BIOL 1307 Final Exam Study Guide

If a population of 1000 individuals has 120 aa genotypes, 460 Aa genotypes, and 420 AA genotypes, what is the allele frequency of the dominant allele (A)?

0.65

In the accompanying figure, the pair of organisms that have the most recent ancestor is:

2 and 3

Arrange the structures through which air passes upon entering the body in the proper sequence. 1) alveoli 2) bronchi 3) larynx 4) bronchioles 5) pharynx 6) trachea

5 → 3 → 6 → 2 → 4 → 1

What is the correct order of events that occur during muscle contraction? 1) muscle shortens 2) calcium binds to troponin 3) filaments slide 4) T tubules are depolarized 5) acetylcholine is released 6) ATP molecule is split

5 → 4 → 2 → 6 → 3 → 1

What is a characteristic of the all-or-none response?

A neuron will only produce an action potential if it has been depolarized to its threshold level.

Which of the following characteristics about animals is FALSE?

Animals cannot respond to stimuli

Which statement about bilateral symmetry is FALSE?

Bilateral symmetry evolved in cnidarians.

Which time period of Earth represents when evolution was progressing at the most rapid rate, as evidenced by fossils such as those of the Burgess Shale?

Cambrian period

Which mechanism results in changes in allele frequencies in a population from one generation to another?

Genetic drift

Which is a differentiating characteristic of land plants from green algae?

Land plants have a waxy cuticle

What event begins the process of repolarization following an action potential?

Na+ channel inactivation gates close.

Which animal phylum has an asymmetrical body plan?

Porifera

Why are mosses and liverworts limited in size?

They lack vascular tissues

In the accompanying figure, note the variation in these closely related birds. What does this illustrate?

adaptive radiation

Most protists are

aquatic

The most common mode of reproduction in bacteria is:

binary fission

Which were the first organisms to release oxygen by photosynthesis?

cyanobacteria

In flowering plants, the ____ generation is dominant.

diploid sporophyte

Which classification level contains the greatest number of species?

domain

Accumulation of ____ contributes to muscle fatigue.

lactic acid

Which is the only process that can lead to adaptations and directed genetic change of a population?

natural selection

In which group did the amniotic egg first evolve?

reptiles

What is a chain of round bacteria called?

streptococci

Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue?

the heart

A respiratory system is needed if an organism is too ____ to rely on the diffusion of gases through the body's tissues.

thick

Which of the following is a structure adapted for seed dispersal by animals?

thick, indigestible seed coats

What makes up most of the mass of an individual mushroom?

underground mycelium

Which nitrogenous waste product would be least toxic to an embryo developing in the aqueous environment found inside a shelled egg?

uric acid

Which one of the following is a mismatch between tissue system and function?

vascular tissue−storage

Which characteristic best describes vertebrates?

vertebral column

Which of the following statements about the speed of impulse conduction in a neuron is true?

Unmyelinated axons with larger diameters transmit impulses faster than ones with small diameters

What is the correct format for the scientific name of corn?

Zea mays (in italics font)

The central nervous system contains:

a brain and a dorsal tubular spinal cord

Members of which group are known to form blooms known as red tides?

dinoflagellates

Alternation of generations in plants refers to the alternation of:

diploid and haploid stages.

Lichens are most typically formed by the symbiotic association of an alga or cyanobacterium and a(n):

glomeromycete

The main osmoregulatory and excretory organ in most vertebrates is the:

kidney

In a certain population, the allele causing sickle cell anemia has an allele frequency of 0.2. If the population is in genetic equilibrium for this allele, what fraction of the population would be carriers for the allele (heterozygous individuals)?

0.32

Taxonomists tend to use the ____ to characterize species for classification

morphological species concept

Which term can be applied to both monotremes and sharks?

oviparous

What two tissues transport materials throughout the entire plant body?

phloem and xylem

Which hypothesis suggests that organic molecules formed near Earth's surface in pools of water?

prebiotic soup hypothesis

Because whales breathe via lungs, have a little hair when born, and nurse their young, these ____ characters allow us to classify them as mammals.

shared derived

The scientific study of the diversity of organisms and the evolutionary relationships between them is referred to as:

systematics.

Skeletal muscles produce movement by pulling on ____, which attach to bones.

tendons

The components of the pectoral girdle are:

the clavicles and the scapula

Which is a basic difference between gymnosperms and flowering plants?

Gymnosperms produce seeds borne naked, while flowering plants produce seeds enclosed within a fruit.

Why is the Hardy-Weinberg principle useful to biologists?

It identifies those factors that can change allele or genotype frequencies

Evolution that involves changes in allele frequencies over just a few successive generations is referred to as:

Microevolution

One critical requirement for life to arise on Earth was time for which to occur?

Molecules to accumulate and react with one another

During the __________ epoch, the mammals experienced an explosive adaptive radiation

Paleocene

A ____ consists of all of the individuals of the same species that inhabit a particular place at the same time

Population

Why are seeds reproductively superior to spores?

Seeds contain a young plant and also are protected by a seed coat

What is the key characteristic that defines the Ecdysozoa clade?

The animal molts

What is a major difference between the endoskeleton and the exoskeleton?

The endoskeleton is capable of growth

What happens when the membrane potential of a neuron reaches the threshold level?

The sodium channel protein changes its shape to open the gates of the channel

A main function of a plant's root system is to:

absorb dissolved nutrients and water.

The portion of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the internal environment is the:

autonomic nervous system.

Which structure in the accompanying figure is labeled as C?

capsule

If mitochondria were deprived of oxygen:

cellular respiration and ATP synthesis would cease and the cells would eventually die.

A tissue is a group of

closely associated, similar cells

Members of the ____ are thought to have given rise to plants.

green algae

Which two plants of the Carboniferous period contributed to the formation of today's coal deposits?

horsetails and club mosses

Most conifers have separate male and female reproductive parts on the same tree. This condition is referred to as:

monoecious

Determinate cleavage takes place in ____ and is characterized by a pattern of development where the ultimate fate of each cell is ____.

protostomes; fixed early in the developmental process

The exchange of gases between an organism and its environment is known as:

respiration.

The order of whorls from the flower's periphery to the center is:

sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels

Angiosperms have ____ in their phloem.

sieve tube elements

Which of the following is a vascular plant?

fern

Sexual reproduction involves which of the following processes?

fertilization

The union of gametes is called ____ and takes place within the ____ of a flower.

fertilization; ovary

Amphibians evolved directly from which ancestral organisms?

fishes

Flowering plants appeared in the fossil record in the:

Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous periods

The term clade most closely refers to:

a group of organisms that share common characteristics inherited from a common ancestor

Troponin and tropomyosin regulate:

actin and myosin interactions

Which term describes new ecological opportunities that were not exploited by an ancestral organism?

adaptive zones

The continued geographic isolation of Kaibab squirrels from Abert squirrels has allowed the animals to evolve into two distinct subspecies. This is an example of:

allopatric speciation

The nerve net of Hydra:

allows the organism to respond to stimuli approaching from any direction.

Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste of animals?

ammonia

Tetrapods include

amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Hair follicles and blood vessels are found in which layer of the skin?

dermis

The four basic animal tissues are:

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

If a population of 2000 individuals has 120 aa genotypes, what would the genotype frequency of aa be?

0.06

Most biologists recognize __________ domains.

3

Evidence shows that the earliest life may have existed how long ago?

3.5 billion years ago

What are Koch's postulates?

A set of guidelines to demonstrate that a specific pathogen causes specific disease symptoms

Which statement about bacteria is FALSE?

Bacteria are not cellular and are sometimes not classified as life forms.

Why are bees important to the reproductive success of flowering plants?

Bees carry pollen to other plants.

How are fungi differentiated from plants?

Fungi are heterotrophic

Which is an evolutionary trend in the development of nervous systems for bilaterally symmetrical animals?

Increased presence of ganglia

What is a disadvantage of the exoskeleton?

It must be shed to accommodate growth

The greatest mass extinction of all time occurred at the end of the ____ era, in which more than 90% of all existing marine organisms became extinct.

Paleozoic

Why is penicillin ineffective against gram-negative bacteria?

Penicillin cannot reach the thin peptidoglycan layer easily because it is protected by the bacteria's outer membrane.

The most closely related animal to vertebrates are the:

Urochordates

Both aquatic and terrestrial organisms must have ____ across which gas exchange can take place.

a moist surface

Both smooth muscle fibers and cardiac muscle fibers:

are under involuntary control

An example of homologous structures is the wing of a bat and the:

arm of a human

The sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called:

asci

Which is a characteristic shared between green algae and plants?

chlorophylls a and b in plastids

Which group can reproduce asexually?

cnidarians

The shape of the bill on the bird in the accompanying figure is most likely the result of:

coevolution

Development of the cerebellum in an animal correlates to the:

complexity of muscular activity exhibited by that animal.

Homoplastic structures are a result of ____ evolution.

convergent

Diploblastic animals, such as cnidarians and ____, have only two germ layers, ectoderm and ____.

ctenophores; endoderm

In primary endosymbiosis, an ancient eukaryotic cell engulfed a(n) ____, which survived and evolved into a chloroplast.

cyanobacterium

A(n) ____ character is a trait that has evolved relatively recently.

derived

Which neural signaling process is correctly paired with its function?

integration: sort and interpret sensory information

According to the biological species concept, a species consists of one or more populations whose members do not ____ with members of different species.

interbreed

Internal fertilization is more advantageous than external fertilization because:

internal fertilization provides a protective environment for gamete fusion.

saltatory conduction

is more energy efficient than continuous conduction.

Which reproductive isolation mechanism explains why a large dog, such as a Newfoundland, would not normally mate with a small dog, such as a Chihuahua?

mechanical isolation

A person with fair skin produces less ____ than a person with dark skin.

melanin

A true body cavity completely surrounded by ____ is called a coelom.

mesoderm

In most protostomes, the blastopore develops into the:

mouth

Which class of bones are part of the appendicular skeletal division?

pelvislactic acid

Neural signaling typically involves four processes. What is the correct order of those processes?

reception, transmission, integration, and action by effectors

Which are the mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between two different species whose ranges overlap?

reproductive isolating mechanisms

The basic unit of muscle contraction is known as the:

sarcomere

What do ferns lack?

seeds

Phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are considered ____ because they share a more recent common ancestor with each other than either does with any other group.

sister taxa

An example of a primary sex characteristic in males is:

spermatogenesis.

Which was a possible source of high energy on early Earth that likely contributed to the origin of life?

volcanic activity

Which vascular tissue is responsible for conducting water and dissolved minerals in plants?

xylem

Which statement about mycorrhizae is FALSE?

Arbuscular mycorrhizae are extracellular

Refer to the accompanying figure. Depolarization is indicated by the label:

B

What is a characteristic of a hydrostatic skeleton?

Contractile cells of the hydrostatic skeleton work in an antagonistic fashion

Which phylum has very few surviving species, and are tropical and subtropical plants with stout, trunk-like stems, and compound leaves that resemble those of palms or tree ferns?

Cycadophyta

Which hypothesis states that life developed from nonliving matter?

chemical evolution

A bacterium that uses the oxidation of inorganic compounds to provide energy for manufacturing nutritious organic compounds is a:

chemoautotroph

Which theory states that eukaryotic organelles originated as prokaryotes that survived ingestion by a host cell and ultimately evolved mutualistic relationships with the host cell?

endosymbiont theory

Which process is a specialized function carried out by epithelial tissue?

exchange of gases

Which of the following is NOT an adaptation needed for living on land?

external respiratory surfaces

In a fungus, a complex multicellular reproductive structure is called a(n):

fruiting body

Sexual reproduction results in:

genetic diversity among offspring

Which of the following taxa would be the least inclusive (most specific)?

genus

Which tissue system of the plant body is largely responsible for photosynthesis?

ground tissue system

Suppose a gene is transferred naturally by a bacterium from a plant genome to an insect genome within the same generation. What process does this illustrate?

horizontal gene transfer

Amino acids and other organic molecules were formed in the laboratory of Miller and Urey from which of the following?

hydrogen, methane, water, ammonia, and electrical discharge

A ____ is a filament that makes up the vegetative body of most fungi.

hypha

Most flowers are pollinated by which method?

insects