BIOL 1108 EXAM 2 MOORE

Choose the factor that is unlikely to limit population growth Question options: harsh weather predation All are factors that could limit population growth. disease

All are factors that could limit population growth.

Consider two old growth forests: one is undisturbed while the other is being logged. In which region are species likely to experience exponential growth, and why? Logged, because the distrubed forest affords more resources for increased specific populations to grow. Old growth, becasue each of the species is well established and can produce many offspring. Old growth, because of stable conditions that would favor exponential grwoth of all species in the forest. Logged, because the various populations are stimulated to a higher reproductive potential.

Logged, because the distrubed forest affords more resources for increased specific populations to grow.

what are the levels that an organism occupies in a food chain that starts with producers and ends at the top with predators?

Trophic levels

what evolutionary concept occurs when two species have different phenotypic characteristic but evolved from a common ancestor but occupy different niches?

adaptive radiation

what pathway goes from receptor to control center?

afferent

A study that examines the impact of clear cutting a wooded mountainside on the small mammals and their predators that live on that mountainside is an example of: organismal ecology. population ecology. community ecology. ecosystem ecology. landscape ecology.

community ecology

what type of ecology studies interactions among species in an area?

community ecology

what is the tendency or an organism or cell to regulate its internal conditions?

homeostasis

what is a species role in its community?

its niche

what is happening to the population with b=d?

no change

what enhances or amplifies changes that tends to move a system away from its equilibrium state and make it more unstable?

positive feedback loop

what senses and monitors changes in the system during homeostasis?

receptor

what is a realized niche

the set of environmental condition that an organism actually occupies

what is batesain mimcry

when a harmless species mimics a harmful model

To obtain optimal yield, populations should be harvested at what part of the sigmoid growth curve? Question options: populations should never be harvested where it levels off the very beginning it doesn't make any difference when the population is about half of the carrying capacity

when the population is about half of the carrying capacity

when is there no reproductive isolation?

when two mate and a viable, fertile offspring is produces

what is mullerian mimicry?

when two or more harmful species mimic each other

Which of the following would best be described as a case of speciation in sympatry? A population of lizards is subdivided by a natural barrier and subsequently diverges to form two species that cannot interbreed. Speciation cannot take place in sympatry - only in allopatry, where geography poses a barrier to gene flow. A new, isolated population of fruit flies is founded by a small group of colonists, which then diverge from the ancestral source population. An individual hermaphroditic plant undergoes meiotic failure, producing diploid pollen and ovules; these self-fertilize, germinate, and grow into several fully fertile tetraploid plants.

An individual hermaphroditic plant undergoes meiotic failure, producing diploid pollen and ovules; these self-fertilize, germinate, and grow into several fully fertile tetraploid plants.

The per capita growth rate (r) is calculated by subtracting the number of births minus the number of deaths. Question options: True False

FALSE, DEATHS minus BIRTHS

A population is correctly defined as having which of the following characteristics? I) inhabiting the same general area II) belonging to the same species III) possessing a constant and uniform density and dispersion

I and II

Which of the following would be most significant in understanding the structure of an ecological community? I) determining how many species are present overall II) determining which particular species are present III) determining the kinds of interactions that occur among organisms of different species IV) determining the relative abundance of species

I, II, III

what occurs when members of DIFFERENT SPECIES compete for a shared resource?

INTERspecific competition

what is interaction in population ecology where members of the SAME SPECIES compete for limited resources?

INTRAspecific competition

The common edible frog of Europe is a hybrid between two species, Rana lessonae and Rana ridibunda. The hybrids were first described in 1758 and have a wide distribution, from France across central Europe to Russia. Both male and female hybrids exist, but when they mate among themselves, they are rarely successful in producing offspring. What can you infer from this information? Question options: Postzygotic isolation exists between the two frog species. Prezygotic isolation exists between the two frog species. The hybrids form a separate species under the biological species concept. These two species are likely in the process of fusing back into one species.

Postzygotic isolation exists between the two frog species.`

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback? Question options: During birthing contractions, the hormone oxytocin is released and stimulates more contractions. When a baby is nursing, suckling leads to the production of more milk and an increase in prolactin, a hormone that stimualates milk production. When the level of glucose in the blood increases, the pancrease reeases the hormone insulin which acts to decrease blood glucose levels. As blood glucose levels decrease, the release of insulin decreases. After a blood vessel is damaged, signals are released by the damaged tissues that activate platelets in the blood. These activated platelets release chemicals that activate more platelets.

When the level of glucose in the blood increases, the pancrease reeases the hormone insulin which acts to decrease blood glucose levels. As blood glucose levels decrease, the release of insulin decreases.

what is geographic isolation causing speciation?

allopatric speciation

Speciation is more likely to occur in cases of A) sympatry B) antipatry C) allopatry D) copatry

allopatry

what homologous or analogous characteristics formed from convergent evolution?

analogous

Which of the following helps a prey species advertise to predators that it is unpalatable? Question options: epiphytes primary compounds aposematic coloration cryptic coloration

aposematic coloration

what type of reproductive isolation is when species have differences in mating rituals?

behavioral isolation

what are distinguished by temperature and precipitation?

biomes

what conditions are necessary in order for a population to have a per capita rate of increase, r, of zero in a given period of time?

births - deaths = 0 PLUS immigration - emmigration = 0

what are physical adaption for reducing predation?

camouflage chemical aposematic coloration

Scientific names higher than genus are italicized or underlined capitalized and italicized or underlined italicized or underlined with the first word capitalized capitalized but not printed distinctively, italicized, or underlined

capitalized but not printed distinctively, italicized, or underlined

The number of individuals that can be supported in a given location is the: Question options: realized rate of population increase carrying capacity density-dependent effect biotic potential

carrying capacity

what is K in logistic growth?

carrying capacity

what is the maximum population an environment can support?

carrying capacity

what competition can drive the evolution of differences between species?

character displacement

what is the divergence of traits between two species where they co-occur?

character displacement

what is an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other isnt benefitted or harmed?

commensalism

what type of ecology would study the question: what would a drop in prey population have on the population size of polar bears?

community ecology

Which of the following causes populations to shift most quickly from an exponential to a logistic population growth? Question options: decreased death rate removal of predators favorable climatic conditions competition for resources

competition for resources

what is the inevitable elimination from a habitat of one of two different species with identical needs for resources

competitive exclusion

what is when two species battle until the most competitive wins and drives the other to local extinction?

competitive exclusion

what are the two types of competition when niche's of two species overlap?

competitive exclusion resource partitioning

what is the using up of a resource?

comsumption

what is an organism that has no need to control with internal environment since their external environment is fairly constant in terms of temperature, oxygen, and nutrients (ectotherm)?

conformer

what is where information from the receptor is sent?

control center

Behavioral isolating mechanisms may occur when two species have different times of the day that they are sexually active habitat ranges courtship displays sized and shaped copulatory organs

courtship displays

what is the process where organisms that aren't closely related evolve similar traits independently? ex) bats wings and butterfly wings

covergent evolution

what type of coloration do organisms use to disguise their appearance?

cryptic coloration

what is happening to the population when b<d?

decreasing

what regulates opportunistic species?

density INdepentent factors

What type of effect has an increasing impact as the population size increases? Question options: density-independent effect age effect cohort effect density-dependent effect survivorship effect

density-dependent effect

what four factors determine where an organism lives?

dispersal biotic factors abiotic factors behavior

what species is the most abundant?

dominant species

what is a mechanism to ensure that all body systems function within an acceptable range to maintain life?

dynamic equilibrium

A study that examines the impact of clear cutting a wooded mountainside on the soil quality and plant communities that live on that mountainside is an example of: organismal ecology. population ecology. community ecology. ecosystem ecology. landscape ecology.

ecosystem ecology

what type of ecology emphasizes energy flow?

ecosystem ecology

what type of ecology studies the biotic and abiotic factors of ecosystems and their interactions?

ecosystem ecology

what typeof ecology would study the question: how do nutrients move through the tundra

ecosystem ecology

what is an animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat?

ectotherm

what marine invertebrates endotherms or ectotherms?

ectotherms

what mediates an appropriate response during homeostasis?

effector

what pathway goes from the control center to the effector?

efferent

what is an animal that is dependent on or capable of the internal generation of heat?

endotherm (warm blooded animal)

what are behavioral adaptions for prey to reduce predation?

escaping alarm calling and fighting back feigning death

what is a species that is living outside it native distributional range which has arrived there by human activity

exotic species

what growth is not limited by any external factors?

exponential growth

what type of graph are opportunistic species?

expotential

Core body temperature is uniform (doesn't vary), except in the case of infection. Question options: True False

false

Most homeostatic control mechanisms operate through a positive feedback loop. Question options: True False

falsoo

what does a species' niche depend on?

food availability predators parasites competition with other species

what shows organisms that occupy more than one trophic level?

food webs

what species forms major structural portion of habitat?

foundation species

what type of ecology studies what happens in one part of the world can have an impact around the planet?

global ecology

what type of ecology would study the warming of temperature?

global ecology

what are the biotic and abiotic characteristics of an area in which a particular organism lives?

habitat

what type of reproductive isolation is when species breed in different habitats?

habitat isolation

Characteristics that have arisen as a result of common evolutionary descent are said to be analogous homogenous homologous contiguous heterogamous

homologous

what part of the body maintains homeostasis and internal body temperature?

hypothalamus

what is happening to the population when b>d?

increasing

what are density independent factors?

independent of population size

what are density dependent factors?

intensify as the size of a population increase

A certain species of pine trees survives only in scattered locations at elevations above 2800 meters in the western United States. To understand why this tree grows only in these specific places, an ecologist should ___________. investigate the various biotic and abiotic factors that are unique to these high altitude sites collect data on temperature, wind and precipitation at several of these locations for a year study the anatomy and physiology of this species analyze the soils found around these trees and look for unique chemicals that may support their growth

investigate the various biotic and abiotic factors that are unique to these high altitude sites

In a cool environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deptrivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm _____. Question options: expends more energy per kilogram of body mass than does the endotherm has greater insulation on its body surface maintains a higher basal metabolic rate invests little energy in temperature regulation

invests little energy in temperature regulation

An animal that is cryptically colored probably Question options: is palatable to predators contains toxic chemicals is part of a Batesian mimicry system is part of a Mullerian mimicry system

is palatable to predators

do equilibrium species follow r-selection patterns or k-selection patterns?

k

Removal of a __________________ from a community affects community structure significantly. Question options: niche predator competitor keystone species

keystone species

what species exerts strong control on a community by its ecological role?

keystone species

what type of ecology studies the exchange of energy and organisms ACROSS ecosystems?

landscape

A study that examines the impact of clear cutting a wooded mountainside on mountain soil erosion moving down the river to the estuary at the coast is an example of: organismal ecology. population ecology. community ecology. ecosystem ecology. landscape ecology.

landscape ecology

what type of graph are equilibrium species?

logistic

what type of reproductive isolation is when the species are physically unable to reproduce?

mechanical isolation

Changes in gene frequencies within a population are called A) gene flow B)macroevolution C) polymorphism D) microevolution E) binomal expansion

microevolution

what type of coloration to organisms use to to reduce their chance of being eaten?

mimicry coloration

what is when both species increase in fitness by interacting with the other?

mutualism

is an increase in body temperature causing sweating negative or positive feedback?

negative

is cruise control maintaining a constant vehicle speed negative or positive feedback?

negative

is insulin production in response to a rise in blood sugar levels negative or positive feedback?

negative

what type of feedback loop is homeostasis typically controlled by?

negative

what is any homeostatic process that changes the direction of the stimulus?

negative feedback loop

According to the competitive exclusion principle, potential competitors can only coexist through ___________________. Question options: niche differentiation contest competition interference competition scramble competition

niche differentiation

are keystone species the most abundant?

not necesarily

In the current taxonomic system, families are grouped into orders classes divisions kingdoms phyla

orders

what type of ecology studies how an organism meets the challenges posed by its environment?

organismal ecology

You are studying the ecology of the crab species Cancer gracilis and take the following measurements of the osmolarity of the hemolymph (body fluid) relative to the surrounding seawater. This species is an ___________. Question options: Osmoregulator Osmoconformer

osmoconformer

A study that examines the impact of clear cutting a wooded mountainside on the growth of the population of deer mice that live on that mountainside is an example of: organismal ecology. population ecology. community ecology. ecosystem ecology. landscape ecology.

population ecology

what type of ecology studies how groups of individuals of the same species in the same area have adapted to that habitat?

population ecology

what type of ecology studies the question: What is is about the environment that affects population size?

population ecology

is a saving account balance that increases with interest positive or negative feedback?

positive

is additional platelets aggregate in response to platelet adhering to an injury site negative or positive feedback?

positive

is oxytocin release increasing in response to labor contractions negative or positive feedback?

positive

what are biotic factors that determine where an organism lives?

predation competition parasitism

Which of the following is not a prezygotic isolating mechanism? geographical isolation temporal isolation all of the above are prezygotic isolating mechanisms production of sterile hybrids prevention of gamete fusion

production of sterile hybrids

do opportunistic species follow r-selection patterns or k-selection patterns?

r

what is the formula for per capita growth rate (r)?

r = b-d

how do organism maintain heat?

radiation, evaporation, convection, conduction

what is a hybrid zone?

regions where two district species are found in close proximity and produce hybrid offspring

what is an organism that can maintain a constant internal environment independently of the external environment (endotherm)?

regulator

what is the prevention of gene flow between two populations due to physical or behavioral barriers?

reproductive isolation

what is competition leading to adaptations that results in species dividing the resource?

resource partitioning

what is k-selection?

species have a small number of offspring that are very likely to survive

what is it when a new species evolves from the same geographic region?

sympatric speciation

what are abiotic factors that determine where an organism lives?

temperature precipitation sunlight

biomes are distinguished by _____ and ______

temperature and precipitation

Two species of wild lettuce grow in the same areas, but one flowers in early spring and the other flowers in summer. This is an example ofa behavioral isolating mechanism geographical isolating mechanism mechanical isolating mechanism temporal isolating mechanism postzygotic isolating mechanism

temporal isolating mechanism

what type of reproductive isolation is when different species reproduce at different times?

temporal isolation

what is a fundamental niche?

the entire set of environmental conditions that an organism could occupy

what part of the binomial name is capitalized?

the genus

The realized niche of an organism is Question options: the area a species can occupy in the face of exploitative competition the habitat that exists in nature as opposed to the ideal the habitat of a species within a community resulting from clumping the life pattern that the organism actually assumes

the life pattern that the organism actually assumes

what is k/2 in logistic growth?

the maximum sustainable yield

In the formula for growth rate in a population (dN/dt = rN), what does N stand for? Question options: the number of individuals in the population the carrying capacity of the environment the intrinsic rate of natural increase of the population the change in time

the number of individuals in the population

what is the maximum sustainable yield?

the point where we can minimally affect population growth maintains the population at maximum growth

what part of the binomial name is italicized?

the species

Which of the following statements is true? A) Clusters of species are found only on islands, never on continents. B) Despite its large size, California has a low number of plant species. C) The stronger the selective forces, the faster a population will change. D) All of the above are true. E) None of the above are true.

the stronger the selective forces, the faster a population will change.

what does it mean when organisms are in a relationship that is mutualistic but not symbiotic?

they may only be together for a short period of time for an interaction that benefits both organisms

Which of the following statements is most likely to be true about two species? they will interbreed extensively if they occur in the same area none of the above is true they can never hybridize they occupy different niches

they occupy different niches

Evolutionary changes within a species are referred to as microevolution. A) True B) False

true

Modern biologists prefer to perceive the phylogenetic tree of organisms as multibranched, rather than linear, with no particular species being "higher", or superior, to another. Question options: True False

true

The essence of speciation is the lack of gene flow between populations. True False

true

what type of coloration warns a predator at an animal is unpalatable or poisonous?

warning coloration

When does the growth rate of a natural population equal zero? Question options: when N/K is exactly one when N/K equals zero when N nears the carrying capacity of the habitat when mortality is greater than natality

when N/K is exactly one

what is a symbiotic relationship?

when any diverse organisms live together can be beneficial or not beneficial

what is r-selection?

when species have a large number of offspring but each individual has a low likelihood of survival

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment? Question options: blubber or fat layer wind blowing across the body surface vasoconstriction feathers and fur

wind blowing across the body surface