BioBases Chapter 17

Injection of corticotropin-releasing factor into the ventricles of rats results in a decreased startle response when presented with loud noise. increased stamina in anxiety-provoking tasks. improved learning of a conditioned fear response. impaired learning of a conditioned fear response. increased amounts of time spent in open areas.

Answer is not a decreased startle response when presented with loud noise

A novel treatment for autistic disorder involves behavior therapy. antidepressant drugs. benzodiazepine agonists. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. administration of the hormone oxytocin.

Answer is not administration of the hormone oxytocin.

Long-term exposure to steroids can result in reduced blood pressure. activation of the immune system. a form of psychosis as well as symptoms of anxiety. an improved rate of wound healing. tolerance to infections.

a form of psychosis as well as symptoms of anxiety.

A person with ________ who is exposed to a trauma is more likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder. a past history of trauma a high educational level a large hippocampus high plasma cortisol levels no combat experience

a past history of trauma

Regarding neurosurgery and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), ablation of the frontal cortex is most likely to produce improvement in OCD symptoms. ablation of the cingulum bundle is most likely to produce negative cognitive changes in OCD patients. neurosurgery works best when followed by drug treatment. ablation of the cingulum bundle can lead to some improvement in OCD symptoms in about half of patients. neurosurgery is the most common form of treatment for OCD.

ablation of the cingulum bundle can lead to some improvement in OCD symptoms in about half of patients.

An intense fear of being away from home or other protected places is known as geophobia. acrophobia. spatial anxiety. agoraphobia. claustrophobia.

agoraphobia.

Functional imaging studies indicate that panic attack is accompanied by activation of the hippocampus. thalamus. cingulated cortex. amygdala. corpus callosum.

amygdala.

An example of a species-typical behavior for a human is acral licking. combing your hair. a mother using her teeth to move her infant to another room. building a nest to house an infant. ingesting food.

combing your hair.

Another name for CRH is ________ factor. insulin-releasing glucagon-releasing cortisol-releasing estrogen-releasing corticotropin-releasing

corticotropin-releasing

Which of the following categories of compulsions would be most compatible with a career as an IRS auditor? counting and checking avoidance and denial checking and avoidance cleaning and grooming denial and counting

counting and checking

The Vietnam-era twin study suggests that a person with a smaller ________ was more likely to develop PTSD after a combat experience. frontal cortex caudate nucleus amygdala corpus callosum hippocampus

hippocampus

Prenatal stress can cause long-lasting malfunctions in learning and memory by interfering with normal development of the cerebral cortex. hippocampus. amygdala. thalamus. hypothalamus.

hippocampus.

The first defense within the nose, mouth, throat, and lungs against infectious microbes is the immunoglobulin IgA. CRH. cortisol. epinephrine. the release of antigens.

the immunoglobulin IgA.

Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders is approximately _______ in the United States. 1% 2% 3% 5% 8%

1%

Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children are a concern because ADHD interferes with learning in school. their behavior is irritating to teachers. excessive fidgeting leads to extreme weight loss. ADHD children are prone to develop cocaine abuse as adults. ADHD in childhood is associated with depression in adulthood.

ADHD interferes with learning in school.

The hypothalamus releases ___________, the pituitary releases __________, and the adrenals release ___________________ to make up the steps of action in the HPA axis. corticotropin-releasing hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone; glucocorticoids glucocorticoids; corticotropin-releasing hormone; adrenocorticotropic hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone; corticotropin-releasing hormone; glucocorticoids corticotropin-releasing hormone; glucocorticoids; adrenocorticotropic hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone; glucocorticoids; corticotropin-releasing hormone

Answer is not corticotropin-releasing hormone; glucocorticoids; adrenocorticotropic hormone

A(n) ________ is a component of the immune system that is developed within bone marrow. antigen pathogen B-lymphocyte alpha-lymphocyte T-lymphocyte

B-lymphocyte

Chemically mediated immune reactions are produced by ________________ and cell-mediated immune reactions are produced by _________________. B-lymphocytes; T-lymphocytes T-lymphocytes; B-lymphocytes immunoglobulins; T-lymphocytes B-lymphocytes; immunoglobulins cytokines; immunoglobulins

B-lymphocytes; T-lymphocytes

Assume that the delay of reinforcement gradient is steeper in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD). Which of the following best explains the symptoms of ADHD? Classroom behaviors have a short interval between behavior and reinforcement. ADHD children are less sensitive to rewards, regardless of the interval between response and reinforcement. Serotonin agonists alter the gradient of reinforcement. Classroom behaviors have a long interval between behavior and reinforcement. Reinforcements that follow a short delay are less effective in ADHD children.

Classroom behaviors have a long interval between behavior and reinforcement.

Which statement is most accurate about treatment of PTSD? Cognitive behavior therapy, group therapy, and antidepressants are the most common treatments. TMS is largely ineffective. SSRIs can worsen symptoms. Psychotherapy increases amygdala activity and decreases prefrontal cortex activity. Re-exposure to the traumatic event helps individuals overcome PTSD.

Cognitive behavior therapy, group therapy, and antidepressants are the most common treatments.

The impact of allostatic load is demonstrated by which phenomenon? Couples who displayed high levels of hostile behavior had wounds that healed more slowly than couples that displayed more friendly behaviors. Caregivers of family members with Alzheimer's disease had wounds that healed quicker than non-caregivers. Wounds heal faster during final exams as compared to summer vacation. High HPA axis activity is linked to greater gains in healing. Low HPA axis activity is linked to slower gains in healing.

Couples who displayed high levels of hostile behavior had wounds that healed more slowly than couples that displayed more friendly behaviors.

The presence of various neuroprotective hormones, such as ____________, can promote resilience in the event of stress. DHEA and thyroxine thyroxine and cortisol DHEA and testosterone neuropeptide Y and cortisol thyroxine and neuropeptide Y

DHEA and testosterone

The effectiveness of benzodiazepines for the treatment of anxiety disorders involves 5HT3 receptors. GABA_A receptors. nicotinic receptors. 5HT1A receptors. noradrenergic receptors.

GABA_A receptors.

________ is a biological factor associated with autism. Maternal cocaine use German measles during pregnancy Paternal syphilis Use of antipsychotic meds during the pregnancy Family environment

German measles during pregnancy

Which statement is most accurate regarding symptoms of PTSD? PTSD is a form of psychosis. Recollections and flashbacks can help the individual face the trauma. Individuals with PTSD often have undisturbed sleep patterns. The startle response of individuals with PTSD is often unaffected. Intense psychological distress is one of the primary symptoms.

Intense psychological distress is one of the primary symptoms.

Which statement is most accurate regarding obsessive-compulsive disorder? Compulsions are usually mild and do not interfere with daily life. Individuals with OCD do not realize they have irrational obsessions. Obsessions are never comorbid with other disorders. OCD is more similar to hoarding and trichotillomania than anxiety disorders. Therapy is successful in all cases of OCD.

OCD is more similar to hoarding and trichotillomania than anxiety disorders.

Which of the following is true regarding attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? The prevalence is approximately 10% of children. Girls are more likely to be diagnosed as children. Over half of children with ADHD show symptoms into adulthood. ADHD must include both inattention and hyperactivity. Women are more likely to be diagnosed with adult ADHD.

Over half of children with ADHD show symptoms into adulthood.

The correct pathway for the secretion of glucocorticoids involves: central nucleus of the amygdala -> activates ACTH secretion from anterior pituitary -> PVN activation -> glucocorticoid secretion from adrenal medulla CRH secretion within the PVN -> activates ACTH release from anterior pituitary -> glucocorticoid secretion from adrenal cortex PVN activation -> CRH secretion in median eminence -> ACTH secretion from anterior pituitary -> glucocorticoid secretion from adrenal cortex ACTH secretion from the PVN -> CRH release from the posterior pituitary -> glucocorticoid secretion from adrenal cortex activation of the central nucleus of the amygdala -> sympathetic activation -> adrenaline release -> glucocorticoid secretion from adrenal cortex

PVN activation -> CRH secretion in median eminence -> ACTH secretion from anterior pituitary -> glucocorticoid secretion from adrenal cortex

Which statement is most accurate with regard to panic disorder? Prevalence rates are higher in Latin American countries. Men are more likely to experience panic disorder. Panic attacks are often confused with heart attacks. Prevalence in the U.S. is approximately 10%. Panic disorder is typically diagnosed in childhood.

Panic attacks are often confused with heart attacks.

Which person is more likely to experience traumatic events and, as a result, experience PTSD? Joel, a Type-B personality who isn't deadline driven and enjoys music John, an anxious and easily angered student Peter, an irritable blue collar worker who enjoys driving fast Thomas, a quiet, easy mannered manager whose idea of "risky" includes swimming in the local lake Michael, an online video gamer who stays in nightly

Peter, an irritable blue collar worker who enjoys driving fast

_______ refers to the study of the interactions among the nervous system, the immune system, and environmental stimuli. Biopsychology Environmental psychotoxicology Psychoneuroimmunology Autoimmunology Immunopsychology

Psychoneuroimmunology

_______ is a pervasive developmental disorder that involves an arrest of brain development during infancy. Social phobia Asperger's syndrome Childhood disintegrative disorder Rett's disorder Obsessive compulsive disorder

Rett's disorder

Panic disorder is currently treated using a combination of behavior therapy and MAO inhibitor drugs. tricyclic antidepressant drugs. benzodiazepine drugs. ethyl alcohol. SSRIs.

SSRIs.

Which of the following is the strongest support for a genetic influence on autism? The concordance rate for autism is 70 percent in fraternal twins and 0 percent in identical twins. The concordance rate for autism is 5 percent in fraternal twins and 70 percent in identical twins. Siblings of autistic children are less likely to develop autism than the normal population. Parents of autistic children are usually autistic. Autism is effectively treated using serotonin agonist drugs.

The concordance rate for autism is 5 percent in fraternal twins and 70 percent in identical twins.

A person showing muscular and vocal tics, squatting, grunting, and vulgar speech is most likely to have Guillain-Barré syndrome. Kluver-Bucy syndrome. Tourette's syndrome. Clint Eastwood syndrome. Korsakoff's disease.

Tourette's syndrome.

Which of the following is true of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? Women are more likely than men to develop PTSD. PTSD is a problem noted after middle age. Women are more likely than men to experience severe trauma. PTSD is an environmental disorder with no genetic roots. PTSD results in poor psychological functioning without problems in physical health.

Women are more likely than men to develop PTSD.

A key characteristic of autistic disorder involves highly developed social skills. normal imaginative ability. normal interests and behaviors. an inability to relate to point of view taken by others. superior athletic ability.

an inability to relate to point of view taken by others.

With regard to glucocorticoids, an inability to secrete glucocorticoids results in greater reactivity/toxicity to stressors. secretion of glucocorticoids is controlled by the central nucleus of the amygdala. these act to increase levels of hormones that affect sexual function. cortisol is a glucocorticoid released by the anterior pituitary gland. receptors for the glucocorticoids are mostly found within limbic system neurons.

an inability to secrete glucocorticoids results in greater reactivity/toxicity to stressors.

A person who cannot control his or her anxiety will exhibit an increase in brain GABA activity. a loss of serotonin function within the amygdala and hypothalamus. increased neuronal activity within the cingulated cortex. an increase in neuronal activity within the amygdala . changes in blood flow within the cerebellum.

an increase in neuronal activity within the amygdala .

The immune system develops ________ through exposure to ________. interferon; antibodies antigens; antibodies antibodies; B-lymphocytes antibodies; antigens infections; antibodies

antibodies; antigens

The most common psychiatric disorder is schizophrenia. anxiety disorder. mood disorder. post-traumatic stress disorder. obsessive compulsive disorder.

anxiety disorder.

Glucocorticoid receptors are found in highest concentration in the adrenal glands. are found within almost every cell of the body. disappear following adrenalectomy. gradually deteriorate with age. are primarily localized in the brainstem and the spinal cord.

are found within almost every cell of the body.

The symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder that occur after an infection are likely to be the result of autoimmune-associated damage to the hypothalamus. basal ganglia. cerebellum. somatosensory cortex. cingulate sulcus.

basal ganglia.

Injection of CRH into the brain would be expected to result in a profound state of relaxation. increased beard growth in men. impaired fear responses. behavioral signs of anxiety. activation of the parasympathetic nervous system.

behavioral signs of anxiety.

A panic-prone person who ingests a(n) ________ would be expected to show increased anxiety. benzodiazepine agonist tricyclic antidepressant MAO inhibitor combination of ethyl alcohol and barbiturate benzodiazepine antagonist

benzodiazepine antagonist

The key role of immunoglobulins in immune function is to stimulate cell division. act as the body's first defense against malignant tumors. induce production of cells in the thymus. bind to antigens on the membrane of a foreign cell. induce the release of CRF from the PVN.

bind to antigens on the membrane of a foreign cell.

A problem with using benzodiazepine drugs as long-term anxiety treatment is that these drugs induce seizures. cause sedation. make a person more prone to drink alcohol. result in sensitization. suppress REM sleep.

cause sedation.

The most common treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder involves daily administration of methylphenidate. daily administration of cocaine. daily administration of Prozac. ablation of the cingulum bundle. drugs that are dopamine antagonists.

daily administration of methylphenidate.

The deleterious effect of stress on memory involves the action of glucocorticoid release to release acetylcholine in the hippocampus. damage cells within field CA1 of the hippocampus. increase the entry of glucose into neurons. increase the reuptake of glutamate into nerve cells. directly induce apoptosis.

damage cells within field CA1 of the hippocampus.

The social deficits that individuals with autism spectrum disorder experience suggests ____________ activation of the ______________. decreased; amygdala decreased; fusiform face area increased; amygdala increased; fusiform face area increased; thalamus

decreased; fusiform face area

The ________ pathway from the basal ganglia to the cortex is ________ for motor function. indirect; excitatory direct; inhibitory corticofugal; excitatory direct; excitatory hyperdirect; excitatory

direct; excitatory

A general finding is that the brains of autistic children exhibit loss of cells within the cerebral cortex. enlarged brain size. fewer axons within the corpus callosum. reduced volume of the hippocampus. decreased numbers of gyri within the frontal lobes.

enlarged brain size.

The primary means by which the immune system defends against invading organisms is to use immune-generated cells to indirectly kill a foreign cell. release corticosterone. generate antigens. generate antibodies that bind to and kill a foreign cell. release CRH into the hypothalamus.

generate antibodies that bind to and kill a foreign cell.

The capacity of stress to suppress the immune response is mediated by the secretion of immunoglobulins. cytokines. glucocorticoids. norepinephrine. B-lymphocytes.

glucocorticoids

Elderly people with elevated blood levels of _____________ learned a maze ________ than did those with normal levels. glucocorticoids; more slowly glucocorticoids; more quickly thyroxine; more slowly thyroxine; more quickly testosterone; more slowly

glucocorticoids; more slowly

An example of an adverse stress effect on immune function is when a person who cares for a relative with Alzheimer's disease produces more antibodies to a bacterial agent. fighter pilots show higher immune responses after successive missions. husbands whose wives died from breast cancer show reduced immune response. antibody production is stimulated by release of glucocorticoids. glucocorticoid release is inhibited by chronic stress.

husbands whose wives died from breast cancer show reduced immune response.

In a response to a stressful situation, the ___________ stimulates release of cortisol from the _____________. sympathetic adrenal-medullary system; adrenal medulla sympathetic adrenal-medullary system; adrenal cortex hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis; adrenal medulla hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis; adrenal cortex hypothalamic adrenal-medullary system; adrenal cortex

hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis; adrenal cortex

A(n) ________ is an antibody released by B-lymphocytes that binds with antigens and helps destroy invading microorganisms. immunoglobulin cytokine T-lymphocyte interleukin-1 cell immunocyte

immunoglobulin

The relatively poor ability of autistic persons to understand the emotional facial expressions of other persons is likely due to overactivation of the fusiform face area. visual acuity problems. impaired activation of the fusiform face area. enhanced activity within the orbitofrontal cortex. an infection involving the corpus callosum.

impaired activation of the fusiform face area.

The childhood disorder known as autism can be effectively treated with serotonin agonist drugs. is characterized by muscular and vocal tics. includes affective, cognitive, and behavioral abnormalities. affects 2% of the population. typically wanes during the early adult years.

includes affective, cognitive, and behavioral abnormalities.

The inhibitory action of stress on immune function is mostly due to inactivation of the PVN. impaired secretion of CRH. increased secretion of glucocorticoids. inactivation of the pituitary. increased formation of immunoglobulins.

increased secretion of glucocorticoids.

The capacity of stress to ________ would predispose an organism to develop an infectious illness. inhibit the immune system induce high blood pressure inhibit growth inhibit the inflammatory response inhibit the secretion of steroid sex hormones

inhibit the immune system

The capacity of glucocorticoids to impair specific immune responses involves activation of the paraventricular hypotalamus by ACTH. interference with B-lymphocyte function. increased release of the interleukins. interference with cytokine stimulation of other white blood cells. interference with T-lymphocyte function.

interference with cytokine stimulation of other white blood cells.

The specific compulsion known as trichotillomania is most common in males. involves hair pulling. can be treated by lithium. involves damage to the cingulum. occurs in about 5% of the population.

involves hair pulling.

Although obsessions are seen in schizophrenia and in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a person with OCD is aware of the obsession and would like it to stop. experiences more intense anxiety than does a schizophrenic. is less likely to recover from the disorder. is more likely be an older male. responds better to haloperidol than does a schizophrenic.

is aware of the obsession and would like it to stop.

A person who has been subjected to long-term stress is more likely to suffer poorer health later in life. will show immediate health effects, but recover quickly. will recover gradually, but exhibit no lasting effects of the stress. may be more likely to have high blood pressure, but not ulcers. is more likely to show avoidance of stress in the future.

is more likely to suffer poorer health later in life.

Drugs that block the dopamine transporter would be expected to decrease synaptic levels of dopamine. impair dopamine neurotransmission. reduce the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. reduce the likelihood of activation of other neurons. aggravate the behavioral symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

reduce the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The observation that ________ is an effective treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suggests that ADHD results from ________. fluoxetine; a deficit in serotonin transmission haloperidol; overstimulation of dopamine transmission methylphenidate; understimulation of dopamine transmission fenfluramine; overstimulation of serotonin transmission methylphenidate; overstimulation of dopamine transmission

methylphenidate; understimulation of dopamine transmission

Methylphenidates stimulate release of dopamine and ________ in the prefrontal cortex to ameliorate the symptoms of ADHD. glycine norepinephrine acetylcholine serotonin GABA

norepinephrine

Tierra is fearful of catching an illness. She envisions germs covering every surface when she ventures outside of her immaculately kept apartment. She wears gloves and refuses to touch other individuals or to allow them to touch her. Her preoccupation with germs would be considered a(n) compulsion. obsession. fixation. mania. occupation.

obsession.

The form of anxiety known as panic disorder occurs twice as often in women as in men. is a disorder of young women, but not young men. rarely appears before the age of 35. is five times more likely to occur in older men than older women. rarely lasts more than a few seconds.

occurs twice as often in women as in men.

A person who experiences recurrent panic disorder may become even more anxious because of anticipatory anxiety. of embarrassment associated with screaming in public places. of residual long-lasting anxiety from the last panic attack. anxiety symptoms show sensitization with repeated experiences. anxiety causes the release of GABA in brain.

of anticipatory anxiety.

The specific compulsion known as ________ involves nail biting. somatophagia Kluver-Bucy syndrome onychophagia acral lick dermatitis trichotillomania

onychophagia

Neurons localized within the ________ control the secretion of glucocorticoids. posterior pituitary preoptic hypothalamus central nucleus of the amygdala reticular activating system paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN)

paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN)

A biological basis for panic disorder is suggested by the finding that identical and fraternal twins are equally likely to develop panic disorder. panic disorder responds well to family psychotherapy. persons who develop panic disorder after lactic acid injections are more likely to have biological relatives with a history of anxiety disorder. haloperidol is an effective antidote for anxiety. panic disorder can be precipitated by the use of alcohol and cocaine.

persons who develop panic disorder after lactic acid injections are more likely to have biological relatives with a history of anxiety disorder.

Individuals with PTSD were shown pictures of faces with fearful expressions. In this study, the symptoms of the people with PTSD were _________________ correlated with the activation of the amygdala and ____________ correlated with the activation of the medial prefrontal cortex. positively; negatively negatively; positively positively; positively positively; not not; negatively

positively; negatively

The symptoms of ADHD such as impulsivity and poor planning resemble those noted after damage to the substantia nigra. caudate nucleus. nucleus accumbens. central amygdala. prefrontal cortex.

prefrontal cortex.

The most consistent abnormality noted in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder brains is a loss of myelin in cells within the spinal cord. a decreased number of cells within the basal ganglia. an increase in the number of cells within the corpus callosum. reduced activation of the medial prefrontal cortex. a 5% increase in total brain volume.

reduced activation of the medial prefrontal cortex.

Shared symptoms between depression and PTSD include memory impairments. flashbacks of trauma. avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma. reduced interest or participation in significant activities. psychosis.

reduced interest or participation in significant activities.

Drugs that effectively reduce obsessions in OCD are reverse agonists for GABA. opiate antagonists. GABA agonists. serotonin agonists. serotonin antagonists.

serotonin agonists.

Three drugs are regularly used to treat the symptoms of OCD: clomipramine, fluoxetine, and fluvoxamine. These drugs are dopamine agonists. serotonin agonists. norepinephrine antagonists. dopamine antagonists. serotonin antagonists.

serotonin agonists.

The key role of cytokines in immune function is to stimulate cell division. act as the body's first defense against malignant tumors. induce production of cells in the thymus. bind to antigens on the membrane of a foreign cell. induce the release of CRF from the PVN.

stimulate cell division.

Prolonged stress can result in cardiovascular disease because stress-related hormones are toxic for cardiac cells. stress can increase blood pressure. of prolonged activation of the parasympathetic nervous system. stress increases consumption of fatty foods that in turn clog the arteries. activation of the sympathetic nervous system produces more wear and tear on the cardiovascular system.

stress can increase blood pressure.

A physiological reaction produced in the body by the perception of aversive or threatening events is referred to as a stressor. a fight-or-flight response. stressful. an immune response. stress.

stress.

Deep brain stimulation of the ________ is partially effective in treating ________. cerebellum; Parkinson's disease direct pathway; OCD subthalamic nucleus; OCD orbiofrontal cortex; panic disorder amygdala; Parkinson's disease

subthalamic nucleus; OCD

In a response to a stressful situation, the ___________ stimulates release of catecholamines from the _____________. sympathetic adrenal-medullary system; adrenal medulla sympathetic adrenal-medullary system; adrenal cortex hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis; adrenal medulla hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis; adrenal cortex hypothalamic adrenal-medullary system; adrenal cortex

sympathetic adrenal-medullary system; adrenal medulla

Hans Selye argued that ill health noted after stress exposure reflects decreased blood pressure. overstimulation of growth. the prolonged secretion of glucocorticoids. the activation of apoptosis in brain by stress exposure. the prolonged secretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine.

the prolonged secretion of glucocorticoids.

Which of the following persons would be expected to take more time to heal from a cut on his or her hand? a mother who just went on vacation the son of an air traffic controller the spouse of an Alzheimer's patient the grandchild of a concentration camp survivor a child who just returned to fourth grade

the spouse of an Alzheimer's patient

During a stress response, the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is activated. norepinephrine is released as a neurotransmitter in the brain. the adrenal gland releases steroid hormones. an increased output of the heart increases blood flow to the muscles. the adrenal glands secrete androgens.

the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is activated.

The most effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder is the use of serotonin agonist drugs. self-medication using alcohol and cocaine. neurosurgery. long-term psychotherapy. antibiotic drug therapy.

the use of serotonin agonist drugs.

An obsession is a ________, while a compulsion is a ________. delusion; strong emotion form of species-typical behavior; learned behavior thought; behavior learned behavior; delusional thought recurring feeling of anxiety; form of intense euphoria

thought; behavior

Humans exposed to the stress of ________ show evidence of brain degeneration in CT scans. life torture adolescence caregiving motherhood

torture

The specific compulsion known as ________ involves hair pulling. somatophagia Kluver-Bucy syndrome onychophagia acral lick dermatitis trichotillomania

trichotillomania

The form of anxiety known as panic disorder occurs twice as often in men as in women. is a disorder of young women, but not young men. usually appears in young adulthood. is five times more likely to occur in older men than older women. rarely lasts more than a few seconds.

usually appears in young adulthood.

With regard to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), PTSD is an environmental disorder with no genetic roots. PTSD is a problem noted after middle age. women are more likely than men to experience severe trauma. women are more likely than men to develop PTSD. PTSD results in poor psychological functioning without problems in physical health.

women are more likely than men to develop PTSD.