BIOL 1030 Chapter 12 Homework Questions

Bacteria lack RNA-splicing machinery, which means they are unable to splice out introns from eukaryotic genes. To engineer a bacterium to produce a eukaryotic protein, it is necessary to synthesize a gene without introns. If you know the nucleotide sequence, you can _ A) alter the bacteria used so that they can splice RNA B) use a restriction enzyme to remove introns from the gene C) work backward from mRNA to make a version of the gene without introns D) use a phage to insert the desired gene into a bacterium

work backward from mRNA to make a version of the gene without introns

In the CRISPR-Cas9 system, the Cas9 protein _____ cuts double-stranded DNA aids viral replication inserts genes into a plasmid radioactively labels specific DNA sequences

cuts double-stranded DNA

DNA polymerase is a heat-sensitive enzyme. What is one thing that would need to be considered concerning the activity of this enzyme in PCR when the temperature is heated during each cycle to separate the DNA strands? that the DNA polymerase could be denatured that the primers might not work that the DNA strands might melt

that the DNA polymerase could be denatured

DNA moves through a gel toward the positive electrode when an electric charge is applied. What property of DNA allows this movement or migration to occur? Large DNA fragments run slowly. DNA has a negative charge. DNA is separated on the basis of size. Small DNA fragments run faster.

DNA has a negative charge.

If a biochemist were searching for the nucleic acid sequence CTAGTTATG, what sequence would the biochemist use to make a nucleic acid probe? GAUCAAUAC CTUGTTUTG CTAGTTATG GATCAATAC

GATCAATAC

Which of the following describes gene cloning? A) Gene cloning occurs when a bacterium carrying a recombinant plasmid reproduces, thus allowing for the production of multiple copies of the recombinant plasmid. B) Gene cloning occurs when a bacterium binds and takes up DNA from the surrounding fluid. C) Gene cloning occurs when cDNA is produced from an mRNA template. D) Gene cloning occurs when a phage transfers bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another.

Gene cloning occurs when a bacterium carrying a recombinant plasmid reproduces, thus allowing for the production of multiple copies of the recombinant plasmid.

How was the hepatitis B vaccine produced? A) Scientists injected animals with the hepatitis B virus and then harvested their antibodies. B) A harmless variant, a natural mutant, was used to stimulate an immune response. C) Animals, particularly mammals such as goats, were genetically engineered to produce hepatitis B proteins. D) Microorganisms were genetically engineered to produce hepatitis B proteins.

Microorganisms were genetically engineered to produce hepatitis B proteins

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between modern humans (Homo sapiens) and Neanderthals A) Neanderthals are direct ancestors of humans. B) Chimpanzees are more closely related to Neanderthals than they are to modern humans. C) Neanderthals productively interbred with Homo sapiens populations that had left Africa. D) Neanderthals belong to the same species as modern humans.

Neanderthals productively interbred with Homo sapiens populations that had left Africa.

Which of the following accurately describes "next generation sequencing" technology? A) A very long DNA molecule is threaded through a small pore where an electrical current interacts differently with each of the four different types of nucleotides. B) Numerous short DNA fragments are rapidly and simultaneously sequenced. C) A gene of interest is inserted into a plasmid vector. D) Repetitive DNA is amplified through PCR and the resulting fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis.

Numerous short DNA fragments are rapidly and simultaneously sequenced.

A new treatment for cystic fibrosis (CF) is currently being tested. The treatment is sprayed into the noses of patients with CF. The spray contains a genetically engineered adenovirus that carries a (CFTR) gene, which codes for a normal protein involved in the function of chlorine channels. Cells that harbor the adenovirus express the gene, and patients experience relief from the debilitating respiratory symptoms of CF. What is the significant drawback of this treatment? The delivery method is very expensive. The major system affected is the urinary system. The CFTR gene has not yet been identified. The treatment would only last until the epithelial cells lining the nasal cavity and lungs are shed.

The treatment would only last until the epithelial cells lining the nasal cavity and lungs are shed.

Genetically modified organisms include microbes used in biotechnology that possess enzymes promoting antibiotic resistance. This could be a problem given the rise of antibiotic-resistant organisms. However, these engineered microorganisms do not pose a risk to public health. What do you think prevents them from spreading antibiotic resistance to pathogens outside the laboratory? A) Humans contain enzymes that would disable these microbes. B) These organisms would not transfer antibiotic resistance to pathogens if they were to come into contact with these by mistake. C) Scientists will never remove these organisms from the laboratory. D) These microbes have been designed so that conditions outside the laboratory would be unfavorable to their survival.

These microbes have been designed so that conditions outside the laboratory would be unfavorable to their survival.

In which of the following ways are sticky ends and nucleic acid probes alike? They are both parts of RNA molecules. They both undergo complementary base pairing. They are both used as gene vectors in genetic engineering. They are both used to locate specific DNA sequences.

They both undergo complementary base pairing.

When is PCR particularly applicable? When there are large quantities of DNA to analyze When there are small quantities of DNA to analyze When speed is important but accuracy is not When the accuracy is important, but speed is not

When there are small quantities of DNA to analyze

Which of the following would be considered a transgenic organism? a human given a corrected human blood-clotting gene a rat with rabbit hemoglobin genes a bacterium that has received genes via conjugation a fern grown in cell culture from a single fern root cell

a rat with rabbit hemoglobin genes

The recombinant molecule below was generated using which two enzymes? a restriction enzyme and a catalase a restriction enzyme and a polymerase a polymerase and a ligase a restriction enzyme and a ligase

a restriction enzyme and a ligase

Sequencing the human genome required a number of steps. Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages for the whole genome shotgun method? A) cleavage of DNA into smaller fragments, reassembly of the complete sequence, DNA sequencing B) cleavage of DNA into smaller fragments, DNA sequencing, reassembly of complete sequence C) DNA sequencing, cleavage of DNA into smaller fragments, reassembly of the complete sequence D) linkage mapping, physical mapping, DNA sequencing

cleavage of DNA into smaller fragments, DNA sequencing, reassembly of complete sequence

In a PCR reaction, the strands of DNA are first separated by _ adding alcohol heating treatment with a strong base treatment with an acid

heating

To date, the "easy" part of gene therapy has been ___ A) repairing genes without removing the cells from the patient B) getting the engineered cells to reproduce within the patient's body C) preventing further mutations from occurring during the course of the therapy D) isolating and cloning the normal gene

isolating and cloning the normal gene

In gel electrophoresis DNA molecules migrate from _____ to _____ ends of the gel. acidic ... basic negative ... positive basic ... acidic long ... short positive ... negative

negative ... positive

The production of genetically identical animals that are carrying recombinant human genes for pharmaceutical purposes, for example using goats to produce antithrombin, is called a _________ transformation transplant recombination pharm

pharm

What is the correct sequence of events that occur in a PCR reaction? A) addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA; DNA strand separation B) use of DNA polymerase to produce a second strand of DNA; separation of DNA strands; addition of primers C) separation of DNA strands; use of DNA polymerase to produce a second strand of DNA; addition of primers D) separation of DNA strands; addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA

separation of DNA strands; addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA

To identify an individual involved in a crime, criminologists analyze DNA from a suspect's blood and compare the __________ to samples found at the crime scene. recombinant molecules DNA molecules produced by the polymerase chain reaction short tandem repeat DNA profile DNA probes

short tandem repeat DNA profile

The unpaired nucleotides produced by the action of restriction enzymes are referred to as ___ sticky ends base sequences single strands restriction fragments ligases

sticky ends

The science of proteomics ____ A) compares the telomeres of different organisms B ) studies when and where proteins are produced in an organism and how the proteins interact C) studies how alternative RNA splicing produces different polypeptides D) compares the coding regions of DNA in different organisms

studies when and where proteins are produced in an organism and how the proteins interact