BIO201 - Exam 3
Aerobic metabolism produces approximately ________ x as much ATP as anaerobic metabolism per molecule of glucose consumed.
15x
The Citric Acid Cycle nets _____ molecule(s) of ATP per molecule of glucose (assume GTP and ATP are interchangeable).
2
Shown below is a skeleton of the Citric Acid Cycle with some of the by-products shown. Each reaction is numbered, and the number of carbons contained in each intermediate are indicated (e.g. 6C for 6 carbons). In addition to step 8, in which two steps are NADH produced?
3 and 4
Which of the labeled structures in the diagram below are dynein-like motor proteins?
A
Kinetochore
A specialized complex of proteins that coalesces at the beginning of mitosis that helps to anchor the microtubules, hold the duplicated chromosomes together, and transmit the signal at the spindle assembly checkpoint.
Radiation, which induces DNA damage, inhibits cancer progression by:
Activating p53
Maturation promoting factor (MPF) is a/an:
Activity
When do daughter cells have the same karyotype as the parent cell they came from?
After mitosis
Assuming glucose is available and ATP levels are not too high, Glycolysis is active:
All of the above
Based on the information in the table and what we have learned in class regarding the electron transport system, which of the following could be reduced by (i.e. take electrons from) CoQ?
All of the above
Based on the information in the table, which of these can be reduced by H2?
All of the above
The Citric Acid Cycle
All of the above
The gene encoding which of the following has the characteristics of a proto-oncogene?
All of the above
Which of the following is true of the ATP Synthase in the mitochondria?
All of the above
The reaction polymerizing glucose into glycogen is _______ and, therefore, ________:
Anabolic; requires energy
Which of the following does NOT specifically require microtubules?
Animal Cell Cytokinesis
Which of the following would be likely to arrest cells during metaphase?
Any of the above
Fill in the blank: Long-term activation of p53 leads to transcription, and therefore translation of genes responsible for ___________. (one word answer)
Apoptosis
The image below shows a gel electrophoresis of DNA from a population of cells. This population of cells must be undergoing:
Apoptosis
Which type(s) of microtubules undergo +-end depolymerization at anaphase? (Select all that apply!)
Astral and Kinetochore
In the diagram below, at what point are the cells arrested, requiring progesterone in order to proceed through to the next phase?
B
Which of the labeled structures in the diagram below is a centrosome?
B
Why is apoptosis considered to be beneficial (good) to the organism?
Because it doesn't induce an inflammatory response
What product(s) is/are common to two of the reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle and the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (the PDH) reaction?
Both CO2 and NADH
Which of these pathways or processes produce ATP using substrate-level phosphorylation?
Both glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle
Which process(es) involve(s) segregation of sister chromatids?
Both meiosis II and mitosis
What is happening in the illustration below? Read all answer choices before answering!
Both recombination and segregation of homologous chromosomes
Oxidation of NADH and FADH2 in the electron transport system are similar in that: (READ THESE ANSWER CHOICES CAREFULLY!)
Both require Ubiquinone, Complex III, Cytochrome C, and Complex IV, ultimately resulting in reduction of O2
During the reactions of ________ glucose is _______ to CO2.
Catabolism; oxidized
Fill in the blank: Short-term activation of p53 leads to transcription, and therefore translation, of the protein p21, which is a general inhibitor of _____s. (credit for either abbreviation or full word(s))
CdK
The gene encoding which of the following has the appropriate characteristics to be considered a proto-oncogene?
Cdk
The microtubule structure within the centrosome that is responsible for serving as the seed (i.e. to initiate polymerization) for new microtubules is the ______. (Make sure you know all of these terms!)
Centriole
Which of the following is a direct cellular consequence of Maturation promoting factor (MPF) activity?
Chromosome condensation
Which of the following components of the electron transport system does NOT transport protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Complex II
Chromatin
Condensed chromosomal DNA as it is observed in cells
What is produced in frog primary oocytes in response to progesterone that results in MPF activity?
Cyclin B
Maturation promoting factor (MPF) activity is a property of:
Cyclin B + Cdk1
Which of the labeled structures in the diagram below are kinetochore microtubules?
D
ill in the blank: p53 is phosphorylated in response to ___________ (two words) resulting in stoppage of the cell cycle.
DNA Damage
Which of the following is NOT a direct cellular consequence of Maturation promoting factor (MPF) activity?
DNA Replication
Which of the following does NOT occur during mitosis?
DNA replication
Glyolysis:
Does not require O2
Which of the following is used during mitosis that is not used for cytokinesis in animal cells?
Dynein and Kinesin
Which of the labeled structures in the diagram below are kinesin-like motor proteins?
E
Which of the following is an oncogene
E7 for HPV
The drug Bortezomib is used to treat relapsed multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. Bortezomib is a competitive inhibitor of the 26S Proteasome, a multisubunit protease that catalyzes the degradation of apoptosis proteins. Which of the following would you expect to be present at higher levels in Bortezomib treated cells?
Endonuclease
The image below shows a gel electrophoresis of DNA from a population of cells. If you wanted to prevent this specifically from occurring, what type of enzyme would you want to inhibit?
Endonuclease
The duplicated, condensed chromosome below might be observed in:
Eukaryotes
True or False: Anaerobic organisms cannot make ATP using energy from glucose oxidation.
False
True or False: Both anaerobic and aerobic organisms produce CO2 as a result of glucose catabolism.
False
True or False: Hydrolysis of ATP is more exergonic than oxidation of FADH2.
False
True or False: If you could label electrons and follow them to the very end of glucose catabolism, you would ultimately find them in O2.
False
True or False: In anaerobic organisms NADH can be oxidized in the electron transport system.
False
True or False: In the absence of O2, aerobic organisms cannot make ATP using energy from glucose oxidation.
False
True or False: In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, NADPH gets reduced.
False
True or False: In the presence of O2, all of the ATP made by aerobic organisms comes from oxidative phosphorylation.
False
True or false: Anaerobic organisms cannot make ATP.
False
Which of the following is a direct cellular consequence of Maturation promoting factor (MPF) activity?
Formation of mitotic spindle
In the 1930's 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP; shown below) was introduced to the market as a diet drug. DNP is a chemiosmotic "uncoupler" just like uncoupling protein (UCP) in brown fat. Uncouplers make the inner mitochondrial membrane permeable to protons (H+), causing them to flow down their concentration gradient without going through F0 and thereby bypassing the F1 ATP Synthase. As a result, the mitochondria fails to produce ATP when it breaks down glucose. DNP causes protons (H+) to flow:
From the intermembrane space into the mitochondrial matrix
A cancer chemotherapy drug that inhibits the ras pathway would prevent cells from progressing through which of the following cell cycle checkpoints?
G1/S
A chemotherapy drug such as herceptin, which is used to treat certain types of breast cancer, that inhibits the kinase activity of growth factor receptors specifically prevents progression through which cell cycle checkpoint?
G1/S
What is the "point of no return" for proliferation and therefore the most important checkpoint in the Eukaryotic cell cycle?
G1/S
In what phase of the cell cycle are frog primary oocytes arrested, requiring progesterone to advance through the next phase of the cell cycle?
G2
Phosphofructokinase (PFK-1) is one of the most regulated enzymes in metabolism. Based on all of the principles we have learned in this class, which of the following would be most likely to be an allosteric activator of PFK-1?
Glucose
Conversion of a 6-carbon compound to two 3-carbon compounds characterizes which of the following pathways?
Glycolysis
Production of CO2 happens during all of the following EXCEPT which?
Glycolysis
True or False: Anaerobic organisms cannot make ATP from glucose oxidation using oxidative phosphorylation.
True
True or False: Anaerobic organisms do not produce CO2 as a result of glucose catabolism.
True
True or False: Anaerobic organisms only make ATP from glucose oxidation using substrate-level phosphorylation.
True
True or False: If you could label electrons and follow them to the very end of glucose catabolism, you would ultimately find them in H2O.
True
True or False: In anaerobic organisms NADH can be oxidized in the electron transport system.
True
True or False: In the absence of O2, aerobic organisms can still harness some energy from glucose oxidation to make ATP.
True
True or False: In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, H2O gets oxidized.
True
True or False: Oxidation of FADH2 is more exergonic than ATP hydrolysis.
True
True or False: Oxidation of NADH is more exergonic than ATP hydrolysis.
True
Which of the following would be expected to prevent cytokinesis in plants but not in animals?
Inhibition of Kinesin
Which of the following would be expected to prevent cytokinesis but not mitosis in animal cells?
Inhibition of Myosin
The Calvin-Benson Cycle
Is anabolic
Which of the following is the primary reason that aerobic metabolism is "better" than anaerobic metabolism?
It harnesses energy from oxidation of NADH
Which of the following happens during apoptosis but NOT necrosis?
Loss of membrane asymmetry
During what phase of the cell cycle could you observe the condensed, duplicated chromosome below?
M
Suppose that you finish graduate school and decide to take over your family business culturing yeast to be packaged and sold to bakeries. The lead technician mentions that they have been having trouble growing the yeast because they seem to have acquired a mutation that causes them to proliferate more slowly. You whip out your microscope, stain the yeast with the appropriate fluorescent probes, and see that the yeast cells are all arrested in metaphase. What phase of the cell cycle are the cells in?
M
What process(es) is/are illustrated in the images below?
Meiosis I
The spindle assembly checkpoint ensures that:
Microtubules from both centrosomes are attached to the kinetochores
Which of the following occurs during the Eukaryotic cell division cycle but not during cell division in bacteria?
Mitosis
Which of the following is used during animal cell cytokinesis that is not used for mitosis?
Myosin
A reduced product of the Citric Acid Cycle is:
NADH
Which of the labeled structures in the diagram below is a centromere?
None of the above
Which of the following is NOT observed at any point during mitosis?
None of the above; All are observed during mitosis
Which of the following is a direct cellular consequence of Maturation promoting factor (MPF) activity?
Nuclear envelope degradation
Which of the following is NOT a reactant of any of the reactions of glycolysis?
O2
Chromatid
One of two identical copies of a chromosome after duplication.
Which of the following types of mutations would be most likely to cause cells to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)?
One that causes p53 to be constitutively phosphorylated
Imagine you have become a world-famous oncology researcher and you discovered a novel mutation in a G1/S cyclin that is found in some of your patients. Which of the following cyclin mutations would be expected to lead to uncontrolled cell cycle progression?
One that increase its affinity for Cdk
Imagine that you discover a novel mutation in a G1/S cyclin that is found in some of your patients with esophogeal cancer. Which of the following cyclin mutations would be expected to lead to uncontrolled cell cycle progression?
One that makes it resistant to proteases
The reaction shown below is a/an ______________ reaction. NADH → NAD+ + H+ + 2e-
Oxidation
Which of the following processes is used to provide the energy for formation of a proton (H+) gradient in mitochondria?
Oxidation of NADH to NAD+
Which of the following processes/pathways CANNOT occur in the absence of O2?
Oxidative phosphorylation
In the reaction below, pyruvate is being _______________. Coenzyme A + pyruvate + NAD+ → Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH
Oxidized
What is Maturation promoting factor (MPF)'s activity?
Phosphorylation of proteins
Which type(s) of microtubules undergo +-end polymerization during anaphase? (Select all that apply!)
Polar
True or False: The combined reactions of photosynthesis are essentially the reverse of the combined reactions of glucose catabolism, with the exception that ATP is a product of glucose catabolism, but neither a net reactant or product of the combined reactions of photosynthesis.
True
True or false: in aerobic organisms, all of the ATP that can be produced through glucose catabolism in the absence of O2 comes from glycolysis.
True
True or false: in anaerobic organisms, all of the ATP that can be produced through glucose catabolism comes from glycolysis.
True
The chromosome shown in this electron micrograph is:
Two identical copies of double-stranded DNA
This scanning electron micrograph shows:
Two identical double-stranded DNA chromosomes.
In frog oocytes, maturation promoting factor (MPF) activity arises as a result of
Progesterone
Cyclins _____ progression through the cell cycle by _____.
Promote; activating Cdks
Cohesin
Protein that specifically serves to hold the duplicated chromosomes together. Is degraded at the spindle assembly checkpoint.
DNP was a very effective diet aid introduced in the 1930's, but it was nearly immediately taken off the market after several users died of acute hyperthermia (overheating). Why would DNP cause hyperthermia?
Protons flowing down their concentration gradient is an exergonic process, the energy from which, when not captured by ATP Synthase, is released as heat.
Which of the following is/are NET products of glycolysis?
Pyruvate
Conversion of a 3-carbon compound to a 2-carbon compound happens during:
Pyruvate Oxidation in the PDH
The activity of which of the following results in transcription (leading ultimately to translation) of genes required for DNA replication?
Ras
Which of the following is a cell cycle checkpoint "gatekeeper" (i.e. prevents cell cycle progression until all internal and external criteria are met) at the G1/S checkpoint?
Rb
Fill in the blank: E7 from Human Papilloma Virus can lead to cancer through inhibition of ___________.
Rb or Retinoblastoma
Fill in the blank: Growth factor signaling results in activation of Cdk, which phosphorylates ________ resulting in transcription of genes responsible for DNA replication. (credit for either full word or abbreviation)
Rb or Retinoblastoma
What is the primary purpose of fermentation?
Re-oxidation of NADH
The reaction shown below is a/an ______________ reaction. FAD + 2H+ + 2e- → FADH2
Reduction
The reaction shown below is a/an ______________ reaction. H3C2OH = H3C2OH3
Reduction
Which of the following does NOT happen during M-phase?
Separation of homologous chromosomes
Several vinca alkaloids from the Madagascar periwinkle are effective anti-cancer compounds. Vinca alkaloids inhibit microutuble polymerization. They therefore inhibit proliferation by preventing:
Spindle assembly
What metabolic pathway has reactants and products shown here? (Note that numbers of each compound are not included) CO2 + H2O → G3P + O2
The combined reactions of photosynthesis
Centriole
The microtubule-based triplet structure within the "central body" that nucleates formation of new microtubules.
Assuming O2 is available, in which of the following structures would you expect to see the highest pH?
The mitochondrial matrix
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
The reduction potential of FADH2 is higher than that of NADH.
Centromere
The region of the chromosomes where the two copies are held together after DNA replication. This may be near the center of the chromosome.
Why are the events of mitosis so important to the cell?
They ensure that each daughter cell inherits the correct type and number of chromosomes.
Normal human somatic cells (not gametes) are:
diploid with one copy of each homolog (2N,1X)
A normal, proliferating cell (not a gamete) during G2 of the cell cycle is:
diploid, with two copies of each homolog (2N, 2X)
The activity of ____ motor proteins interacting with ______ microtubles is primarily responsible for segregation of the daughter chromosomes during anaphase.
dynein; kinetochore
After Meiosis II, a typical animal cell is:
haploid, with one copy of each homolog (1N,1X)
The gametes (eggs or spermatozoa) of a typical animal are:
haploid, with one copy of each homolog (1N,1X)
After Meiosis I, a typical animal cell is:
haploid, with two copies of each homolog (1N,2X)
The activity of ____ motor proteins interacting with ______ microtubles is primarily responsible for elongating the cell to ensure separation of the daughter components before cytokinesis.
kinesin; polar
Fill in the blank: Short-term activation of p53 leads to transcription, and therefore translation of the CdK inhibitor ___________. (one word abbreviation)
p21
Which of these proteins is responsible for preventing cell cycle progression if DNA damage is detected?
p53
If DNA damage is so severe that it cannot be repaired by the normal cellular machinery, and, as a result, the cell cycle is arrested for an extended period of time, ________ activates transcription of genes responsible for __________.
p53; apoptosis
Fill in the blank: At the spindle assembly checkpoint, the kinetochore senses ___________ which occurs only once microtubules are bound to both sides of the kinetochore.
tension
Centrosome
The "central body" responsible for maintaining and organizing the microtubules of the mitotic spindle; replicates during S-phase, so each daughter cell inherits one.
What do maturation promoting factor (MPF) and second messengers in signal transduction have in common?
The both appear in the cell in response to a signal.