BIOL 100 - Exam 2 Homework

Based on this research, which of the following studies would likely be best to create better treatments for future C. diff outbreaks? a. An in-depth study of genetically modified foods. b. An in-depth study of the lack of disinfection in hospitals. c. An in-depth study of the gut microbiome in humans. d. An in-depth study of the underuse of antibiotics.

An in-depth study of the gut microbiome in humans.

Which of the following statements supports the conclusion that the common ancestor of modern chimps and modern humans lived around 7 million years ago? a. Scientists estimate that it takes about 2.5 million years for brains to double in volume, so it would take about 7 million years to go from 300 cc (early hominid brain size) to 1500 cc (modern human brain size). b. Stone tools have been found that date back about 7 million years. c. Scientists estimate that it would take about 7 million years for chimps to evolve into humans. d. Analysis of modern human and modern chimpanzee protein and DNA sequences suggests that their lineages diverged about 7 million years ago.

Analysis of modern human and modern chimpanzee protein and DNA sequences suggests that their lineages diverged about 7 million years ago.

What did scientists learn from other fossils found in the same sediment layer as Ardi? a. Ardi and Lucy lived at the same time b. Ardi lived in a woodland habitat c. Ardi raised livestock and domesticated crops d. Ardi lived in an open grassland habitat

Ardi lived in a woodland habitat

Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection? a. Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced. b. Antibiotics caused mutations in the bacteria that were exposed to the largest doses of antibiotics. c. Antibiotics caused bacteria to reproduce more quickly than normal. d. Some bacteria began to tolerate the antibiotics, and passed this ability to their offspring.

Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.

How did the fish biologists determine the diet of lionfish in the regions where the lionfish have invaded? a. Biologists kept lionfish in laboratories and experimented with what types of food these captive lionfish would eat. b. Biologists examined the contents of the stomachs of lionfish caught in the wild. c. Divers spent thousands of hours watching lionfish around the coral reefs and simply recorded the types of food that the lionfish ate. d. The fish biologists used many different types of bait to fish for lionfish around coral reefs. The baits that worked best are most likely a part of the lionfish diet.

Biologists examined the contents of the stomachs of lionfish caught in the wild.

Which of the following best defines microevolution? a. Changes in genes between populations b. Changes in genes that do not change the gene pool over time c. Changes in genes within a population over time d. Changes across species but not in genes

Changes in genes within a population over time

What is radiometric dating? a. The process of determining the age of a fossil from radioactive isotopes b. The process of determining the age of a fossil using radio waves c. The process of determining the age of a fossil based on its location in layers of rocks d. The mineralization process by which living things are turned into fossils

The process of determining the age of a fossil from radioactive isotopes

Which of the following anatomical features of the 3.2-million-year-old Australopithecus fossil known as "Lucy" suggest she was a bipedal hominid? a. a much shorter hip bone that is broader from front to back and wraps around the side b. a large brain c. the absence of a prehensile tail d. a hairless face

a much shorter hip bone that is broader from front to back and wraps around the side

When should a lactase supplement be taken in order to be most effective, and why? a. before the diary product is consumed, so the lactase has time to spread in the small intestine b. at the same time the dairy product is consumed, so that the lactase will be in contact with the lactose c. after the dairy product is consumed, since it takes a while for the lactase to start working d. taking it anytime is effective, because lactase works while in the bloodstream

at the same time the dairy product is consumed, so that the lactase will be in contact with the lactose

In the video, what does the UK's Chief Medical Officer suggest for promoting the development of new antibiotics? a. searching the rainforest for new chemicals that can be used as antibiotics b. encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development c. conducting research to see whether our current antiviral medications could be used as antibiotics to combat bacteria d. spending federal tax money to set up government labs specifically for new drug research and development

encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development

The evolution of populations due to chance is a. gene flow. b. natural selection. c. has more effect in large populations than in small populations. d. genetic drift. e. genetic variation.

genetic drift

In a population with brown and green alleles for color, genetic drift a. has more effect on the evolution of a large population. b. occurs when individuals move into or out of a population, changing the allele frequencies in the population. c. always increases the frequency of brown alleles in the population. d. has more effect on the evolution of a small population. e. causes populations to become better adapted to their environments.

has more effect on the evolution of a small population.

In which country would you most likely find a higher incidence of lactase persistence? a. in an Asian country where people historically did not raise cattle b. in a country in southern Africa where people historically have not consumed many dairy products c. in a Scandinavian country where people historically raised dairy cattle and made cheese d. all of the above areas should have an equal incidence of lactase persistence

in a Scandinavian country where people historically raised dairy cattle and made cheese

What is the original source of variation that natural selection can act upon? a. Gene flow b. Mutation c. Genetic drift d. All of the above

mutation

As climate change continues, species in which of the following marine ecosystems are likely to benefit the most? a. mangroves b. kelp forests c. coral reefs d. rocky areas near shore

rocky areas near shore

Due to differences in mating times, two sub-populations of frogs form into separate species, even though they occupy the same pond. This overall process is known as ________. a. nonbranching evolution b. sympatric speciation c. punctuated equilibrium d. allopatric speciation

sympatric speciation

Which of the following contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance? a. using high doses of antibiotics in animal feed, so that we are not exposed to the bacteria b. taking antibiotics for all infections, including viral infections c. taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor d. stopping taking the antibiotics as soon as you feel better, thereby decreasing the exposure of the bacteria to the antibiotics

taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor

Which of the following places is likely to have the highest level of local extinction? a. A tropical forest in Guyana. b. A prairie in Kansas. c. A temperate forest in Illinois. d. A tundra in Canada.

A tropical forest in Guyana.

Habitat loss has driven the population of the Florida panther (Puma concolor cougar) to extremely low numbers. Which mechanism of microevolution is likely at play in this species? a. Natural selection b. Gene flow c. Sexual selection d. Genetic drift: the bottleneck effect

Genetic drift: the bottleneck effect

Which of the following is Maloney most likely to recommend to private landowners in order to best protect sugar pines from mountain pine beetles? a. Remove the bark from the bottom half of the trees. b. Use pesticides. c. Give them plenty of water. d. Give them lots of fertilizer.

Give them plenty of water.

Before the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, what was the prevailing public consensus regarding species evolution? a. That species evolved through physical changes that led to success b. That species were modified over time but did not change into new species c. That species were permanent and unchanging d. That species evolved by means of natural selection

That species were permanent and unchanging

Which of the following is the best example of a species that is locally extinct? a. The red-breasted nuthatch, missing from part of its range. b. The peregrine falcon, found throughout its range, though in lower numbers than expected. c. The Caribbean monk seal, found nowhere in the world. d. The golden toad, found only in zoos.

The red-breasted nuthatch, missing from part of its range.

Female fireflies choose mates based on the specific flash pattern displayed by males flying nearby. This is an example of ________. a. behavioral isolation b. hybrid weakness c. habitat isolation d. mechanical incompatibility

behavioral isolation

How do scientists know that the hominid called "Ardi" is about 4.4 million years old? a. by looking at Ardi's anatomical features b. by comparing the stone tools found in the same sediment as Ardi to other stone tools of known age c. by comparing Ardi's DNA to modern human DNA d. by using radiometric dating techniques on the volcanic deposits found above and below the layer containing Ardi

by using radiometric dating techniques on the volcanic deposits found above and below the layer containing Ardi

The biology department of your college decides to employ Maloney's strategy to help a local coniferous species. Which of the following will students need to collect? a. needles b. seeds c. male and female cones d. roots

seeds

If color is an inherited trait in beetles, and birds are more likely to eat brown beetles than green beetles, a. the frequency of the brown allele will increase. b. the frequency of the green allele will increase. c. the frequencies of the brown and green alleles will not change. d. this causes the population to evolve due to genetic drift. e. this causes the population to evolve due to gene flow.

the frequency of the green allele will increase.

Which three statements may correctly explain why the population size increases after time point C? -Bacteria that acquired a mutation that conferred drug- resistance had a growth advantage over non-resistant bacteria. -Between time points C and D, drug-resistant bacteria were reproducing faster than non-drug resistant bacteria were dying. -Because the population grew more rapidly after time point C, the bacteria must have acquired a second drug- resistance mutation. -The population increase just after time point C indicates that antibiotic use was discontinued. -The few drug-resistant bacteria in the population reproduced, quickly leading to a large drug- resistant population.

-Bacteria that acquired a mutation that conferred drug- resistance had a growth advantage over non-resistant bacteria. -Between time points C and D, drug-resistant bacteria were reproducing faster than non-drug resistant bacteria were dying. -The few drug-resistant bacteria in the population reproduced, quickly leading to a large drug- resistant population.

What does Dr. Carroll mean when he says, "while mutation is random, natural selection is not"? Select all that apply. -Natural selection acts on traits. -Natural selection favors some mutations. -Mutations are caused by selective pressure dependent on environmental conditions. -Mutations for advantageous traits are more likely to be passed on to the next generation.

-Natural selection acts on traits. -Natural selection favors some mutations. -Mutations for advantageous traits are more likely to be passed on to the next generation.

Use the graph to choose the three true statements. -The term "flu season" is misleading as there are equal numbers of deaths from the flu throughout the year. -Summer and early fall typically have lower flu mortality than other times of the year. -This graph is consistent with an unusually highly contagious strain of influenza circulating in 2009. -The timing of next year's flu season will be relatively predictable. -2009 was the only year in which more than 20 children died from the flu.

-Summer and early fall typically have lower flu mortality than other times of the year. -This graph is consistent with an unusually highly contagious strain of influenza circulating in 2009. -The timing of next year's flu season will be relatively predictable.

Which of the following conditions are required for evolution to occur? Select all that apply. -There must be equal reproductive success among individuals in a population. -Resources must increase at the same rate that the population grows. -Traits must be heritable. -Most offspring must survive. -Individuals within a population must vary in their ability to compete for resources. -Resources in the environment must be limited.

-Traits must be heritable. -Individuals within a population must vary in their ability to compete for resources. -Resources in the environment must be limited.

A group of researchers gathered data on the number of cliff swallow road kills they observed while driving between nest sites in Nebraska. The data cover a period of about 30 years and date back to the time when cliff swallows first started to nest under highway overpasses.As the graph shows, the number of road kills observed declined sharply over time. The data led the researchers to ask themselves this question: What caused this decline? Which of the following are testable hypotheses that could explain the researchers' data? Select all that apply. -The number of cars driving on these roads has increased over time. -Traits that help individuals avoid being hit by cars have evolved through natural selection in the cliff swallow population. -An unknown element has been protecting the swallows. -The population size of cliff swallows living near roads has decreased over time. -Scavenger population sizes have increased, and more road-killed swallows get eaten before they can be found.

-Traits that help individuals avoid being hit by cars have evolved through natural selection in the cliff swallow population. -The population size of cliff swallows living near roads has decreased over time. -Scavenger population sizes have increased, and more road-killed swallows get eaten before they can be found.

In the projected video showing the growth of bacteria, why did the bacteria grow up to the edge of the area with antibiotics, pause, then continue to grow across the area with antibiotics? a. The bacteria mutated as a survival response to the presence of antibiotics, enabling the bacteria to become resistant to the antibiotics. b. The antibiotics caused mutations in the DNA of the bacteria, making them resistant to the antibiotics. c. Researchers added antibiotic resistant bacteria to the culture, so that the bacteria would continue to grow across the area with antibiotics. d. A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present.

A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present.

Assuming similar conditions, which of the following shorelines will likely be most protected from tidal flooding as climate change intensifies? a. A shoreline with a bleached coral reef. b. A shoreline without a coral reef. c. A shoreline with a decaying coral reef. d. A shoreline with a thriving coral reef.

A shoreline with a thriving coral reef.

What characteristics of lionfish contribute to their ability to spread and become established in new areas? a. Lionfish are very good at avoiding predators by hiding in small cracks. Their color is also an excellent form of camouflage. So, lionfish can spread to new locations without being detected. b. Lionfish typically migrate in large schools to other reefs, where they breed together producing giant egg masses, which cling to the bottom of the coral reef. c. A single lionfish female may produce up to 2 million eggs a year. The eggs float for up to a month, spreading the lionfish populations. d. Lionfish are specialists, consuming just a few types of shrimp, which are widespread in the Caribbean.

A single lionfish female may produce up to 2 million eggs a year. The eggs float for up to a month, spreading the lionfish populations.

Which of the following is most likely to survive a changing climate? a. A species with a large amount of genetic diversity. b. A species with all genetically identical members. c. A species with low genetic diversity. d. A species in which all members are genetic clones.

A species with a large amount of genetic diversity.

A C. diff outbreak occurs in a nursing home. Which of the following would likely be best to stop the outbreak? a. Disinfect all areas for spores. b. Prescribe antibiotics for all patients and employees. c Require hand-washing with an antibacterial soap when entering and leaving a room. d. Wash all the bedding in bleach.

Disinfect all areas for spores.

Which of the following examples uses the biological species concept to describe different species? a. Female horses and male donkeys are able to mate, but their offspring (mules) are infertile. b. Researchers use DNA sequence data to conclude that two populations of bacteria are different species. c. Two populations of birds mate and produce offspring that subsequently mate with one another and produce offspring. d. Researchers use fossil evidence to define different dinosaur species.

Female horses and male donkeys are able to mate, but their offspring (mules) are infertile.

Which of the following examples uses the biological species concept to describe different species? a. Female horses and male donkeys are able to mate, but their offspring (mules) are infertile. b. Two populations of birds mate and produce offspring that subsequently mate with one another and produce offspring. c. Researchers use DNA sequence data to conclude that two populations of bacteria are different species. d. Researchers use fossil evidence to define different dinosaur species.

Female horses and male donkeys are able to mate, but their offspring (mules) are infertile.

Remember that color is an inherited trait in beetles. Which of the following is an example of natural selection? a. Green beetles migrate out of the population. b. Green beetles and brown beetles always leave the same number of offspring. c. Green beetles leave more offspring than brown beetles because they are better at finding food. d. A storm kills more green beetles than brown beetles by chance. e. Green beetles migrate out of the population, and brown beetles migrate into the population.

Green beetles leave more offspring than brown beetles because they are better at finding food.

The earliest hominin to use fire was __________. a. Homo erectus b. Australopithecus c. Neanderthal man d. Homo habilis

Homo erectus

When dark-colored fur gives mice a 1% competitive advantage and 1% of the population begins with dark fur, in about 1000 years, 95% of the population will have dark fur. Which of the following statements is true? a. If dark-colored rock pocket mice had a competitive advantage of 0.1%, it would take longer for 95% of the population to have dark fur. b. If dark-colored mice had a competitive advantage of 5%, it would take longer for 95% of the population to have black fur. c. Dark-colored rock pocket mice, in this population, have fewer offspring than light-colored rock pocket mice. d. If dark-colored mice had a competitive advantage of 10%, it would take longer for 95% of the population to have black fur.

If dark-colored rock pocket mice had a competitive advantage of 0.1%, it would take longer for 95% of the population to have dark fur.

How might global warming result in most grizzly bears having fur that is less dense in the future? a. In any population of bears, some individuals have thick fur, some have thin fur, and some are in between. As temperatures increase with the passage of time, the survival of bears with thin fur will increase, and the number of bears in the population with thick fur will decrease. b. Bears that get hot and rub their fur off on trees will have more cubs with fur that is less dense. c. Bears that get too hot will mate with bears that have less fur, so their cubs will not overheat. d. Warmer temperatures cause genes to be turned on that produce fur with thinner hairs.

In any population of bears, some individuals have thick fur, some have thin fur, and some are in between. As temperatures increase with the passage of time, the survival of bears with thin fur will increase, and the number of bears in the population with thick fur will decrease.

While working as a microbiologist, you discover a new species of Clostridium. Which of the following is true? a. It is disease causing. b. It is most likely disease causing. c. It is most likely harmless. d. It is harmless.

It is most likely harmless.

Based on these data, during which range of months does "flu season" occur in a typical year? a. January-February b. January-April c. April-July d. October-December

January-April

Why is the enzyme lactase necessary to digest dairy products? a. Lactase breaks down lactose into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the cells that line the small intestine. b. Lactase converts monosaccharides like glucose into disaccharides like lactose. c. Lactase converts monosaccharides like lactose into disaccharides like glucose. d. Lactase converts the lipids in dairy products into carbohydrates, so that they can be used for energy and raw materials.

Lactase breaks down lactose into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the cells that line the small intestine.

Why do we classify lionfish populations near the eastern United States as an invasive species? What suggests that these new populations are not an expansion of the lionfish's natural range? a. Lionfish are native to the tropical Pacific. There are no natural water routes of warm water between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. b. Lionfish eat only a few specific types of algae that live in isolated regions of the Pacific. If lionfish spread much beyond their native Pacific home, they would have nothing to eat. c. Lionfish are native to cold waters near the tip of South America. They could not survive in the warmer waters between their native areas and the colder waters of the east coast of the United States. So, it is very unlikely that these South American populations naturally spread north. d. Lionfish are not good swimmers and have no other mechanisms to spread their populations over great distances.

Lionfish are native to the tropical Pacific. There are no natural water routes of warm water between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic? a. Eventually, all of the bacterial population will be wiped out. b. Over time, the antibiotic will cause mutations in the bacteria. c. Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria. d. Every time the antibiotic is given, it will kill 99% of the bacterial population.

Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.

The introduction of smallpox to the Americas by Europeans in the colonial era devastated populations of Native Americans. However, now very few people are vaccinated against the smallpox virus. Why? a. The smallpox virus is in the lysogenic stage of the life cycle. b. The bacteria that serve as hosts for the smallpox virus are extinct. c. Humans have evolved natural immunity to smallpox virus. d. Smallpox virus has been eliminated from the earth by vaccination of most of the people alive today.

Smallpox virus has been eliminated from the earth by vaccination of most of the people alive today.

You are prescribed antibiotics for strep throat. Which of the following is true? a. The drug will kill many kinds of viruses. b. The drug will kill many kinds of bacteria. c. The drug will allow only the good bacteria and viruses to survive. d. The drug will only kill strep bacteria.

The drug will kill many kinds of bacteria.

Which eukaryotic structures are thought to have been the result of extensive inward folding of the plasma membrane of an ancestral prokaryotic cell? a. Ribosomes b. The endoplasmic reticulum c. Chloroplasts d. Mitochondria

The endoplasmic reticulum

Louis and Mary Leakey found two different fossil hominid skulls at Olduvai. Which of the following statements about the skulls is true? a. The second skull represented a species more closely related to modern humans than the first skull's species. b. The first skull they found was several million years older than the second skull. c. The second skull was that of a species that could walk upright, and the first one was not. d. Both skulls belonged to the "the toolmaker" species that the Leakeys had been searching for.

The second skull represented a species more closely related to modern humans than the first skull's species.

Based upon what we are learning about the lionfish diet, what is most likely going to happen to Caribbean coral reefs invaded by lionfish? a. As lionfish stir up the bottom sediments searching for food, the water will be increasingly cloudy. Cloudy water will hurt the growth of algae and corals growing in the reef. b. There will be fewer algae eating fish. More algae will grow over and damage corals. c. The alga populations growing on and near the reef will be greatly reduced, increasing the growth of corals. d. Lionfish diets are specific to just a few species of clams. These clams may go extinct in the coral reefs where lionfish have invaded.

There will be fewer algae eating fish. More algae will grow over and damage corals.

Groundhogs are closely related to marmots. Based on this information, how are they likely to be changing as the climate warms? a. They are getting larger. b. They are having fewer young. c. Their population is rapidly declining. d. They are hibernating longer.

They are getting larger.

You are a herpetologist studying how milk snakes in Minnesota respond to climate change. Which of the following would be a morphological change? a. They are eating less. b. They are emerging earlier in the spring. c. Their population is increasing its range. d. They are increasing in average length.

They are increasing in average length

Why did dark-colored rock pocket mice first appear in a population of light-colored rock pocket mice? a. Individuals change color to blend in with the environment. b. They have a genetic mutation that affects their fur color. c. There is dark lava rock in the area where they live. d. Predators eat light-colored rock pocket mice.

They have a genetic mutation that affects their fur color.

You are a doctor. A patient presents with diarrhea and tests positive for C. diff. Which of the following is true? a. Your patient has not taken antibiotics in at least three years. b. Your patient must have recently been on antibiotics. c. Your patient may or may not have recently taken antibiotics. d. Your patient must have recently been on at least two different kinds of antibiotics.

Your patient may or may not have recently taken antibiotics.

Mutations are always __________. a. bad b. good c. a change in an individual's DNA d. neutral

a change in an individual's DNA

A requirement of cladistics is that a grouping must include ________.? a. species that can interbreed b. a common ancestor and all its descendants c. species with shared traits d. only living species

a common ancestor and all its descendants

In the Grand Canyon, fossils in rock layers at the bottom of the canyon are __________ than those in layers closer to the top. a. younger b. higher in carbon 14 c. older d. higher levels of carbon 12

older

When speaking of the anatomy of a virus, we can say that ________. a. the envelope is in the central portion of the virus. Around that is the genome, which may or may not be surrounded by a capsid b. the genome is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid, which may or may not be surrounded by an envelope c. the capsid and genome are intertwined, and they may be surrounded by an envelope d. the genome is surrounded by an envelope, which may or may not be surrounded by a capsid e. the core of the virus is the capsid. The genome surrounds the capsid, and the virus may or may not have an outer layer called an envelope

the genome is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid, which may or may not be surrounded by an envelope

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding human evolution? Select all that apply. -The fossil record contains creatures with features that are intermediate between those of modern humans and quadrupedal apes. -The first humans evolved in Africa. -Once bipedality, tool use, and larger brains evolved in humans, humans stopped evolving. -In the latest phase of human evolution, there has been a greater reliance on culture.

-The fossil record contains creatures with features that are intermediate between those of modern humans and quadrupedal apes. -The first humans evolved in Africa. -In the latest phase of human evolution, there has been a greater reliance on culture.

In the lab, Nachman examined dark mice from two different populations living hundreds of miles apart. The mice looked nearly identical. Their dark color was caused by two different genes. What does this tell you? Select all that apply. -Dark color evolved only once in rock pocket mice. -Under very similar conditions, natural selection can favor very similar adaptations. -Two completely different mutations in two separate genes can generate the same phenotype. -Dark fur color evolved independently on each lava flow. -There are at least two genes involved in creating dark mouse fur.

-Under very similar conditions, natural selection can favor very similar adaptations. -Two completely different mutations in two separate genes can generate the same phenotype. -Dark fur color evolved independently on each lava flow. -There are at least two genes involved in creating dark mouse fur.

Which of the following traits can be used to differentiate humans from our closest living primate relatives? Select all that apply. -bipedality (the ability to walk exclusively on two legs) -large brain size -extensive tool use -grasping hands

-bipedality (the ability to walk exclusively on two legs) -large brain size -extensive tool use

Why should we not view lactose intolerance as a disease in adult humans? a. Humans do not normally produce the lactase enzyme at any time during their lives. b. Adult humans did not consume dairy products until fairly recently in our evolutionary history. c. The dietary supplement available for lactose intolerant adults causes more harm than good. d. The ability to produce the lactase enzyme is common in adult humans, but rare in infants.

Adult humans did not consume dairy products until fairly recently in our evolutionary history.

Which of the following correctly describes what the video referred to as a "microbial cure"? a. Antibiotics are used every time a patient has disease symptoms, in order to prevent an infection from occurring. b. Antibiotics are used to treat all infections, whether they are bacterial or viral, in order to bring about a full cure. c. Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person. d. Antibiotics are used only until the patient feels better, therefore reducing the exposure to the antibiotics.

Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person.

Which period of infection represents the immune system and/or pharmaceutical intervention working at its peak performance?

D - when it starts to decrease significantly after the peak

Color is an inherited trait in beetles. If brown beetles move into a population from a nearby island, which of the following statements is correct? a. Natural selection causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase. b. Gene flow causes the frequency of the green allele to increase. c. Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase. d. Natural selection causes the frequency of the green allele to increase. e. This is an example of genetic drift.

Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase.

Most people are lactose intolerant as adults, but nearly everyone produces sufficient lactase as an infant. However, in some cases, genetic mutations can occur that make an infant lactose intolerant. From an evolutionary perspective -- over thousands of years -- why would lactose intolerance in infants be very rare in the population? a. Lactose intolerance was such an embarrassing problem that many lactose intolerant parents chose not to have children, since the children might be lactose intolerant as well. b. Infants who were lactose intolerant were intolerant of all other foods as well. c. Lactose intolerant infants could not digest breast milk and therefore usually died, never having the chance to pass the mutation on to their children. d. Lactose intolerant adults were not healthy enough to have children.

Lactose intolerant infants could not digest breast milk and therefore usually died, never having the chance to pass the mutation on to their children.

Which of the following is true? a. Heavy floods lead to an increase in mountain pine beetles. b. Lengthy droughts lead to a decrease in mountain pine beetles. c. Lengthy droughts lead to an increase in mountain pine beetles. d. Weather has no impact on mountain pine beetle populations.

Lengthy droughts lead to an increase in mountain pine beetles.

The birds-of-paradise are a group of brightly colored birds living mostly in New Guinea that have elaborate and elongated feathers. Behavioral isolation prevents different birds-of-paradise species from mating and reproducing. Which of the following describes a behavioral isolation reproductive barrier? a. Males and females of one species are only active at night, while other species are only active during the day. b. Males of one species perform orchestrated dances and sing songs that only attract females of the same species. c. Males and females of one species live on one side of the island and never venture to the other side where other species live. d. Males of one species have shorter legs that only allow them to physically mate with females of the same species.

Males of one species perform orchestrated dances and sing songs that only attract females of the same species.

In the RNA virus (such as the one illustrated in the tutorial), what is the role of reverse transcriptase? a. Reverse transcriptase signals the synthesis of new viral proteins. b. Reverse transcriptase is the enzyme responsible for the assembly of the new viral particles. c. Reverse transcriptase copies RNA to make DNA. d. Reverse transcriptase copies DNA to make RNA.

Reverse transcriptase copies RNA to make DNA.

In the example given in the tutorial, how did new viral particles exit the cell? a. The RNA and proteins are assembled inside the host cell. These new viruses then bud off. b. Viral particles do not exit the cell. Rather, the new viruses remain within the cell and gradually transform the cell into a large viral complex. c. Once a certain number of new viruses have been assembled inside the cell, the cell bursts. d. The proteins and the RNA are assembled inside the host cell. The viruses signal the membrane to produce protein pores, and the whole virus is then able to exit the cell. e. The RNA and proteins exit the cell by squeezing through the membrane channels; once outside the cell, the particles are assembled into new viruses.

The RNA and proteins are assembled inside the host cell. These new viruses then bud off

Although most biologists do not consider viruses to be alive, viruses do share some characteristics with living things. Which of the following is the requirement for life that viruses lack? a. The ability to reproduce on their own b. Having highly ordered structure c. The ability to move d. Having genetic material

The ability to reproduce on their own

How do lactase supplements help people who are lactose intolerant? a. The supplements provide the enzyme that breaks down the lactose in dairy products. b. The supplements create a nauseating feeling so that people are less likely to consume dairy products. c. The supplements bring about genetic changes that allow lactose intolerant people to produce lactase. d. The supplements help replace the missing calcium and vitamins that people lack when they don't consume dairy products.

The supplements provide the enzyme that breaks down the lactose in dairy products.

What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps? a. Antibacterial and antimicrobial products are far more toxic to bacteria than are antibiotics. b. The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria. c. Doctors are concerned that people will stop using antibiotics, and start using more antibacterial and antimicrobial products instead. d. Antibacterial and antimicrobial products are far more toxic to humans than are antibiotics.

The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.

Which statement about the genome of the virus is FALSE? a. The genome could be made of single-stranded RNA. b. The genome could be made of double-stranded DNA. c. The genome could be made of double-stranded RNA. d. The viral genome includes neither DNA nor RNA. e. The genome could be made of single-stranded DNA.

The viral genome includes neither DNA nor RNA.

Of the events listed below, which one occurs last? a. The capsid is removed. b. The genome enters the host cell. c. The host cell and the virus fuse. d. The virus replicates.

The virus replicates

Why do dark-colored rock pocket mice on dark lava flows have white bellies? a. There is a reproductive advantage to having a dark belly. b. There is no selection for dark bellies by visual predators. c. Mutations causing dark bellies do not occur. d. White bellies are an important part of camouflage.

There is no selection for dark bellies by visual predators.

The urinary tract represents a portal of entry for E.coli, a normal inhabitant of the GI tract. Introduction of this opportunistic pathogen and its subsequent colonization is known as __________. a. a syndrome b. an infection c. a symptom d. a sign

an infection

Based upon what we are learning about invasive lionfish populations in the Caribbean and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, these lionfish populations __________. -can be eliminated by holding regular lionfish derbies encouraging people to catch as many lionfish as possible -can be controlled by introducing a new lionfish predator from the region where lionfish naturally occur -cannot be eliminated by any means currently known -can be eliminated by setting traps widely in these regions

cannot be eliminated by any means currently known

Lactose intolerance in infants is more common in the population today than it was a hundred years ago. Why? a. The large number of pollutants and toxins in the environment has led to more infants becoming lactose intolerant. b. Today there is a much higher percentage of adults who are lactose intolerant but still choose to have children. c. Children today are not as healthy as children were a few hundred years ago. d. Today there are alternatives to breast milk, such as lactose-free formula and soy milk, so lactose intolerant infants can survive.

d. Today there are alternatives to breast milk, such as lactose-free formula and soy milk, so lactose intolerant infants can survive.

A patient enters your office, feeling achy and tired. Subsequent evaluation reveals a temperature of 103.8 oF. The achy and tired feeling represents a _____ of infection, and a temperature of 103.8 oF represents a _____ of infection. a. symptom; mode b. symptom; sign c. sign; symptom d. sign; sign

symptom; sign

Some researchers have proposed that the human population was reduced to fewer than 10,000 individuals as a result of a catastrophic event that occurred about 50,000 years ago, and that all modern humans are descendants of this small population. If this proposal is true, it would be an example of __________. a. genetic flow b. microevolution c. the bottleneck effect d. genetic drift

the bottleneck effect