BIODIVERISITY FINAL REVIEW

how does the body recognize "self" cells compared to "nonself" cells?

"self" cells are marked by glycoproteins called major histocompatibility complexes class I (MHC-I)

Fossil fuels are used for approximately ______ of the United States energy needs.

80%

An increase in carbon in the oceans leads to

A. acidification B. a decrease in pH C. shellfish with weak shells

The input or reactants for photosynthesis are

CO2, water, and solar energy

in all living organisms, the flow of information is from

DNA, RNA, then protein

the most abundant greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is

H2O

Which of the following is not true of the greenhouse effect?

It allows heat to quickly disappear from the surface of the earth.

Which of the following is not an example of a greenhouse gas?

O2

Coal is formed from

Plants that died during the Carboniferous period 300 million years ago.

the influenza vaccine elicits an immune response by presenting the body with

a killed verison of the virus or antigens specific to the virus

all viruses are made up of two components. these components are

a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA

the immune system's role is to

actively seek and destroy pathogens

people with _____ are usually hospitalized due to a COVID infection

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

during previous flu seasons, mutations caused small variations in the surface proteins of the influenza virus which resulted in the immune system's inability to fully recognize and respond to flu exposure. This is an example of ____

antigenic drift

the activities of macrophages

are part of the nonspecific response against disease

the original host for all coronavirus that have evolved to infect humans so far is

bats

Which type of food consumed by humans has the largest carbon footprint?

beef

Tropical rainforest, tundra, and desert are all examples of different __________.

biomes

adaptive immunity differed from the innate system in its ability to respond to specific pathogen antigens. the antigens trigger

both antibody-mediated immunity and cell mediated-mediated immunity

antigenic shift

causes rapid change in the influenza virus can result in an influenza strain that the human immune system has not been exposed to is responsible for most influenza pandemics

the definition of evolution is

change over time

In the carbon cycle, the process of photosynthesis ______ atmospheric CO2, and cellular respiration ______ atmospheric CO2.

consumes, produces

Research for a universal flu vaccine tends to focus on

core proteins, as they do not mutate as rapidly as H and N spikes and they tend to be similar between different influenza strains

In the western parts of the U.S., precipitation has __________ and droughts have _______.

decreased, increased

a certain species of butterfly varies in color from white to dark blue. the birds found in the same area feed on the white or lightly colored butterflies leaving butterflies that are darkly colored. this is an example of what type of selection?

directional selection

which of the following is NOT a major reservoir for carbon?

fertilizer

Carbon is a great building block for living things because it can form up to ________ bonds.

four

the flu vaccine produced for the 2019-2020 flu season contained antigens for the influenza strain named A/Kansas?14?2017 (H3N2)-like virus, this was the ____ strain isolated in 2017 in this region

fourteenth

Which source of alternative energy relies on heated water close to the Earth's surface and is used to supply a large amount of the electricity needed in Iceland?

geothermal

which of the following is NOT a fossil fuel?

helium

which of the following cells are part of the cell-mediated immunity (destruction of infected cells)?

helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells

hemlock forests have declined due to the wooly adelgid which infects and kills hemlock trees. climate change is expected to ____ the range of this tree pest

increase

Zebra mussels, lionfish, and kudzu are all examples of

invasive species

what roles does photosynthesis play in the car on cycle?

it removes carbon from the atmosphere and uses it to make carbohydrates (sugars)

the cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in multiple copies of the virus is called the ___ cycle

lytic

Which greenhouse gas traps 20X more heat than CO2?

methane

the insect vector for malaria is the

mosquito

Antiviral medicines, such as Tamiflu and Relenza, target specific stages of the viral life cycle. Which of the following is NOT a stage in the lytic cycle?

mutation

which greenhouse gas comes from fertilizer runoff?

nitrous oxide

which alternative energy source is not considered "clean" because of the risk of leakage or explosion?

nuclear

Which of the following does not releases CO2 into the atmosphere?

photosynthesis

if you were observing embryonic structures of a tortoise, a chick, and a human, which of the following would be a homologous characteristic?

postanal tail

when the influenza virus enters into a respiratory epithelial cell, the infected cell responds by

posting antigens on its cell surface acting as a flag for the cytotoxic T cells to destroy it

cytokines are responsible for which of the following symptoms?

redness swelling body aches

which of the following statements is not a possible component of the flu vaccine?

sodium bicarbonate

wallace shared his ideas with Darwin which led to the book on the origin of species. wallace contributed his biographical studies of the ____ to our understanding of evolution via natural selection

south pacific islands

which of the following is currently happening to the Earth's oceans?

the water temperature is increasing

birds and insects both have wings, but we do not consider this similarity as evidence of relatedness because

the wings of birds and insects are not homologous structures, they did not originate from a common ancestral

which of the following individuals was an economist who predicted that a crisis would occur if the human population size became too large for the available resources?

thomas malthus

which of the following is pseudoscience?

untestable hypothesis

In biology, a __________ is an organism that moves an infectious disease from one area or person to another.

vector

the moderna SARS-CoV2 vaccine currently being used in the U.S. contains

virus mRNA

Put the following steps of the greenhouse effect in order: 1. The heat is slowly released back into the atmosphere and warms the planet. 2. Solar radiation from the sun reaches the Earth. 3. Gases in the atmosphere trap some of the heat. 4. Earth reflects some of the heat back towards space.

2, 4, 3, 1

for naming purposes, which form of influenza would be characterized by the types of H and N spikes found on its surface?

A

which of the following describes B cells?

B cells develop and mature in the bone marrow B cells carry MHC-II receptor molecules on their cell surfaces B cells produce antibodies

the ___ on the surface of COVID 19 allow the virus to bind to ACE2 receptors on host cells

S spike proteins

What is an organic molecule?

a molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen

which of the following statements explains how mutations affect proteins?

a mutation in the genetic material may or may not have an effect on the protein a mutation may change a protein and result in the death of an organism or cell a mutation may change a protein and result in a variation of a trait that may be more advantageous

Which of the following is the best definition for biosphere?

all regions of the Earth occupied by living organisms

evolution explains

almost every aspect of of biology the unity of life the diversity of life

you are interested in using CBD oil for your COVID induced anxiety. which of the following sources would be the least reliable source for information?

an advertisement in a magazine selling a particular brand of CBD oil

which of the following does NOT provide evidence that climate change is occurring?

an increase in glaciers and snow cover

At the species level, _________ are projected to have higher levels extinction as climate change continues.

animals

which of the following not part of the innate (nonspecific) immune system?

antibody producing B cells

when two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture vital particles from both virus to reassemble them into a new form of the virus. this process is called _____

antigenic shift

what is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction

attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release

Lionfish have been introduced to the Carribean where they are not native and have impacted the natural food chain. This is an example a negative impact at the

community level

Which of the following is NOT a lifestyle choice that reduces an individuals carbon footprint?

eating meat at most meals rather than plants

Vectors, such as mosquitos and ticks, have already began to ___________ their ranges in response to climate change.

expand

what is the worldwide increase in average surface temperatures on Earth.

global warming

Climate change is happening at such a rapid rate that some species will be unable to evolve fast enough and may

go extinct

structures that are passed on from a common ancestor, such as the bone structure of a limb, are called ___ structures. structures that have the same function but evolved independently, such as wings of bats and birds, are called ___ structures

homologous; analogous

which of the following is not an organ or tissue of the immune system?

kidneys

the number of genes in viruses are ____ that of living organisms

less than

the chickenpox virus often remains latent in host cells by integrating it DNA into the host cell genome and then later in life causes a disease known as shingles. the virus uses the_____ cycle as its main life cycle pathway.

lysogenic

American pika have very specific habitat requirements. It has been hypothesized that pika may survive climate change by

moving to higher elevations

which of the following is NOT an alternative energy source?

natural gas

memory B cells are developed after a primary response to an antigen. these memory cells are activated during a secondary response to

produce a higher amount of antibodies have a quicker recovery time from an infection have an overall more efficient immune response

The light reactions of photosynthesis occur within the ______ of the chloroplast and the Calvin cycle reactions occur within the ______ of the chloroplast.

thylakoid, stroma

on the following graph, what is the independent variable

time (weeks)

which of the following organisms would you expect to have DNA sequences that were the most similar to a turtle?

tortoise

In the face of climate change, genetic engineering can be used to

A. design new plants that are resistant to drought. B. design new plants that are resistant to high temperatures. C. design livestock that require less water.

when water temperatures become too high corals may expel their symbiotic algae. this is known as

coral bleaching

American pika have very specific habitat requirements. In the future they are most likely to be negatively impacted by

global warming

Which of the following does not contribute to desertification?

increases in precipitation

darwin proposed that natural selection occurs is a series of steps. in a population of pocket mice, there are light and dark-colored mice. which step of natural selection does this represent?

individuals vary in their traits

one way to removes excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

is through reforestation

which part of solar energy is used by plants for photosynthesis?

light in the visible spectrum

A ____ is a group of similar organisms that are capable of interbreeding to produce living offspring

population

one vaccine produced for the 2019-2020 flu season contained antigens for the following strains...this is an example of a

quadrivalent vaccine

ocean acidification will negatively impact the ocean food web due to its impact on

shellfish, which are an important food source for other marine animals phytoplankton and zooplankton, which make up the bottom on the food chain coral reefs, which provide shelter and food to small fish

Which two characteristics are primarily used to define an area's climate?

temperature and precipitation

A species is a group of organisms

that can interbreed

virus have __ for their genetic material

RNA or DNA

as global temperature continue to increase, which if the following scenarios is least likely to occur?

glaciers and snow cover will increase

what is the first reaction of the body due to the influenza virus disrupting the normal function of the epithelial cells in the respiratory system?

inflammation

which of the following is a challenge in developing an effective annual influenza vaccine?

influenza evolves rapidly it takes six months to develop the vaccine there are many strains of influenza in the human population

Solar radiation management focuses on reflecting a portion of the sun's heat away from the Earth,

is a type of geoengineering.

Which of the following is an example of a renewable energy source?

solar energy

which of the following is NOT one of the steps of the scientific method?

state opinions based on personal experiences

which of the following is the most common and original method used to produce the influenza vaccine?

viruses are injected into fertilizer eggs, incubated, then viral particles are extracted, purified, deactivated, and used to make vaccines