bio week 12
only about ?% cells sickle in sickle cell trait
1
sickled cells live about ? when the regular lifespan is ?
20 days, 4 months
red blood cells live about ? months
4
only ? to ? % of capillaries have blood at any given time
5, 10
cardiac output
5.25 L per min
blood is made up of ?% plasma and ?% cellular elements
55, 45
avg bpm
75
avg stroke volume
75 mL
in usa, about ?% are Rh+ and about ?% are Rh-
80, 20
blood type O has what antibody
A and B
antibody A translates to ? bloodtype
A or AB
based on the ABO blood groups, which blood type is the universal recipient?
AB
antibody B translates to ? bloodtype
B or AB
arterioles can constrict or relax pre-capillary sphincters
GI tract
based only on the ABO blood groups, which blood type is the universal donor?
O
Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans _____. a. would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions b. would block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers c. would have a negative effect on peripheral resistance d. would have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta
a
If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then _____. a. fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues b. plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries c. hemoglobin will not release oxygen d. the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase
a
Most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs _____. a. as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -) b. combined with hemoglobin c. by the trachea d. as hydrogen ions (H+) e. dissolved in blood plasma
a
Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals? a. vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle pulmonary artery b. left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation c. pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle pulmonary circuit d. vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle pulmonary vein
a
blood type O agglutinates what blood type
a, b, and ab
By picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too _____. acidic basic thick low in oxygen concentration red
acidic
gas exchange occurs across the walls of the ?
alveoli
condition in which oxygen carrying capacity of blood is abnormally low
anemia
Blood pressure is highest in the _____. aorta inferior vena cava superior vena cava pulmonary artery capillaries
aorta
arteries always carry blood
away from the heart
A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery to the thumb and then back to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through _____. a. four capillary beds b. two capillary beds c. three capillary beds d. one capillary bed
b
A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 70 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat (milliliters per beat), and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of _____. a. 2,800 mL/minute b. 4,900 mL/minute c. 1,750 mL/minute d. 1,000 mL/minute
b
In the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues _____. a. as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -) b. combined with hemoglobin c. by the trachea d. water (H2O) e. dissolved in blood plasma
b
Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the _____. a. loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries b. development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls c. increased diffusion of hemoglobin d. loss of fluid from capillaries
b
Select the correct statement about capillary beds. a. Capillary beds join arteries and veins. b. Capillary beds are the site of nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues. c. Capillary beds have a total cross-sectional area much smaller than the total cross-sectional area of major arteries.
b
The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin _____. a. increases with increasing acidity at the tissue level b. increases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen c. increases as the pH of tissues decreases d. decreases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen e. is called the Bohr shift
b
What is the function of the left ventricle? a. It receives deoxygenated blood from the lungs. b. It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation. c. It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary circulation. d. It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
b
heart rate is
beats per minute
sickled cells can cause
blood clots
always fully supplied with blood
brain, heart, liver, kidneys
The smallest airway through which inspired air passes before gas exchange occurs in the mammalian lungs is the _____. trachea pharynx bronchiole bronchus larynx
bronchiole
Which event occurs first during diastole? a. Blood flows into the relaxed atria while the ventricles contract. b. The atria contract while blood flows into the relaxed ventricles. c. The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria. d. The atria and ventricles contract simultaneously
c
Which event of the cardiac cycle occurs when systolic blood pressure is measured? a. The atria contract while blood flows into the relaxed ventricles. b. The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria. c. The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria. d. The atria and ventricles contract simultaneously.
c
Which of the following statements about blood circulation in the body is true? a. Deoxygenated blood flowing through the pulmonary veins is carried to the right atrium. b. During one cardiac cycle, the two ventricles contract first, and then the two atria contract. c. Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles. d. As the right ventricle contracts, it sends oxygenated blood through the aorta to all tissues of the body.
c
Which statement about human blood vessels is correct? a. The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. b. Arteries carry oxygenated blood; veins carry oxygen-poor blood. c. Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart. d. Veins transport blood from the heart to the capillaries. e. Arteries carry blood toward the atria of the heart
c
Which statement regarding the mammalian heart is correct? a. Oxygen-loaded blood moves only through the right side of the heart. b. When the right atrium contracts, it forces blood into the left atrium. c. In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs. d. Blood arrives at the heart via the ventricles. e. Blood is pumped from the heart via the atria.
c
The _____ has(have) the thinnest walls. aorta capillaries inferior vena cava pulmonary artery right ventricle
capillaries
all blood vessels except ? have 3 layers of tissue
capillaries
cross sectional area of ? is far greater than cross sectional area of ?
capillaries, aorta
fluid exchange happens in the
capillary beds
if you mix type A blood with anti-A antibody, RBC's ?
clump
The greatest difference in the concentration of respiratory gases is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels? a. the pulmonary vein and the aorta b. the pulmonary artery and the inferior vena cava c. the veins from the right and left legs d. the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein
d
The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because _____. a. the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate b. the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle c. the capillaries have internal valves that slow the flow of blood d. the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system
d
What is the function of a circulatory system? a. It exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the outside air. b. It is the site of blood cell production. c. It acts as a reservoir for the storage of blood. d. It brings a transport liquid into close contact with all cells in the body.
d
Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta? a. diastole of the right atrium b. systole of the left atrium c. diastole of the right ventricle d. systole of the left ventricle
d
Why do the circulatory systems of land vertebrates have separate circuits to the lungs and to the rest of the body? a. Blood is pumped to the lungs to be oxygenated before being pumped to the rest of the body. b. Land vertebrates are bigger and require more tubing to reach all areas of the body. c. The circuits increase the amount of surface area available for the diffusion of gases and nutrients in the body. d. The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body.
d
Arteries carry blood _____. a. away from capillaries b. away from the heart and away from the lungs c. to the heart and away from the lungs d. to the heart only e. away from the heart only
e
Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the _____. a. capillaries of the lungs b. capillaries of the abdominal organs c. capillaries of the hind limbs d. capillaries of the head and forelimbs e. capillaries of the head, forelimbs, abdominal organs, and hind limbs
e
Which of the following best describes an artery? a. Arteries have thin walls compared with veins. b. Arteries carry oxygenated blood. c. Arteries contain valves. d. Arteries carry blood away from capillaries. e. Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
e
blood goes away from GI tract to skeletal muscles
exercise
True or false? The circulatory systems of land-dwelling vertebrates are composed of two pumping circuits: the systemic circulation, which is a lower-pressure circuit to the lung, and the pulmonary circulation, which is a higher-pressure circuit to the rest of the body.
false
if a mother and baby have differing Rh factors, the ? baby is okay, but the ? will need to be given shots of anti-Rh antibody which prevents the mother from mounting an antibody response
first, second
the thin walls of the capillaries facilitate
gas exchange
Hb-B/Hb-s don't support
growth of parasite
sickle cell trait refers to people who are heterozygotes for
hb beta and hb sickle
Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these muscle cells in arteries has a _____. greater bicarbonate concentration higher PO2 lower osmotic pressure lower pH
higher PO2
From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____. right atrium left atrium aorta capillaries of the lungs inferior vena cava
inferior vena cava
Voice sounds are produced by the _____. trachea diaphragm bronchioles larynx lungs
larynx
blood travels over 1000x faster as it ? the heart as in capillaries
leaves
Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the right atrium. right ventricle. vena cava. left atrium. left ventricle
left atrium
From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____. right atrium left atrium aorta capillaries of the lungs inferior vena cava
left atrium
From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____. right atrium left atrium aorta capillaries of the lungs posterior vena cava
left atrium
the aorta carries blood that has just left the ??
left ventricle
anemia can be caused by
low hemoglobin in rbcs, low number of rbcs, defective hemoglobin
diastolic pressure is the ?
lowest point
parasite that causes ? lives within RBCs
malaria
The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air. lungs trachea bronchus nasal cavity alveoli
nasal cavity
blood type AB has what antibody
neither
most of the time sickle cell trait has
no symptoms
veins have ? way valves
one
sickle cell trait can be problematic under conditions with low ? concentration
oxygen
red blood cells are specialized for
oxygen transport and gas exchange
sickled hemoglobin doesn't carry
oxygen well
in these capillaries ? diffuses into, and ? diffuses out of body tissues
oxygen, carbon dioxide
The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in _____. hemoglobin concentration pH the partial pressure of oxygen temperature
pH
unusually pale
pallor
systolic pressure is the ?
peak
cells are suspended in a matrix, called
plasma
From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____. right atrium left atrium aorta capillaries of the lungs posterior vena cava
posterior vena cava
flow rate of blood is determined by ? and ? of vessels
pressure, diameter
antigen is a ? for Rh factor
protein
blood releases CO2 in lungs and picks up O2
pulmonary circuit
right ventricle goes to the
pulmonary trunk
Blood returns to the heart via the _____. aorta pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins aorta and pulmonary arteries aorta and pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
From the anterior vena cava, blood flows to the _____. right atrium left atrium aorta capillaries of the lungs posterior vena cava
right atrium
From the superior vena cava, blood flows to the _____. right atrium left atrium aorta capillaries of the lungs inferior vena cava
right atrium
hemoglobin-s forms stiff rods when not fully loaded with O2, distorting the cells, making them crescent like
sickle cell anemia
blood return is aided by
squeezing of veins by muscles
blood delivers O2 and nutrients to tissues and removes waste (CO2)
systemic circuit
If a molecule of carbon dioxide released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following EXCEPT _____. the right atrium the trachea an alveolus the pulmonary vein
the pulmonary vein
symptoms of anemia
tired, weak, irregular heartbeat
veins always carry blood
to the heart
stroke volume is
volume left ventricle pumps per beat
the cellular elements in blood include ?, ?, and ?
white blood cells, platelets, red blood cells
