Biochemistry- Exam 3

how many moles of ATP per gram of fatty acid are formed during the complete catabolism of a saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(Ch2)24CO2H (molar mass 397 g/mol)

0.443 molecules ATP/ g fatty acid

How many molecules of GTP are produced from each turn of the citric acid cycle

1

how many molecules of ATP are produced for each unit of GTP formed in the citric acid cycle

1

how many reactions in the citric acid cycle generate FADH2

1

how many molecules of NADH are formed during the complete catabolism of a saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)20CO2H

10

how many molecules of coenzyme A are needed for complete catabolism of a saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)18CO2H

10

how much ATP is generated for each acetyl coa during stages 3 and 4 of catabolism

10 molecules of ATP

how much ATP results form the transformation of one glucose to two molecules of acetyl coa

12

how many molecules of ATP are formed during the complete catabolism of a saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)20CO2H

148

how many carbons enter into the citric acid cycle with each new acetyl coa

2

how many molecules of CO2 are produced for each turn of the citric acid cycle?

2

how much ATP results from the transformation of two molecules of acetyl coa to four molecules of CO2

20

which steps of the citric acid cycle generate reduced coenzymes necessary in the production of ATP

3, 4, 6, 8

beta oxidation of a fatty acid requires how mnay steps to cleave a two carbon acetyl coa unit from the starting acyl coa

4

how many molecules of reduced enzymes are produced for each turn of the citric acid cycle

4

how many molecules of ATP are formed per carbon atom in the fatty acid during the complete catabolism of a saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(Ch2)24CO2H

6.77 molecules ATP/ carbon atom in the fatty acid

how many reactions make up the citric acid cycle?

8

how many cycles of beta oxidation are needed for complete catabolism of a satruated fatty acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)18CO2H

9

which is the primary energy-carrying molecule in metabolic pathways

ATP

three major products formed in glycolysis

ATP NADH Pyruvate (NOT glucose)

step 6 of the citric acid is shown below. which statement describes the role of FAD in this reaction

FAD causes the oxidation of succinate to form fumarate

which statement best describes what occurs when a substrate is oxidized using FAD to produce FADH2

FAD is an oxidizing agent, and FADH2 is its reduced form

which is an oxidizing agent? Fe2+ NAD+ FADH2 ATP

NAD+

which product(s) of the citric acid cycle are funneled into the electron transport chain

NADH, FADH2, and H+

the beta oxidation of a fatty acid may be described as which type of metabolic pathway

a spiral pathway

Which is the first stage of catabolism? a. digestion b. citric acid cycle c. fatty acid oxidation d. glycolysis e. formation of acetyl CoA

a. digestion

which is the major product of stage 2 of catabolism

acetyl coa

if the phosphorylation of GMP to GDP requires 7.3 kcal/mol of energy, what is the energy change associated with the hydrolysis of GDP to form GMP? a. 7.3 kcal/mol b. -7.3 kcal/mol c. 14.6 kcal/mol d. not enough information is given to determine the change in energy

b. -7.3 kcal/mol

Where does the hydrolysis of carbohydrates to monosaccharides begin? a. in the stomach b. in the saliva c. in the liver d. in the small intestines

b. in the saliva

which is the sum of all of the chemical reactions that take place in an organism? a. anabolism b. metabolism c. catabolism d. citric acid cycle

b. metabolism

Where does energy production occur in animal cells? a. cell membrane b. cytoplasm c. mitochondria d. nucleus

c. mitochondria

why is hydrogen cyanide, HCN, poisonous?

cyanide ions (-CN) irreversibly bind to Fe3+ ions of cytochrome oxidase

which is not true about coenzymes? a. many reactions in metabolic pathways involve coenzymes. b. when a coenzyme gains hydrogen atoms the coenzyme is an oxidizing agent. c. many coenzymes are involved in oxidation and reduction reactions. d. the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD+, is a common biological reducing agent

d. the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD+, is a common biological reducing agent

at which stage in metabolism is the most energy in the form of ATP produced

electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

NAD+ and FAD are oxidized in the electron transport chain

false

an energy requiring reaction can be coupled with ATP hydrolysis to create an anergetically favorable coupled reaction

false

anabolism is the energy requiring process that involves the synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones

false

any process such as walking, running, swallowing, or breathing, is fueled by the release of energy from the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

false

co-enzyme A is a biological oxidizing agent used to convert alcohols to carbonyl-containing compounds

false

each NADH enters the electron transport chain at complex I in the inner mitochondrial membrane and the resulting cascade of reactions produces enough energy to synthesize 4 atps

false

part 2 of the citric acid cycle includes two separate decarboxylation reactions and a hydrolysis reaction

false

stage 3 of catabolism is sometimes called aerobic respiration

false

the citric acid cycle comprises stage 4 of metabolism

false

the citric acid cycle is activated when the amount of available ADP is low

false

the electron transport chain is a multistep process that relies on five enzyme systems as well as mobile electron carriers

false

the final stage of the electron transport chain forms water in an anaerobic process

false

the hydrolysis os ATP is an energy-requiring reaction that cleaves one phosphate group, forming ADP and hydrogen phosphate, (HPO42-)

false

the phosphorylation of glucose provides enough energy for the hydrolysis of ATP

false

the primary function of the citric acid cycle in metabolism is to synthesize ATP from the energy produced in the hydrolysis of citric acid

false

the product of the catabolic pathways is different for proteins, triacylglycerols, and carbohydrates

false

in the cori cycle, compounds are cycled

from the muscles to the liver and back to the muscles

step 7 of the citric acid cycle is shown. which statement best describes what occurs in this step

fumarate undergoes hydration with the aid of the enzyme fumarase

which compound can rise to dangerously high levels in individuals with galactosemia

galactose

glycolysis converts...

glucose to pyruvate, which is then metabolized to acetyl coa

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

in the inner membrane of mitochondria

what is the starting material in gluconeogenesis

lactate

what are the four reactions involved in beta oxidation in the correct order

oxidation, hydration, oxidation, cleavage

which is not a reaction found in stage 2 of catabolism

oxidative phosphorylation

which best describes the function of the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD in catabolic pathways

oxidizing agents that accept electrons and hydrogen ions from molecules undergoing oxidation

which classes of compounds generates pyruvate as it is metabolized to acetyl coa

proteins and carbohydrates

which is not a step in the cori cycle a. the catabolism of glucose in muscle forms pyruvate, which is reduced to lactate when the oxygen supply is limited b. lactate is transported to the liver c. oxidation of lactate forms pyruvate, which is then converted to glucose by the 10-step process of gluconeogenesis d. pyruvate and NAD+ are transported to the muscle

pyruvate and NAD+ are transported to the muscle

in which stage of catabolism is starch hydrolyzed to glucose with the aid of the enzyme amylase

stage 1

in which stage of metabolism are biomolecules degraded into two-carbon acetyl units

stage 2

which steps of the citric acid cycle generate CO2

steps 3 and 4

which statement best describes how the interconversion of ATP to ADP is responsible for storing and providing energy for cellular reactions

the energy required to phosphorylate ADP is stored in ATP, and released when ATP undergoes hydrolysis

in which region of the mitochondrion would the pH be lower

the intermembrane space

which statement best describes the energy requirement for the conversion of a fatty acid to a thioester with coenzyme A in the beta oxidation of a fatty acid

this process requires energy

what is the primary function of the citric acid cycle in metabolism

to convert acetyl groups to CO2 molecules and provide reduced coenzymes for the electron transport chain

the primary function of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation is which of the following

to oxidize the reduce coenzymes NADH and FADH2, and provide energy for the synthesis of ATP

Coenzyme A, NADH, and FAD all contain phosphate groups

true

GTP is a high energy compound

true

H+ ions generated by reactions in the electron transport chain, as well as H+ ions present in the matrix of the mitochondria, are pumped across the inner membrane into the intermembrane space at three different sites

true

NAD+ is the abbreviation for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

true

acetyl coa contains an acetyl group bonded to coenzyme A by a thioester bond

true

all steps of the citric acid cycle are enzyme catalyzed

true

cells in heart tissue have more mitochondria than the cells in bone tissue

true

coenzyme A is synthesized in cells from pantothenic acid, vitamin b5

true

in the electron transport chain, H+ ions are pumped across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, forming a high concentration of H+ ions in the intermembrane space, thus creating a potential energy gradient

true

t or f. since more energy is realeased from the hydrolysis of creatine phosphate than is needed for the phosphorylation of ADP, the coupling of these two reactions results in the formation of ATP to ADP

true

the citric acid cycle is also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle)

true

the cleavage of a protein with chymotrypsin occurs in stage 1 of catabolism

true

the conversion of Fe3+ to Fe2+ in the electron transport chain is an example of Fe3+ acting as an oxidizing agent

true

the energy produced by the citric acid cycle is stored in the bonds of a nucleoside triphosphate and reduced enzymes

true

the rate of the citric acid cycle depends on the body's need for energy. when energy demands are low and NADH concentration is high, the cycle is inhibited

true

two electrons are donated by each NADH in the electron transport chain

true

within the cell, energy production occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria

true

how is pyruvate converted to acetyl coa

under aerobic conditions