BIO325 Topics 3 & 4

A mutation that changes a single nucleotide can result in a different amino acid being added into a protein. Multiple Choice True False

True

DNA mutations are passed on to a cell's progeny. T/F

True

In dark repair, the final phosphodiester bond is formed by DNA ligase. T/F

True

Choose the answer that best applies to the relationship between eukaryotic and archaeal molecular chaperones. Multiple Choice Archaea utilize nascent-chain-associated chaperones (NAC) along with Hsp70 and Hsp40 chaperones, while eukaryotes require PFD and often utilize the Hsp60 thermosome to assist with protein folding. Both eukaryotes and archaea utilize nascent-chain-associated chaperones (NAC) and Hsp70, and eukaryotes require additional help from the Hsp60 thermosome to assist with protein folding. While both eukaryotes and archaea utilize nascent-chain-associated chaperones (NAC), eukaryotes require additional help from Hsp70 and Hsp40, and archaea require PFD, and often utilize the Hsp60 thermosome to assist with protein folding. While both eukaryotes and archaea utilize nascent-chain-associated chaperones (NAC), archaea require additional help from Hsp70 and Hsp40, and eukaryotes require PFD, and often utilize the Hsp60 thermosome to assist with protein folding.

While both eukaryotes and archaea utilize nascent-chain-associated chaperones (NAC), eukaryotes require additional help from Hsp70 and Hsp40, and archaea require PFD, and often utilize the Hsp60 thermosome to assist with protein folding.

In simple transposition, _________. Multiple Choice a double-stranded piece of DNA is copied, and the copy is moved to another site a single strand is moved, leaving a single strand behind a plasmid is incorporated into the cell's chromosome a double-stranded piece of DNA is moved from one site to another viral DNA is incorporated into the cell's chromosome

a double-stranded piece of DNA is moved from one site to another

Before entering the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is converted to _________. Multiple Choice acetic acid H2O and CO2 oxaloacetate glucose acetyl-CoA

acetyl-CoA

In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor is __________. Multiple Choice inactive and can bind to the operator active and cannot bind to the operator active and can bind to the operator inactive and cannot bind to the promoter inactive and cannot bind to the operator

active and can bind to the operator

After a tautomeric shift in adenine, _________. Multiple Choice adenine bonds with cytosine adenine bonds with uracil adenine bonds with thymine adenine is unable to bond with any molecule

adenine bonds with cytosine

What type of molecules are the substrates for transaminases? Multiple Choice Nucleotides Sugars Amino acids Lipids

amino acids

In regulation by repression _________. Multiple Choice a sugar, such as lactose, acts as an inducer and combines with the repressor to prevent transcription an inducer activates the activator so that it binds to DNA and prevents transcription an amino acid activates the repressor so that the repressor binds to the operator and prevents transcription an amino acid binds to the operator, blocking the repressor, allowing transcription to proceed

an amino acid activates the repressor so that the repressor binds to the operator and prevents transcription

Eukaryotic ribosomes differ from bacterial ribosomes in that the eukaryotic ribosomes _________. Multiple Choice are larger in size and require more initiation factors in order to be positioned properly on the mRNA are smaller in size and require more initiation factors in order to be positioned properly on the mRNA are smaller in size and require fewer initiation factors in order to be positioned properly on the mRNA are larger in size are smaller in size

are larger in size and require more initiation factors in order to be positioned properly on the mRNA

Simple transposition is also termed ________ transposition. Multiple Choice conservative wholesome complete direct liberal

conservative

DNA fragments contained within each of the different bacteria are ________. Multiple Choice identical DNA fragments different DNA fragments the entire DNA library the DNA for the desired cloned gene identical plasmids

different DNA fragments

Archaea and eukaryotes can regulate cellular processes posttranslationally by using __________. Multiple Choice feedback inhibition and covalent modifications feedback inhibition and regulatory transcription factors regulatory transcription factors compaction of chromatin and DNA methylation antisense RNA and alternate splicing

feedback inhibition and covalent modifications

The high-energy electrons of photosystem I are directly passed on to _________. Multiple Choice plastoquinone NADP reductase ATP synthase ferrodoxin plastocyanin

ferrodoxin

The trp operon consists of ________ genes that encode tryptophan biosynthesis enzymes.

five

The most likely source of the Taq polymerase used in PCR is a bacterium that lives in _________. Multiple Choice soil arctic ice hot vents humans plants

hot vents

In a tautomeric shift _________. Multiple Choice carbon atoms move to form a base with altered properties it is always adenine that is changed final bonding of nucleotides remains unchanged adenine is changed so it can no longer form base pairs hydrogen atoms move to form a base with altered hydrogen properties

hydrogen atoms move to form a base with altered hydrogen properties

In the absence of tryptophan, the trp repressor is _________. Multiple Choice active and can bind to the operator inactive and cannot bind to the operator inactive and cannot bind to the promoter inactive and can bind to the operator active and cannot bind to the operator

inactive and cannot bind to the operator

The movement of protons through ATP synthase in eukaryotes occurs from the _________. Multiple Choice matrix to the intermembrane space matrix to the cytoplasm intermembrane space to the matrix intermembrane space to the cytoplasm cytoplasm to the intermembrane space

intermembrane space to the matrix

The ends of a simple transposable element contain _________. Multiple Choice inverted repeats self-replicating genes sequences termed origins of transposition antibiotic-resistance genes direct repeats

inverted repeats

Pick the most complete correct answer. In archaea, RNA polymerase __________. Multiple Choice uses a promoter with a conserved TATA nucleotide sequence is most similar to RNA polymerase II of eukaryotes and uses a promoter with a conserved TATA nucleotide sequence is most similar to RNA polymerase II of bacteria and uses a promoter with a conserved TATA nucleotide sequence is most similar to RNA polymerase II of bacteria is most similar to RNA polymerase II of eukaryotes

is most similar to RNA polymerase II of eukaryotes and uses a promoter with a conserved TATA nucleotide sequence

Restriction enzymes do all of the following EXCEPT ________. Multiple Choice fragment DNA produce staggered cuts in specific DNA sequences generate fragments with cohesive ends isolate and purify DNA cleave plasmids

isolate and purify DNA

DNA probes are used to ________. Multiple Choice locate complementary RNA sequences in a test sample make homologous DNA make homologous RNA locate a specific DNA nucleotide sequence in a test sample

locate a specific DNA nucleotide sequence in a test sample

The lac operon is expressed when glucose is _________. Multiple Choice high and lactose is present high and lactose is absent low and lactose is present low and lactose is absent glucose is low, regardless of the presence or absence of lactose

low and lactose is present

When DNA is damaged by UV light and is not repaired _________. Multiple Choice DNA replication can proceed as normal but transcription is prevented transcription can proceed as normal but replication is prevented neither DNA replication nor transcription can occur and the organism will probably die the damaged part will be excised and allow DNA replication to proceed

neither DNA replication nor transcription can occur and the organism will probably die

If 35S was found in progeny phages rather than 32P, Hershey and Chase would have concluded that __________. Multiple Choice proteins contain phosphorus DNA contains sulfur phage DNA enters the host cell phage protein enters the host cell phage can kill the E. coli cell

phage protein enters the host cell

The correct structure of DNA components can be presented as _________. Multiple Choice phosphate-base-sugar phosphate-sugar-base base-phosphate-sugar phosphate-sugar-phosphate-base base-sugar-phosphate-base

phosphate-sugar-base

Enzymes act as catalysts and are made up of _________. Multiple Choice lipids proteins carbohydrates lipids and carbohydrates variable substances except proteins

proteins

In glycolysis, glucose is converted to _________. Multiple Choice citrate acetyl coA carbon dioxide and water NAD+ and ADP pyruvate

pyruvate

A microbiologist is trying to determine the prevalence of an oil-degrading gene in a collection of microbes. The best PCR method to use for this determination is ________. Multiple Choice either end-point or real-time PCR not enough information given end-point PCR real-time PCR

real-time PCR

In the Hershey and Chase experiment, radioactively labeled 32P __________. Multiple Choice did not enter the cell remained inside the cells after vigorous shaking was removed from the cells by vigorous shaking and 35S remained inside the cells after vigorous shaking and 35S were removed from the cells after vigorous shaking

remained inside the cell after vigorous shaking

Transcription is turned off by _________. Multiple Choice induction repression activation induction, repression, and activation

repression

DNA replication is said to be _________. Multiple Choice dispersive semiconservative conservative liberal inconclusive

semiconservative

Enzymes speed up cellular reactions by providing an active site for reacting molecules that are known as _________. Multiple Choice catalysts products substrates coenzymes substrates or coenzymes

substrates

In light repair _________. Multiple Choice the covalent bonds between the thymine dimers are broken a single thymine is excised the damaged segment of DNA is excised by DNA polymerase the damaged segment of DNA is excised by DNA ligase

the covalent bonds between the thymine dimers are broken

UV light damages DNA by causing covalent bonds to form between _________. Multiple Choice two cytosines next to each other on the same DNA strand thymine nucleotides next to each other on the same DNA strand two thymine nucleotides on opposing DNA strands a thymine and an adenine on the same DNA strand

thymine nucleotides next to each other on the same DNA strand

In eukaryotes, miRNAs can form a silencing complex, which base pairs to a target mRNA preventing translation. This is possible because _________. Multiple Choice transcription and translation are spatially separated in eukaryotes miRNAs are not susceptible to RNase the argonaute protein does not interact with miRNAs RISC is not complementary to the target RNA

transcription and translation are spatially separated in eukaryotes

Plasmids containing DNA fragments are incorporated into bacterial hosts by ________. Multiple Choice conjugation transduction transformation transposons vectors

transformation

If tryptophan is present in the cell's environment, tryptophan will bind to the _________. Multiple Choice operator promoter RNA polymerase trp genes trp repressor

trp repressor

During fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid synthase will elongate the fatty acid by the addition of _________ carbon(s) each cycle.

two

A single "turn" of the Krebs cycle (not including the prior formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate) will yield _________. Multiple Choice 1 ATP, 2 NADH, and 1 FADH2 2 ATP, 3 NADH, and 2 FADH2 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 FADH2 1 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 FADH2

1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2

Arrange the electron acceptors in the proper order in which they participate in electron transport. 1 = Cytochrome c 2 = Oxygen 3 = Cytochrome c oxidase

1, 3, 2

Arrange the following electron acceptors in the proper order in which they participate in the electron transport chain. 1 = Cytochrome c 2 = Oxygen 3 = Cytochrome c oxidase

1, 3, 2

What feature is characteristic of double-stranded DNA? Multiple Choice 5 nm wide 10 base pairs per turn 3.4 nm per base pair 20 base pairs per turn

10 bases pairs per turn

The NET products from the oxidation of glucose to pyruvate in the Emden-Meyerhof pathway are _________. Multiple Choice 2 NADH and 2 ATP 1 NADH and 1 ATP 4 NADH and 4 ATP 4 NADH and 2 ATP

2 NADH and 2 ATP

Following the formation of acetyl-CoA, the initial reaction of the Krebs cycle involves the addition of a __________. Multiple Choice 3-carbon molecule to a 5-carbon molecule 2-carbon molecule to a 4-carbon molecule 3-carbon molecule to a 4-carbon molecule 2-carbon molecule to a 6-carbon molecule 2-carbon molecule to a 5-carbon molecule

2-carbon molecule to a 4-carbon molecule

Choose the DNA sequence that is complementary to 5' TAGAC 3'? 5' TAGAC 3' 5' ATCTG 3' 5' GTCTA 3' 5' CAGAT 3' None of the choices are correct.

5' GTCTA 3' paired middles; opposite outsides

If you start with one double-stranded DNA molecule and you perform SIX cycles of PCR, how many double-stranded copies of the DNA will you have?

64

According to Chargaff's rule, which of the following statements about double-stranded DNA is TRUE? Multiple Choice A = T and C = G A + G = C + T A + T = C + G A=T, G=C, and A+G=C+T A=T, G=C, and A+G=C+T and A+T=C+G

A=T, G=C, and A+G=C+T

The Calvin-Benson cycle uses _________, which are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis. Multiple Choice 3-phosphoglycerate and glucose RuBP and O2 CO2 and H2O ATP and NADPH ADP and NADH

ATP and NADPH

In living organisms, ATP is the most commonly used practical form of energy. Review your knowledge of the structure of ATP by analyzing its components. Multiple Choice ATP is composed of adenine only. ATP is composed of adenine and the pentose sugar ribose. ATP is composed of adenine and the pentose sugar ribose and one phosphate. ATP is composed of adenine and the pentose sugar ribose and two phosphates. ATP is composed of adenine and the pentose sugar ribose and three phosphates.

ATP is composed of adenine and the pentose sugar ribose and three phosphates.

Choose the answer that does not apply to metabolic channeling. Multiple Choice Enzymes and metabolites are differentially distributed among organelles according to the needs of the cell. Bacterial cells, having no nucleus or organelles, are not capable of metabolic channeling. Transport of metabolites and coenzymes can be regulated between cell compartments. Compartmentation allows similar metabolic pathways to run simultaneously but under separate regulatory mechanisms.

Bacterial cells, having no nucleus or organelles, are not capable of metabolic channeling.

Which of the following biomolecules contain porphyrins? Multiple Choice Bacteriochlorphyll Bactoprenol Glyoxylate

Bacteriochlorphyll

During cellular respiration, cells obtain energy from food molecules such as glucose by using which of the following reactions? Multiple Choice Cells obtain energy from glucose by using phosphorylating reactions. Cells obtain energy from glucose by using oxidation-reduction reactions. Cells obtain energy from glucose by using photosynthetic reactions. Cells obtain energy from glucose by using anabolic reactions.

Cells obtain energy from glucose by using oxidation-reduction reactions.

What part of the phage entered the bacterial cell following infection? DNA RNA Protein coat The entire phage No part

DNA

In hybridization ________. Multiple Choice two DNAs from the same source combine DNA from two separate sources combine DNA combines with complementary RNA DNA is split into two separate pieces

DNA from two separate sources combine

PCR requires all of the following EXCEPT _________. Multiple Choice primers DNA ligase DNA polymerase DNA of interest deoxyribonucleotides

DNA ligase

For DNA probes to hybridize, ________. Multiple Choice DNA strands must be homologous, having regions with similar or identical nucleotide sequences DNA strands must be nonhomologous DNA must be complementary to RNA DNA must be fragmented by reverse transcriptase

DNA strands must be homologous, having regions with similar or identical nucleotide sequences

Which equation correctly represents the mechanism of enzyme function (Substrate = S, Product = P, Enzyme = E)? Multiple Choice S + P → E-P → E + P E + P → E-P→ E-S → E + S E + P → E-S → E-P → E + P E + S → E-S → E-P → E + P E + S → E-P → E-S → E + S

E + S → E-S → E-P → E + P

Excision repair takes place only in the presence of light. T/F

False

Which DNA sequence pairing is the most stable? Multiple Choice CTGCATAC GACGTATG GAAATTTC CTTTAAAG AGTCGAAT TCAGCTTA GCGTGCAC CGCACGTG GGATCCTG CCTAGGAC

GCGTGCAC CGCACGTG Guanine is linked to cytosine with three hydrogen bonds as opposed to two with adenine to thymine. The three hydrogen bonds lend more stability, thus allowing strands with the most guanine and cytosine to be more stable.

Which pathway is a modified TCA cycle found in some bacteria, fungi, and protists that uses isocitrate lyase and malate synthase? Multiple Choice Glyoxylate cycle Succinyl-CoA cycle Oxaloacetate cycle Fumarate cycle

Glyoxylate cycle

How do the enzymes hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase differ? Multiple Choice Hexokinase transfers a phosphate from ATP to glucose to make glucose 6-phosphate, and glucose 6-phosphatase catalyzes the reverse reaction. Both enzymes have glucose 6-phosphate as their substrate, but hexokinase requires ATP as the energy source. Both are really the same enzyme, which works in both directions depending on the pathway used. They both catalyze reactions in gluconeogenesis, but at different locations in the pathway.

Hexokinase transfers a phosphate from ATP to glucose to make glucose 6-phosphate, and glucose 6-phosphatase catalyzes the reverse reaction.

In eukaryotes, the initiator tRNA for translation is _________. Multiple Choice different from the initiator used by bacteria and archaea ƒMet-tRNAiMet, which is also used by bacteria Met-tRNAiMet, which is also used by archaea and bacteria Met-tRNAiMet, which is also used by archaea

Met-tRNAiMet, which is also used by archaea

Which of the following is not a metabolic characteristic common to all organisms? Multiple Choice Microbes evolved to provide humans with chemical energy in the form of ATP. Metabolic reactions obey the laws of thermodynamics. Redox reactions play a critical role in the conservation of energy. Metabolic pathways are catalyzed by enzymes. Metabolic pathways are highly regulated.

Microbes evolved to provide humans with chemical energy in the form of ATP.

Which of the following chemical equations best describes the reduction of the coenzyme NAD+? Multiple Choice NAD + H → NADHIncorrect NAD+ +2H+ +2e- → NADH + H+ NAD+ + H++2e- → NADH2 NADH → NAD+ + H+ NADH → NAD + H

NAD+ +2H+ +2e- → NADH + H+

The electrons that are transferred through the electron transport system were initially transferred from _________. Multiple Choice NADH FADH2 ATP oxygen NADH and FADH2

NADH and FADH2

Which answer best explains why antibiotics targeting the cell wall of bacteria have few side effects on people? Multiple Choice Peptidoglycan is a compound that is unique to bacteria and those antibiotics targeting bacterial cell walls are unlikely to target any compounds that people have in or on their cells. Antibiotics are so quickly metabolized by human cells that they don't have a chance to bind to the antibiotic-targets (or causes so little damage that it goes unnoticed). Antibiotics are synthesized by bacteria to kill other microbes and therefore do not harm people. The human anatomy prevents antibiotics from entering their cells.

Peptidoglycan is a compound that is unique to bacteria and those antibiotics targeting bacterial cell walls are unlikely to target any compounds that people have in or on their cells.

Choose the answer below that represents the correct sequence of events and mechanism during photosynthesis. Multiple Choice Photosystem I (NADPH production) → Photosystem II (ATP production) Photosystem II (ATP production) → Photosystem I (NADPH production) Photosystem II (NADPH production) → Photosystem I (ATP production) Photosystem I (ATP production) → Photosystem II (NADPH production)

Photosystem II (ATP production) → Photosystem I (NADPH production)

Which compound is considered structurally the largest? (In other words, which has the most atoms in it?) Multiple Choice Purines Pyrimidines

Purines

The Calvin-Benson cycle begins by the attachment of CO2 to which of the following? Multiple Choice Glucose Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 3-phosphoglycerate None of these choices are correct. RuBP

RuBP

Which of the protein/function pairs is mismatched? Multiple Choice DNA gyrase—relieves supercoiling DNA primase—synthesizes RNA primer DNA ligase—joins DNA fragments SSB protein—unwinds double-stranded DNA

SSB protein—unwinds double-stranded DNA

Bacterial replicons differ from eukaryotic and archaeal replicons in that _________. Multiple Choice bacterial DNA is associated with histones and they have multiple origins of replication, whereas eukaryotes and archaea have a single origin of replication, and their DNA is not associated with histones bacteria have no histones and multiple origins of replication, whereas eukaryotes and archaea have a single origin of replication, and their DNA is associated with histones bacterial DNA is associated with histones and they have a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotes and archaea have multiple origins of replication, and their DNA is not associated with histones bacteria have no histones and a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotes and archaea have multiple origins of replication, and their DNA is associated with histones

bacteria have no histones and a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotes and archaea have multiple origins of replication, and their DNA is associated with histones

An active repressor protein _________. Multiple Choice binds to an inducer to activate it binds to the DNA molecule and prevents transcription binds to the RNA polymerase, preventing messenger RNA synthesis is a structural protein binds to the DNA molecule and promotes transcription initiation

binds to the DNA molecule and prevents transcription

The electrons that are transferred through the electron transport system initially belonged to _________. Multiple Choice both NADH and FADH2 NADH ATP FADH2 oxygen

both NADH and FADH2

When in a complex with ________, the CAP protein binds to the CAP site and ________ the expression of the lac operon. Multiple Choice lactose; switches on cAMP; switches off glucose; switches off glucose; switches on cAMP; switches on

cAMP; switches on

When a microorganism such as E. coli is grown on glucose it is _________. Multiple Choice it is unable to produce its peptidoglycan layer incapable of amino acid production unable to produce ATP capable of amino acid production unable to synthesize a cell wall

capable of amino acid production

Fatty acids are called saturated when their _________. Multiple Choice carbon atoms are maximally bound to hydrogen atoms fatty acid tails bend (i.e., they are not straight) carbon atoms have double bonds with other carbon atoms glycerol contains a phosphate group

carbon atoms are maximally bound to hydrogen atoms

A mutation that causes a change in a single nucleotide in DNA _________. Multiple Choice changes the corresponding nucleotide in mRNA, resulting in a different codon causes the codon to be correct, but the anticodon to be incorrect causes protein synthesis to stop will have no effect on the resulting protein

changes the corresponding nucleotide in mRNA, resulting in a different codon