BIOL 1009 Final Spring 2022

How many separate species, both extant and extinct, are depicted in this tree? 6 3 5 4 2

6

Two examples of Greenhouse gases are: N2 and CO2 CO2 and O2 N2 and H2O CO2 and CH4

CO2 CH4

In the figure, G1 is represented by which numbered part(s) of the cycle? III only II or IV I or V IV only

I OR V

It is theoretically possible for a gene from any organism to function in any other organism. Why is this possible? the genetic code is redundant. All organisms are made of cells. All organisms have the same genetic code. All organisms have transfer RNA.

all organisms have the same genetic code

Biological evolution that leads to adaptation is based on which two concepts? mutation/genetic drift genetic variation/ drift genetic drift/natural selection genetic variation/natural selection

gv/ns

The reactions that produce NADPH occur in the Calvin cycle alone. the light reactions alone. both neither

light alone

Which of the following can form entirely new alleles? enviornment mutation genetic drift sexual recombination natural selection

mutation

Hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogen atoms of water molecules and oxygen atoms of hydrocarbons. oxygen atoms of other water molecules. hydrogen atoms of other water molecules. non-polar molecules more readily than polar molecules.

oxygen atoms of other water molecules

A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane and mitochondria. It could be a cell from plant/bacteria plant/animal any kind of organism animal/bacteria

plant animals

Which of the following do NOT comprise a significant fraction of the human body? hydrogen sodium carbon nitrogen

sodium

Biological diversity, or "biodiversity", includes which of the following all of these answers are correct genetic diversity ecosystem diversity species diversity

all

The main cause of the increase in the amount of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere over the past 150 years is increased worldwide primary production. the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels. additional respiration by the rapidly growing human population. an increase in the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the atmosphere.

burning of wood and fossil fuels

The secondary structure of a protein refers to the overall shape of the protein formed by the aggregation of the polypeptides in the protein its amino acid sequence the folded and coiled segment of a polypeptide the 3-dimensional shape of a polypeptide

folded and coiled segment of a polypeptide

The greatest cause of extinction of species today is _____. overharvesting predation greenhouse effect global warming habitat alteration

habitat alteration

Increasing the affinity of RNA polymerase for the promoter of a particular gene will decrease the rate at which that gene is transcribed. increase the rate at which that gene is translated. decrease the rate at which that gene is translated. increase the rate at which that gene is transcribed.

increase rate of transcription

Connections between habitat fragments are referred to as _____. highways landscapes movement corridors zoned reserves riparian areas

movement corridors

A leech that attaches itself to a swimmer is an example of _____. a parasite a trophic species a pathogen prey

parasite

Which of the following organisms is most likely to be subject to allopatric speciation? mountain lions in the canyons of Wyoming and in the canyons of Utah pine trees in Alaska and pine trees on the island of Madagascar fruit flies on bananas and fruit flies on oranges whale populations of the same species located on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean bacteria in a hospital and bacteria in a nursery

pine trees

In models of logistic population growth, carrying capacity is never reached. the population growth rate slows dramatically as N approaches K. new individuals are added to the population most rapidly at the beginning of the population's growth. new individuals are added to the population as N approaches K. only density-dependent factors affect the rate of population growth.

rate slows dramatically as N reached K

______________ is the division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches of all coexisting species. Interspecific division Trophic structure Trophic level Resource partitioning

resource partitioning

Population ecologists are primarily interested in how populations evolve as natural selection acts on heritable variations among individuals and changes in gene frequency. how humans affect the size of wild populations of organisms. the overall vitality of a population of organisms. understanding how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution, size, and age structure of populations. studying interactions among populations of organisms that inhabit the same area.

understanding how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution, size, and age structure of populations

The symbols +, -, and o are to be used to show the results of interactions between individuals and groups of individuals in the example that follows. The symbol + denotes a positive interaction, - denotes a negative interaction, and o denotes where individuals are not affected by interacting. The first symbol refers to the first organism mentioned. What interactions exist between a tick on a dog and the dog? o/o +/- +/+ +/o

+/- tick benefits, dog is harmed

In a population of 100 squirrels, 16 are red (rr), 36 are gray (RR), and 48 are brown (Rr). The relative frequency of the r allele is impossible to determine from these data 0.16 0.4 0.64

0.4

Approximately how many kg of carnivore biomass can be supported by a field plot containing 1,000 kg of plant material? 1 100 10,000 10 1,000

10

To measure the population of lake trout in a 250-hectare lake, 400 individual trout were netted and marked with a fin clip, then returned to the lake. The next week, the lake was netted again, and out of the 200 lake trout that were caught, 50 had fin clips. Using the capture-recapture estimate, the lake trout population size could be closest to which of the following? 400 200 80000 160 1600

1600

How many more electrons do oxygen atoms need to complete their valence shell? 6 2 4 1

2

In an equilibrium population (at its carrying capacity), thousands of eggs and hundreds of tadpoles are produced by a single pair of frogs. On average, about how many offspring per pair will live to reproduce? 100 0 more than 100 10 to 20 2

2

Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection? 1 Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals. 2 A change occurs in the environment. 3 Genetic frequencies within the population change. 4 Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship. 4 → 2 → 1 → 3 4 → 1 → 2 → 3 2 → 4 → 3 → 1 2 → 4 → 1 → 3 4 → 2 → 3 → 1

2. change in environment 4. poor adapted have decreased survived 1. well-adapted leave more offspring 3. genetic frequencies change

The lowest energy mechanism by which a carbon atom may complete its valence shell is to form 2 covalent bonds with other atoms transfer the 2 electrons in its valence shell to other atoms or transfer 2 electrons from other atoms to its valence shell transfer the 4 electrons in its valence shell to other atoms or transfer 4 electrons from other atoms to its valence shell form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms

4 covalent bonds with other atoms

A population of ground squirrels has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.06 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Calculate an estimate of the number of individuals added to (or lost from) a population of 1,000 individuals in one year. 40 individuals added 400 individuals added 120 individuals added 20 individuals lost 20 individuals added

40 added

Salmonella are bacteria that cause one type of food poisoning. At room temperature they are able to divide every 20 minutes. If, at 9 A.M. there was one Salmonella bacterium per mL of potato salad, about how many would be present per mL at 12 noon if the salad was NOT refrigerated? 512 128 9 256

512

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.3. What is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele? 0.09 0.9 0.49 49.0 9.0

9.0

The nitrogenous base adenine is found in all members of which group? ATP, RNA, and DNA α glucose, ATP, and DNA proteins, ATP, and DNA proteins, triglycerides, and testosterone

ATP RNA DNA

If x indicates the location of fossils of two closely related species, then fossils of their most-recent common ancestor are most likely to occur in which stratum? B C D A

C

An example of a hydrogen bond is the bond between: the two hydrogen atoms in a molecule of hydrogen gas (H2) C and H in methane (CH4) Mg+ and Cl- in MgCl2 the H of one water molecule and the O of another water molecule

H of one water molecules and O of another water molecule

The principle that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work, is known as the stabilizing principle Hardy-Weinberg principle genotypic principle phenotypic principle

H-W principle

The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the affinity of oxygen for electrons. flow of electrons down the electron transport chain. oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds. H+ concentration across the membrane holding ATP synthase.

Hydrogen concentration across the membrane

According to the biological species concepts, different species are categorized based on the environment that they occupy. their past evolutionary relationships. their ability to interbreed to produce fertile offspring. their morphology.

ability to interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Carbon dioxide contributes to the Greenhouse effect because it allows more sunlight to reach the Earth's surface. prevents sunlight from reaching the Earth's surface. causes clouds to form that trap energy. absorbs energy radiated from Earth and reradiates that energy back to Earth.

absorbs energy radiated from Earth and reradiated the energy back to earth

If two molecules have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures, the two molecules may be All of these answers are correct Structural isomers Enantiomers Geometric isomers

all

The ATP used by the cell for energy coupling is identical to one of the four nucleotides used for RNA synthesis. has three phosphate groups. is a high energy molecule due to having unstable covalent bonds All of these answers are correct.

all

Which of the following illustrates the concept of "selective permeability"? all of these answers are correct an usher who only admits people with tickets a screen that keeps out flies but not midges a bouncer at a club who only admits appropriately dressed people

all

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus? lipid modification protein sorting to different sub-cellular compartments protein modification all of these answers are correct

all

Which of the following is very important in regulating gene expression? controlling the rate at which genes are transcribed controlling the rate at which mRNAs are translated controlling mRNA stability all of these answers are correct.

all

Your friend is wary of environmentalists' claims that global warming could lead to major biological change on Earth. Which of the following statements can you use in response to your friend's suspicions? Sea levels will likely rise, displacing as much as 50% of the world's human population. Through measurements and observations, we know that CO2 levels and temperature fluctuations are directly correlated, even in prehistoric times. Global warming could have significant effects on agriculture in the United States. We know that atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased over the past 150 years. All statements listed could be used.

all

Aniridia, a type of blindness found in humans, is inherited as a dominant to normal vision and is not sex linked. Suppose that a man with normal vision goes to a genetic expert for advice. The man's parents both are affected by aniridia; his wife has normal vision, as do both of her parents. He asks the geneticist how many of his children can be expected to have aniridia. What should the geneticist say? There will be approximately equal numbers with aniridia and normal vision. There will be, on average, three with normal vision for every one with aniridia. There will be, on average, three with aniridia for every one with normal vision. Excluding mutation, all of his children should have normal vision.

all should have normal vision

Which of these conditions should completely prevent the occurrence of natural selection in a population over time? The population lives in a habitat where there are no competing species present. All variation between individuals is due only to environmental factors. The environment is changing at a relatively slow rate. The population size is large.

all variation is due to environmental factors

The Galápagos finches collected by Darwin are thought to have descended from a very small parent population. Different species of finches that are confined to only one or two islands most likely arose by _____. allopatric speciation gene flow polyploidy hybridization sympatric speciation

allopatric speciation

The length of food chains is limited by the amount of oxygen available. number of producers. amount of energy passing from one trophic level to the next. temperature of the environment.

amount of energy passing from one trophic level to the next

The breeding of plants and animals for particular traits by humans is called _____. natural selection sexual recombination paleontology homology artificial selection

artificial selection

An individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species is known as a sympatric species an allopolyploid a hybrid an allopatric species an autopolyploid

autopolyploid

Which type of selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population? heterozygote advantage neutral variation balancing selection directional selection stabilizing selection

balancing selection

Which of the various species concepts distinguishes two species based on the degree of genetic exchange between their gene pools? biological phylogenetic ecological morphological

biological

DDT is usually found in higher concentrations at higher levels of a food chain. This is an example of nutrient cycling biological magnification evolution of resistance pollution

biological magnification

Which example below correctly lists members of a desert ecosystem from the producer level to the top consumer level? red-tailed hawk, collared lizard, pallid-winged grasshopper, brittlebush pallid-winged grasshopper, collared lizard, red-tailed hawk brittlebush, collared lizard, red-tailed hawk, pallid-winged grasshopper brittlebush, pallid-winged grasshopper, collared lizard, red-tailed hawk

brittlebrush grasshopper lizard hawk

To describe evolution as a "scientific theory" means that _____. it is a matter of opinion it is not factual it is a broad model that is supported by many observations and much experimental evidence it is an untested idea it can be considered dogma

broad model supported by observations and evidence

The ____________ is the maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, symbolized as K. logistic size carrying capacity ideal size exponential size

carrying capacity

During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarked, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception? Spontaneous mutations can result in the appearance of new traits. Only favorable adaptations have survival value. If the giraffes did not have to compete with each other, longer necks would not have been passed on to the next generation. Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes. Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance.

characteristics acquired during an organisms life are generally not passed on through genes

What is the reason that linked genes are inherited together? Chromosomes are unbreakable. Alleles are paired together during meiosis. Genes align that way during metaphase I of meiosis. The number of genes in a cell is greater than the number of chromosomes. They are located close together on the same chromosome.

close on same chromosome

Organisms that live in a homogenous abiotic environment and cooperate to avoid being eaten would likely show a _____ pattern of dispersion. random even clumped uniform continuous

clumped

_____________ is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed. Mutualism Facilitation Commensalism Parasitism

commensalism

When goats were introduced to an island off the California coast, the goats inhabited the same areas and ate the same plants as the native deer. The deer population dwindled and finally disappeared. This is an example of _____. food chain coevolution competitive exclusion succession commensalism

competitive exclusion

The pairs of nucleotides that interact to join together two DNA strands are known as homozygous nucleotides complementary nucleotides homologous nucleotides partner nucleotides

complementary nucleotides

Polypeptides, polysaccharides, and polynucleotides are all large molecules formed when smaller molecules are joined together by reduction reactions condensation reactions ionic reactions hydrolysis reactions

condestation

_________ refers to the number of individuals per unit area or volume. density population dispersal area clump

density

__________ refers to the number of individuals per unit area or volume. density population clump dispersal area

density

Within a food web, organisms classified as consumers feed only on plants dependant on solar energy trapped by primary producers belong to the trophic level containing the largest amount of energy in an ecosystem only organisms that can convert inorganic nutrients into organic matter

dependent of solar energy

______________ causes an increase in the intensity of UV radiation reaching Earth. depletion of ozone layer eutrophication acid precipitation greenhouse effect biological magnification

depletion of ozone

The respiration (catabolism) of glucose is exergonic.C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2OWhat is the source of the free energy released in this reaction? breaking the C-H covalent bonds breaking the O-O covalent bonds the difference between the potential energy in the bonds of the glucose and oxygen molecules, minus the potential energy in the bonds of the carbon dioxide and water molecules. In other words: (potential energy in bonds of 1 glucose molecule + potential energy in bonds of 6 O2 molecules) - (potential energy in bonds of 6 CO2 molecules + potential energy in bonds of 6 H2O molecules) = positive number breaking both the C-H and O-O covalent bonds

difference between potential in bonds of glucose and oxygen - potential in bonds of CO2 and H2O

Pathogenic bacteria found in many hospitals are antibiotic resistant. This situation is most likely the result of diversifying selection. random selection. stabilizing selection. directional selection.

directional selection

Natural selection in which individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do individuals with intermediate phenotypes is known as sexual dimorphism directional selection disruptive selection heterozygote advantage

disruptive selection

An important challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species was the observation that seemingly dissimilar organisms such as hummingbirds, humans, and whales have similar skeletal structures. This most directly suggested to biologists that _____. only the best-adapted organisms can survive advantageous changes can be passed along to offspring All of the listed responses are correct. dissimilar organisms might have evolved from a distant, common ancestor most evolution occurs rapidly following a mass extinction

dissimilar organisms might have evolved from a distant common ancestor

The current view of biological communities is _____. that they maintain a relatively constant composition of species that they eventually reach a state of equilibrium that the effect of disturbances is usually negative that disturbance and nonequilibrium are the norm

disturbance and nonequalibrium are the norm

Spontaneous reactions always occur, and do not require an energy input do not require an energy input to occur always proceed rapidly all of these answers are correct

do not require energy input

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution? Dolphins and sharks have a similar fusiform (streamlined) body shape. Both gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants) and angiosperms (flowering plants) produce seeds. Blind cave fish possess remnants of eye structures under their scales. Human embryos and fish embryos both have pharyngeal pouches. Cats and bats have similar skeletal configurations in their forelimbs.

dolphins and sharks have similar body shapes

A species with substantially higher abundance or biomass than other species in a community is known as a producer a consumer a dominant species a keystone species

dominant species

Animals that possess homologous structures probably _____. are not related are headed for extinction by chance had similar mutations independently in the past have increased genetic diversity evolved from the same ancestor

evolved from same ancestor

Growth of a population in an ideal, unlimited environment, represented by a J-shaped curve when population size is plotted over time, is known as logistic population growth exponential population growth reproductive population growth unlimited population growth

exponential

The logistic growth model differs from the exponential growth model in that it _____. implies that population size stabilizes at K when the birth rate is zero expresses the effects of population-limiting factors on exponential growth implies that a population's growth rate will be highest when the population is small never shows the effects of population-limiting factors is J-shaped and the exponential growth model is S-shaped

expresses the effects of population-limiting factors on exponential growth

In the Lake Victoria cichlids, what appears to be contributing to fusion of different species? The viability of cichlid eggs is being reduced by water pollution. Murky, polluted water is causing reduced hybrid viability. Females have a difficult time visually selecting males of the same species in the murky, polluted water. Extinctions are being caused by the Nile perch, an introduced predator. overfishing

females have a hard time visually selecting males of the same species

The genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population is known as founder effect directional selection disruptive selection population diversification

founder effect

You have been studying a small (over the course of your study this population has stayed at about 20 individuals each generation), isolated population of field mice for many generations. You have determined that there is a single locus with two alleles that controls coat color in this species: GG individuals are black, Gg individuals are dark brown, and gg individuals are tan. You have also found that tan individuals are the most obvious to predators and have the lowest relative fitness while the relative fitness of black individuals is the highest. In the current generation you have found that the population consists of only tan individuals. Which evolutionary force is most likely to have produced this recent change? genetic drift gene flow non-random mating natural selection

genetic drift

The set of alleles carried by a particular organism are its phenotype codominance recessiveness genotype

genotype

Which of the following statements about sympatric speciation is FALSE? Geographic isolation is necessary to assure reproductive isolation. Nondisjunction at mitosis or meiosis can give rise to polyploid cells of the hybrid. A new species can arise in a single generation as a result of polyploidy. Sympatric speciation can result from the formation of fertile hybrids that do not interbreed with the parent species.

geographic isolation is necessary to assure reproductive isolation

Pine trees in a forest tend to shade and kill pine seedlings that sprout nearby. This causes the pine trees to _____. grow in a random pattern increase exponentially exceed their carrying capacity grow in a uniform pattern grow in a clumped pattern

grow in uniform pattern

Assuming that r has a positive value, in the formula dN/dt = rmaxN(K - N)/K, the factor rN tends to cause the population to _____. grow at a slower rate than the (K - N/K) factor remain stable at the carrying capacity grow increasingly rapidly decrease in size None of the listed responses is correct.

grow increasingly rapidly

As N (population size) approaches K (carrying capacity) for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic growth equation? growth rate will not change growth rate will approach zero population will increase exponetially carrying capacity of enviornment will increase

growth rate will approach zero

Clearing a forest to create a region for grazing cattle is an example of what type of threat to biodiversity? introduced species global change overharvesting bioremediation habitat loss

habitat loss

The final result of the process of meiosis is the doubling of chromosome number replication of each chromosome 1/2 number of different proteins 1/2 amount of DNA

halving of the amount of DNA in the cell.

The two strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule are held together by ionic bonds nonpolar covalent bonds polar covalent binds hydrogen bonds

hydrogen

Imagine that part of a population of South American finches is blown by a storm onto an island far offshore and manages to survive and reproduce there for a period of 10,000 years. After that period, a climate change results in lower sea levels and the reconnection of the island with the mainland. Members of the formerly isolated island finch population can now interact freely with members of the original mainland population. Which of the following observations would, by itself, lead you to conclude unequivocally that the island finch population had evolved into a distinct species, according to the biological species concept? Individuals from the different populations sometimes mate with each other, but all of the resulting eggs are sterile. Individuals from the different populations frequently direct courtship behavior toward members of the other population. Hybrid offspring of matings between individuals from the two populations do not look like either parent. The island birds all have red feathers, but the mainland birds have green feathers. The preferred food of the island birds is quite different from the diet of mainland birds.

idividuals from different populations produce sterile eggs

A new species can arise in a single generation _____. in a very large population spread over a large area if a change in chromosome number creates a reproductive barrier through geographic isolation if allopatric speciation occurs if adaptive radiation occurs

if a change in chromosome number creates a reproductive barrier

The influx of new individuals into a population from other areas is known as immigration emigration population flow clumping

immigration

In the absence of any density-dependent mechanisms for population regulation, a population will increase with an exponential growth curve. increase with a logistic (S-shaped) growth curve. maintain a constant size. increase its carrying capacity.

increase w/exponential growth curve

A wildlife biologist is trying to predict what will happen to a bear population if bear hunting is banned. He had the equations all worked out but then realized that he had grossly underestimated the amount of food available to the bears. To make his prediction more accurate he should _____ the value of _____ in his equation. (Consider food to be a factor that limits the size of the bear population.) increase ... K increase ... N decrease ... K decrease ... N decrease ... r

increase, K

A species of malaria-carrying mosquito lives in a forest in which two species of monkeys, A and B, coexist. Species A is immune to malaria, but species B is not. The malaria-carrying mosquito is the chief food for a particular kind of bird in the forest. If all these birds were suddenly eliminated by hunters, which of the following would be an immediately observable consequence? increased mortality (death rate) in monkey species A emergence of malaria-sensitive strains in monkey species A emergence of malaria-resistant strains in monkey species B increased mortality in monkey species B

increased mortality in species b

Which of the following cannot undergo evolution by natural selection? An individual sequoia tree, a population of marine iguanas and a population of gray squirrels can all evolve through natural selection. the population of marine iguanas inhabiting the Galapagos islands the gray squirrel population of the St. Paul campus an individual 2000-year-old sequoia tree

individual sequoia tree

Which of the following types of mutation, resulting in an error in the mRNA just after the AUG start of translation, is likely to have the LEAST serious effect on the polypeptide product? an insertion of four nucleotides an insertion of two nucleotides an insertion of one nucleotide an insertion of three nucleotides

insertion of 3

Overexploitation encourages extinction and is most likely to affect most organisms that live in the oceans. large animals with low intrinsic reproductive rates. animals that occupy a broad ecological niche. terrestrial organisms more than aquatic organisms. edge-adapted species.

large animals w/low intrinsic reproduction rates

Which of these statements about genetic drift is FALSE? Genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become "fixed" in the population, meaning that all individuals in the population carry only the harmful allele for a particular gene. Genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation. Genetic drift can cause unpredictable changes in allele frequencies. The larger the population, the more significant genetic drift is likely to be.

larger the population the more significant genetic drift will be

A newly mated queen ant founds a nest in an unoccupied patch of suitable habitat. Assuming that no disasters strike the nest, which of the following types of equations is likely to best describe the population growth of the new colony over the long term? circular logistic linear exponential In a natural population, there will be limits, based on the carrying capacity of the habitat, on the growth of the population. None of the listed responses is correct.

logistic

Which of the following is a key observation that must be explained in a unifying theory about life? All living things require oxygen to survive. Organisms are rarely well-suited to their environments. Evolution is based on descent with modification. Many basic characteristics are shared by all living things. The Earth is very old.

many basic characteristics are shared by all living things

Which of the following is the most important assumption for the capture-recapture method to estimate the size of wildlife populations? More individuals emigrate from, as opposed to immigrate into, a population. Marked individuals have the same probability of being recaptured as unmarked individuals during the recapture phase. Over 50% of the marked individuals need to be trapped during the recapture phase. There is a 50:50 ratio of males to females in the population before and after trapping and recapture. All females in the population have the same litter size.

marked individuals have the same probability of being recaptured as unmarked individuals

Sexual recombination includes the shuffling of chromosomes in _____ and fertilization. mutation mitosis natural selection genetic drift meiosis

meiosis

The definition of species in terms of measurable anatomical criteria is known as the biological species concept mechanical species concept morphological species concept ecological species concept

morphological

Which of the following mutations would be likely to increase the chances of a cell becoming cancerous? A mutation that decreases the expression of a tumor suppressor gene. A mutation that decreases the expression of a gene in the cell cycle-stimulating pathway. all of these answer are correct. A mutation that increases the expression of a gene in the cell cycle-inhibiting pathway.

mutation that decreases the expression of a tumor suppressor gene

A species of crocodile living in the Nile River opens its mouth and permits a bird called a plover to feed on parasitic leeches that are attached to the crocodile's gums. The crocodile does no harm to the plover. This relationship is best described as parasitism. commensalism. mutualism. competition.

mutualism

The changing coloration of the peppered moth population in industrial areas of England ("industrial melanism") demonstrates that individual moths could change their color when the environment changed. that mutations occur whenever they are needed. all of these answer are correct. that natural selection can change a population's genetic structure.

natural selection can change a populations genetic structure

In the future, might it be possible to bring back the dinosaurs, why or why not? No, proteins are completely degraded within a few thousand years. Yes, once cloning technologies improve. No, any dinosaur DNA would be completely degraded by now. Yes, once DNA sequencing and cloning technologies improve.

no DNA would be completely degraded by now

According to a 1999 study, the vegetarian finch is genetically no more similar to the tree finches than it is to the ground finches, despite the fact that it is placed in the same genus as the tree finches. Based on this finding, it is reasonable to conclude that the vegetarian finch is not truly a descendent of the original ancestral finch. is a hybrid species, resulting from a cross between a ground finch and a tree finch. should be re-classified as a warbler finch. is no more closely related to the tree finches than it is to the ground finches, despite its classification.

no more closely related to tree finches than to ground finches despite its classification

Which choice below is an example of an expression of population density? 255 dogfish sharks 100 sea stars, barnacles, and mussels per 25 m2 of a tide pool the total number of sturgeon per cubic meter in San Francisco Bay and in Tomales Bay the number of Paramecium caudatum in a 250-mL solution in a glass flask the total dry mass of trout in a lake

number of Paramecium caudatum in glass flask

A certain toxic substance that is retained in cells is taken up by plants. The plants are eaten by small fish. The small fish are, in turn, eaten by large fish. The large fish are eaten by very large fish. Which of the following would be safest to eat? small fish large fish plants very large fish

plants

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring, is known as an ecosystem a community a population a meta-population

population

The smallest unit that can evolve is morph individual population species genotype

population

When the per capita birth rate equals the per capita death rate, ignoring the effects of immigration and emigration, _____. the size of a population remains constant a population is in danger of extinction a population goes through up and down cycles a population grows rapidly density-dependent limiting factors do not affect the population

population remains constant

How is habitat fragmentation related to biodiversity loss? Populations of organisms in fragments are smaller and, thus, more susceptible to extinction. Animals are forced out of smaller habitat fragments. Less carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants in fragmented habitats. In fragmented habitats, more soil erosion takes place. Fragments generate silt that negatively affects sensitive river and stream organisms.

populations of organisms in fragments are smaller and more susceptible to extinction

Two species of animals can mate and produce fertile offspring in captivity but do not meet or mate in their natural habitat. This is an example of: post-zygotic barrier sympatric speciation chromosomal incompatibilitu pre-zygotic barrier

pre-zygotic

Three species of frogs, Rana pipiens, Rana clamitans, and Rana sylvatica, all mate in the same ponds, but they pair off correctly because they have different calls. This is a specific example of a _____ barrier, called _____. prezygotic ... behavioral isolation prezygotic ... gametic isolation postzygotic ... hybrid breakdown prezygotic ... temporal isolation postzygotic ... mechanical isolation

prezygotic behavioral isolation

If you make a model of a methane (CH4) molecule, the overall shape of the molecule will most closely resemble a pyramid a wide "V" a straight line a square

pyramid

Although extinction is a natural process, current extinctions are of concern to environmentalists because None of the options are correct. most current extinctions are caused by introduced species. most of the species going extinct are mammals. current extinction is primarily affecting plant diversity. the rate of extinction is unusually high.

rate of extinction is unusually high

A population of zooplankton is exposed to a small number of predatory fish that feed on the larger-sized (adult) zooplankton. Which of the following predictions would most likely occur based on the principles of natural selection? Adult zooplankton will start to reach sexual maturity when they are still relatively small. The predatory fish will evolve smaller mouths so that they do not drive their prey to extinction. The predatory fish will evolve poor eyesight so as to preserve their food supply. The zooplankton will become sexually mature at larger sizes.

reach sexual maturity when still small

In modern terminology, diversity is understood to be a result of genetic variation. Which of the following is a recognized source of variation for evolution? mistakes in translation of structural genes mistakes in protein folding recombination by crossing over in meiosis rampant changes to the dictionary of the genetic code binary fission

recombination by crossing over in meiosis

Vestigial organs are _____. homologies that can only be observed in embryos one piece of evidence that does not support the theory of evolution evidence for Lamarck's theory of use and disuse remnants of structures that were useful to an organism's ancestors examples of anatomical imperfections such as the human knee

remnants of structures that were useful to an organism's ancestors

A lake community with four trophic levels suddenly suffers from algal blooms. Using the strategy of biomanipulation, an ecologist may propose _____. removing zooplankton adding fish that eat zooplankton removing the fourth trophic level in the lake adding mineral nutrients to the water removing fish that eat zooplankton

removing fish that eat zooplankton

For one species to evolve into two or more distinct species, which of the following must occur? symbiosis migration reproductive isolation hybridization

reproductive isolation

The genetic "fitness" of an individual is determined by its ability to migrate ability to adapt to environmental changes ability to survive harsh conditions reproductive success

reproductive success

White-breasted nuthatches and Downy woodpeckers both eat insects that hide in the furrows of bark in hardwood trees. The Downy woodpecker searches for insects by hunting from the bottom of the tree trunk to the top, whereas the white-breasted nuthatch searches from the top of the trunk down. These hunting behaviors best illustrate which of the following ecological concepts? competitive exclusion resource partitioning bottom-up and top-down hypotheses character displacement

resource partitioning

What is the most likely pathway for an enzyme secreted by pancreatic cells? Golgi apparatus to rough endoplasmic reticulum to vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane rough endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi apparatus to vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane Golgi apparatus to smooth endoplasmic reticulum to vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane smooth endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi apparatus to vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane

rough er, golgi, vesicles, plasma membrane

In a hypothetical environment, fishes called pike-cichlids are visual predators of algae-eating fish (in other words, they locate their prey by sight). If a population of algae-eaters experiences predation pressure from pike-cichlids, which of the following is least likely to be observed in the algae-eater population over the course of many generations? selection for drab coloration of the algae-eaters selection for nocturnal algae-eaters (active only at night) selection for algae-eaters that are faster swimmers selection for larger female algae-eaters, bearing broods composed of more, and larger, young

selection for larger female algae-eaters, bearing broods composed of more and larger young

Which of the following describes the sequence of events that occurs during DNA replication of a double-stranded DNA molecule? separation of the DNA strands at DNA replication origins, synthesis of RNA primers, synthesis of DNA, ligation of DNA fragments, unwinding of DNA separation of the DNA strands at DNA replication origins, unwinding of the DNA double helix, synthesis of RNA primers, ligation of RNA fragments, synthesis of DNA separation of the DNA strands at DNA replication origins, unwinding of the DNA double helix, synthesis of DNA, synthesis of RNA primers, ligation of DNA fragments separation of the DNA strands at DNA replication origins, unwinding of the DNA double helix, synthesis of RNA primers, synthesis of DNA, ligation of DNA fragments

separation of DNA strands at DNA replication origins, unwinding of the double helix, synthesis of RNA primers, synthesis of DNA, ligation of DNA fragments

An electron loses potential energy when it moves further away from the nucleus of the atom. shifts to a less electronegative atom. increases its kinetic energy. shifts to a more electronegative atom.

shift to electronegative atom

How did some strains of Staphylococcus aureus become resistant to antibiotic drugs? None of the listed responses is correct. Some members of the bacteria population must have had a genetic variation that made them resistant to antibiotics. The bacterium mutated in response to the drug. Patients did not take the drug as it was prescribed. The drug did not work in the way that the developers intended.

some members must have genetic variation that is resistant

Birds with average-size wings survived a severe storm more successfully than other birds in the same population with longer or shorter wings. If severe storms occur regularly, then over time, one should expect these storms to bring about _____. directional selection disruptive selection stabilizing selection the bottleneck effect gene flow

stabilizing selection

Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing fewer, or more, than this have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this situation? artificial selection stabilizing selection disruptive selection diploid selection directional selection

stabilizing selection

Natural selection in which intermediate phenotypes survive and reproduce more successfully than do extreme phenotypes is known as stabilizing selection phenotypic selection heterozygote advantage directional selection

stabilizing selection

Which of the following statements best describes theories? They are nearly the same things as hypotheses. They are supported by, and make sense of, many observations. They cannot be tested because the described events occurred only once. They are predictions of future events.

supported by and make sense of many observations

The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area is known as geographic speciation allopatric speciation local speciation sympatric speciation

sympatric speciation

Which of the following would most likely be an example of a density-independent factor limiting population growth? diseases parasites accumulation of toxic waste daily temperature extremes food availability

temperature extremes

About 13 different species of finches inhabit the Galápagos Islands today, all descendants of a common ancestor from the South American mainland that arrived a few million years ago. Genetically, there are four distinct lineages, but the 13 species are currently classified among three genera. The first lineage to diverge from the ancestral lineage was the warbler finch (genus Certhidea). Next to diverge was the vegetarian finch (genus Camarhynchus), followed by five tree finch species (also in genus Camarhynchus) and six ground finch species (genus Geospiza). If the six ground finch species have evolved most recently, then which of these is the most logical prediction? They should be limited to the six islands that most recently emerged from the sea. Their genomes should be more similar to each other than are the genomes of the five tree finch species. All of these answers are correct. They should share fewer anatomical homologies with each other than they share with the tree finches.

their genomes should be more similar to each other than are the genomes of 5 tree finch species

If the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus experiences a cost for maintaining one or more antibiotic-resistance genes, then what should happen in environments from which antibiotics are missing? The bacteria should start making and secreting their own antibiotics. The bacteria should try to make the cost worthwhile by locating, and migrating to, microenvironments where traces of antibiotics are present. These bacteria should be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes. These genes should continue to be maintained in case the antibiotics ever appear.

these bacteria should be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes

The time interval between speciation events is typically _____. (Hint: this question is NOT asking about the average time between speciation events). 500,000 years Times between speciation events vary widely and depend on generation times, causes of speciation, environmental factors, and chance. 6.5 million years 4,000 years 40 million years

time between speciation varies and depends on generation times, causes of speciation, environmental factors, and chance

Members of two different species possess a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar fashion to perform the same function. Which information would best help distinguish between an explanation based on homology versus one based on convergent evolution? The two species share many proteins in common, and the nucleotide sequences that code for these proteins are almost identical. The two species live at great distance from each other. Both species are well adapted to their particular environments. The sizes of the structures in adult members of both species are similar in size.

two species share many proteins in common and nucleotide sequences that code for these proteins are nearly identical

What are three basic issues that life histories entail? whether or not reproduction is a conscious decision, the level of parental care, and how many offspring are produced during each reproductive episode when reproduction begins, how often the organism breeds, and how many offspring from each reproductive episode survive to also reproduce when reproduction begins, how often the organism breeds, and how many offspring are produced during each reproductive episode when reproduction begins, level of parental care, and how many offspring are produced during each reproductive episode whether or not reproduction is a conscious decision, how often the organism breeds, and how many offspring are produced during each reproductive episode

when reproduction begin level of parental care how many offspring are produced during each reproductive episode

In the future, might it be possible to bring back some species that went extinct within the last few thousand years, such as the woolly mammoth or the Tasmanian tiger? No, all DNA samples from these species would be completely degraded by now. No, DNA sequencing technologies cannot reveal the sequences of the genomes of these animals. Yes, possibly with sufficient technological improvements (e.g. in cloning technologies). No, there are no DNA samples from these species.

yes

In a certain population, there are two alleles (T and t) at a locus with the frequency of the T allele = 0.4. You collect the following information from this population:300 TT individuals200 Tt individuals500 tt individualsIs there evidence this population is evolving? Yes; there are fewer TT individuals than predicted in the absence of evolution. No Yes; there are fewer Tt individuals than predicted in the absence of evolution. Yes; there are fewer tt individuals than predicted in the absence of evolution.

yes; fewer Tt individuals than predicted