosystem that has abundant food B. a large population of prairie grasses that lives in an ecosystem that is frequently burned by wild fires C. a medium-sized population of birds that lives on a chain of islands that have different food sources D. a medium-sized population of bacteria that lives on crop plants that are frequently sprayed with pesticides
A
[6.4 pre#6, Q1#2, Q2#9] Which genotype does pq represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equation? A. one that has a dominant allele and a recessive allele B. one that has two dominant alleles C. one that has two recessive alleles d. one that has a dominant allele and a neutral allele
A
[6.5 pre#1] Which process drives Darwin's theory of evolution? A. natural selection B. artificial selection C. population diversity D. ecosystem diversity
A
[6.5 pre#6] Why is reproductive isolation required for speciation to occur? A. If populations can interbreed, they are considered one species. B. If populations can interbreed, they do not exchange genetic information. C. Reproductive isolation is not required for speciation because most different species can interbreed. D. Reproductive isolation is not required for speciation because species are not defined by reproduction.
A
[6.5 pre#8] A population of pigs lives on an island together with burrowing termites. Pigs that have the longest snouts tend to survive better. Over time, most of the pig population is made up of individuals that have very long snouts. This is an example of which type of selection? A. directional selection B. disruptive selection C. stabilizing selection D. ecosystem selection
A
[6.6 pre#2] What do scientists need to look at before developing an argument? A. The validity of data, claims, hypotheses, and observations. B. Their opinion and personal views. C. The arguments of famous people on the topic. D. The arguments that make the most sense for society.
A
[6.9 Notes] What is a phylogenetic tree?
A chart that depicts an evolutionary relationship among organisms
[6.2 Notes] mutation
A permanent change in the RNA sequence of a gene
[6.2 Notes] migration
Any movement of organisms from one environment to another
[6.1 Q2#10] Koalas are marsupials that are found in eastern Australia. Although their ancestors lived mostly on the ground, modern koalas spend most of their time in eucalyptus trees. This is possible because their hands and feet have strong claws and opposable digits. mc018-1.jpg What other adaptation could have helped koalas as they evolved from land dwellers to tree dwellers? A. the ability to have several offspring at one time B. fur color that closely matches the eucalyptus bark color C. longer hind legs that allow for faster running D. better ability to communicate with their peers
B
[6.1 Q2#4, Q3#10] A population of white rabbits and brown rabbits both live in a temperate deciduous forest where the summers are mild and average about 50°F. The winters are often below freezing. If warmer temperatures last longer into the fall and the average temperature in the winter is getting warmer, what do you expect to happen to the population of each color of rabbit? A. The brown rabbit population will slowly die out, and the white rabbit population will thrive and reproduce. B. The brown rabbit population will thrive and reproduce, and the white rabbit population will slowly die out. C. Both the white and brown rabbit populations will slowly die out. D. Both the white and brown rabbit populations will thrive and reproduce.
B
[6.1 Q2#6, Q3#6] A person with a genotype of HbSS has sickle cell disease. A person with a genotype of HbAS allele carries the sickle cell trait. A person with a genotype of HbAA does not have sickle cell disease and does not carry the trait. The Punnett square shows the genotype of two people carrying the sickle cell trait. Hb A S A AA AS S AS SS What are the chances that their offspring will have sickle cell anemia? A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 100%
B
[6.1 pre#5, Q3#4] During a trip to the Galapagos Islands, which observation led Charles Darwin to suspect that organisms change over time? A. Island finches were able to breed with mainland species. B. Island finches resembled mainland finches, but were not the same species. C. Island finches resembled extinct species from other islands around the world. D. Island finches did not have beaks of the same size and shape.
B
[6.1 pre#6] A frog lays thousands of eggs because many eggs die. This behavior is an example of __________________. A. competition B. overpopulation C. variation in a population D. survival of the fittest
B
[6.1 pre#7, Q2#8, Q3#1] Charles Darwin observed a unique beak size and shape in the finch population of each of the Galapagos Islands that he visited. mc003-1.jpg Which is the most likely cause of the observed variation? A. differences in the climate among the islands B. competition among individuals for available food sources C. competition among individuals for desirable mates D. differences in egg size among the populations
B
[6.1 pre#9] Which statement would least likely be used to describe variation? A. Variations are inherited differences between individuals of the same species. B. Variations that decrease reproductive success are more likely to be passed on. C. Variations may result in changes to an entire population after many generations. D. Variations provide some individuals with an advantage.
B
[6.2 Q1#8] A population of snakes that eat small rodents enters a new habitat. In the new habitat, there are many species of rodents, and their populations are high because there are few natural predators. What will most likely be the effect on the genetic variation of the snake population? A. Genetic variation will increase because of a selective pressure. B. Genetic variation will increase because of a new habitat and food source. C. Genetic variation will decrease because of a selective pressure. D. Genetic variation will decrease because of a new habitat and food source.
B
[6.2 Q1#9, Q2#9] A group of students are walking in the park, and one of them takes a picture of a pollen grain that is being blown by the wind. What caption can the student use for this picture? A. gene mutation in action B. gene flow at work C. genetic drift as it happens D. natural selection in progress
B
[6.2 Q2#10] In Wisconsin, a very large population of lake trout, in which individuals mate at random, experiences no migration, mutations, nor selective pressure for a number of years. Which of these is most likely to occur in the population? A. The frequency of dominant alleles will slowly increase. B. The gene pool of the population will remain relatively constant. C. The genetic variability of the population will slowly decrease. D. The frequency of dominant and recessive alleles will equalize.
B
[6.2 Q2#8] Which of the following best defines gene flow? A. the sum of all genetic traits in a population's individuals at a given time B. any movement of genes from one population to another C. any movement of organisms from one environment to another D. the random change in the frequency of an allele in a population
B
[6.2 pre#4, Q1#7, Q2#2] Genetic drift in a population affects the gene pool in which of the following ways? A. decrease in genetic variation B. increase in genetic variation C. increased mutations D. decreased gene flow
B
[6.2 pre#9, Q1#6] A scientist has been tracking and studying a population of deer in Yellowstone National Park. He surveys the population every six months. Usually, the population is thriving and has a gene pool with a wide variety of traits. But during one six-month period, an event occurred that affected the population, and when the scientist returned, the amount of genetic variation had decreased significantly. Which of the following is most likely the event that occurred to change the population? A. Yellowstone National Park expanded its borders. B. A population of wolves was introduced into Yellowstone National Park. C. The amount of disease in the deer population decreased. D. More grass and shrubs were planted in Yellowstone National Park.
B
[6.2. Q1#5, Q2#4] Which environmental factor could lead to a decrease in genetic variation in a population of tuna? A. an increase in food availability B. an increase in pollution C. a decrease in tuna fishing D. a decrease in tuna predators
B
[6.4 Q1#4] In a population of humans, the frequency of straight hair is 34 percent. If straight hair is the recessive phenotype, what is the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype? A. 17 percent B. 34 percent C. 66 percent D. 68 percent
B
[6.4 pre#1, Q1#1, Q2#8] For a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the population must A. be small. B. be unable to migrate. C. have new mutations. D. have nonrandom mating.
B
[6.4 pre#5, Q1#8] Which factor do biologists calculate when they determine whether a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A. mutation rate B. genotype frequencies C. number of phenotypes D. rate of migration
B
[6.5 pre#10] Which of the following can result in a population looking more similar over time and can be described as selection against both extremes of a trait? A. directional selection B. stabilizing selection C. disruptive selection D. species selection
B
[6.5 pre#3] A population of chimpanzees was separated when the forest that they lived in had a section cut down and a town was built. After a long period of time, the chimpanzees came back into contact but were incapable of breeding. Which of the following best describes the process that occurred? A. adaptation B. speciation C. convergent selection D. stabilizing selection
B
[6.5 pre#4] Which organisms are most likely to survive in a population in which disruptive selection is occurring? A. organisms that have average traits B. organisms that have extreme traits C. organisms that are sexually selected D. organisms that are the largest and strongest
B
[6.5 pre#7] Which of the following is the definition for speciation? A. an inherited or learned trait that increases an organism's chance of survival in its environment B. the evolutionary process through which new species emerge C. a process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to survive, reproduce, increase in number, and pass their traits on to succeeding generations D. a process by which one of the extreme variations of a trait is favored
B
[6.6 pre#10] Siblings have similar traits because they inherit those traits from a common ancestor. How is this similar to some evidence for evolution? A. Similarities can be seen between siblings in species today, which shows common ancestry. B. Similarities can be seen among related organisms, which shows common ancestry. C. There are many differences between siblings in species today, which shows common ancestry. D. There are many differences between related organisms, which shows common ancestry.
B
[6.1 Q3#8] Scientific investigations often lead to the formulation of new scientific questions. The observations Charles Darwin made during his time aboard the H.M.S. Beagle prompted him to ask which question? A. Do living organisms change over time and, if so, how? B. Are the finches of the Galapagos Islands the same as those on the mainland? C. Can selective breeding occur in nature? D. Can the accumulation of gradual changes in a population lead to a new species over time?
C
[6.1 pre#2] In the African savanna, more wildebeests are born than the environment can support. Which is most likely to happen over a period of years as a result? A. The chances for survival of the population are reduced. B. New food sources are discovered and become the regular diet. C. Individuals that are well suited to the environment reproduce, and those that have lesser adaptations die before they reproduce. D. The environment adapts by providing more resources to the growing population, increasing the chances of survival for individuals within the habitat.
C
[6.4 Q1#6, Q2#2] The graph shows the frequency of two alleles for a genetic trait in a population. mc008-1.jpg In which generation(s) was the population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for these two alleles? A. generation 1 only B. generation 5 only C. generations 1-4 D. generations 1-5
C
[6.2 pre#3, Q2#3] Environmental factors can influence natural selection because they can increase or decrease A. the number of chromosomes in an individual. B. the number of chromosomes in a population. C. the amount of genetic variation in an individual. D. the amount of genetic variation in a population.
D
[6.4 pre#10, Q1#10] In pea plants, purple flower color, C, is dominant to white flower color, c. The table shows the frequencies of the dominant and recessive alleles in three generations of peas in a garden. Which statement is a conclusion that may be drawn from the data in the table? A. The population of pea plants in the garden is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. B. The population of pea plants in the garden is growing larger in each generation. C. The decreasing frequency of white-flowered plants shows that the population is drifting. D. The increasing frequency of purple-flowered plants shows that the population is evolving.
D
[6.4 pre#2, Q1#7, Q2#7] In a population of guinea pigs, short hair is dominant to long hair. If 25 percent of a breeder's guinea pigs has long hair, what is the frequency of the recessive allele (q)? A. 5 percent B. 15 percent C. 25 percent D. 50 percent
D
[6.4 pre#9, Q2#6] Which statement is a reason that modern human populations never reach Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A. Evolution rarely occurs in human populations. B. Mating is random in human populations. C. Humans live in small, isolated groups. D. Humans regularly travel all over the globe.
D
[6.5 pre#2] Two insect groups vary genetically by two genes. When put together, they were able to reproduce and produce offspring that could also breed. Which best describes this insect population? A. The insects experienced geographic isolation. B. The insects experienced reproductive isolation. C. The insects are different species. D. The insects are the same species.
D
[6.5 pre#5] A population contains short plants and tall plants. The short plants are not able to compete with tall plants for sunlight. The tall plants, however, are more susceptible to wind damage. Which type of selection are the plants experiencing? A. directional selection B. disruptive selection C. species selection D. stabilizing selection
D
[6.6 pre#3] Which lists the correct order of evolutionary history? A. crabs, jellyfish, reptiles B. mammals, amphibians, crabs C. vertebrate fish, crabs, mammals D. jellyfish, reptiles, mammals
D
[6.6 pre#9] Which of these statements best sums up evolution? A. rapid change in species' habits and features B. punctuated change in a population C. change in a population through new species being made D. change in a population through genetic variation over time
D
[6.9 Notes] What is the sentence to remember the order?
Dashing King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti
[6.9 Notes] What is the order of organization?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
[6.4 Assignment] In a rain forest, several populations of a monkey species coexist relatively close to each other. Each population has its own range, but mating sometimes occurs between adjacent populations.
Evolving
[6.2 Notes] gene flow
The transfer of genes from one population to another
[6.4 Notes] What did Hardy and Weinberg do?
They showed that gene frequencies in populations are stable unless affected by an environmental change
[6.4 Assignment] Briefly describe two ways in which the Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to get information about a population.
determine expected frequencies of genotypes in a population predict future genotypes of populations track changes of genotype frequencies from generation to generation, i.e., determine whether evolution is occurring
[6.2 pre#8, Q1#10] An increase in food and a decrease in predators would most likely _____ genetic variation in a population.
increase
