BIOL 1407 Chapter 40 & 41

Approximately how often is the blood filtered by the human kidney?

60 times a day (once every 24 minutes)

The loop of Henle in the nephrons of desert-dwelling kangaroo rats is much longer than the loop of Henle in humans. What is the advantage of this increased length for the kangaroo rat?

A longer loop of Henle can generate a larger concentration gradient, which allows for the production of a more concentrated urine.

Which of the following statements about the breakdown of carbohydrates is false? Glycolysis does not require oxygen. During glycolysis, starches are broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. Aerobic respiration is very efficient and captures the majority of the energy available in each glucose molecule in a usable form (ATP). ATP is produced during both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, whereas the citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria.

Aerobic respiration is very efficient and captures the majority of the energy available in each glucose molecule in a usable form (ATP).

Alanine and lysine are both amino acids. Not eating enough lysine can lead to protein deficiency, whereas not eating enough alanine does not lead to protein deficiency. Why is this the case?

Alanine can be synthesized by cellular biochemical pathways, whereas lysine cannot.

Which of the following statements about excretory organs in complex multicellular animals is false? All of the materials that are removed from the blood during filtration will eventually be excreted. Excretory systems are important for balancing both electrolyte and water levels in the body. If organisms relied on molecule-specific active transport of wastes alone, then novel toxic compounds could not be excreted. The process of excretion has more steps in complex multicellular animals with pressurized circulatory systems than in simple multicellular animals. None of the other answer options is false.

All of the materials that are removed from the blood during filtration will eventually be excreted.

Endotherms: generate heat from the breakdown of food and other metabolic reactions. usually maintain a constant body temperature that is higher than that of their environment. include mammals and birds. have high metabolic rates. All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct

Which of the following statements is false? An excess intake of food results in a shift in metabolism to mostly catabolic processes. A net positive energy intake results in the growth of fat stores. For an animal in energy balance, the amount of calories obtained from food is equal to the amount of calories used to meet its metabolic needs. Animals in a negative energy balance will begin to deplete their glycogen and fat reserves. An excess intake of food results in a shift in metabolism to mostly anabolic processes.

An excess intake of food results in a shift in metabolism to mostly catabolic processes.

Which of the following statements about the control of blood volume and blood pressure is false? A drop in blood pressure stimulates the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus to release renin. Inactive angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin II by an enzyme released from the lungs. Angiotensin II stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone, which increases salt and water uptake by the distal convoluted tubule. Angiotensin II causes the smooth muscle in the walls of the arterioles to contract. None of the answer options is false.

Angiotensin II stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone, which increases salt and water uptake by the distal convoluted tubule.

Which of the following statements is false? Animals that use suspension filter feeding are all herbivores. The largest baleen whales are suspension filter feeders. Animals that use suspension filter feeding are found in both marine and freshwater environments. The similar feeding strategies of scallops and whales are an example of convergent evolution. None of the answer options is false.

Animals that use suspension filter feeding are all herbivores.

The membranous sac enclosing the glomerulus of a mammalian kidney is called:

Bowman's capsule.

Which of the following statements about marine bony fish is false? Chloride cells in the gills actively pump chloride ions into the body. They maintain a body fluid solute concentration that is lower than that of the surrounding seawater. They drink water to replenish water supplies. They tend to lose water through osmosis. They are osmoregulators.

Chloride cells in the gills actively pump chloride ions into the body

Which of the following statements is false? Endotherms can be active over a broader range of external temperatures than endotherms. Endotherms can be active for longer periods than ectotherms. Endotherms regulate their body temperature, whereas ectotherms do not. Endotherms must eat more frequently than ectotherms. Ectotherms can have higher core body temperatures than endotherms depending on environmental conditions.

Endotherms regulate their body temperature, whereas ectotherms do not.

During cool daytime temperatures, an endotherm and an ectotherm both regulate blood flow to their extremities. Which of the following statements reflects how each responds to cooler daytime temperatures?

Endotherms vasoconstrict vessels to their extremities to reduce heat loss to the environment. Ectotherms vasodilate vessels to their extremities to gain heat from the environment.

Which of the following statements about the protonephridia of freshwater flatworms is correct? Fluid from the body enters the protonephridia without first being filtered. The fluid passing through the tubules is not modified before excretion. Protonephridia are surrounded by a capillary network to allow for selective reabsorption and secretion. Muscular contractions drive fluid movement through the excretory tubules. The urine leaving the body of a freshwater flatworm is more concentrated than its body fluids.

Fluid from the body enters the protonephridia without first being filtered.

Which of the following statements about gastrin is false? A low pH in the stomach inhibits the secretion of gastrin. Gastrin stimulates the production of HCl. Gastrin secretion is initiated in response to the sight or smell of food. Gastrin is produced by cells lining the stomach. None of the other answer options is false.

Gastrin secretion is initiated in response to the sight or smell of food.

What function does the low pH of the stomach serve?

It allows gastric enzymes to work and pepsinogen to be activated, and breaks down food directly.

What is the function of the temporomandibular joint?

It allows the jaws to open and close.

Which of the following statements about metabolic rate is true? Larger animals consume more energy per gram of body tissue than smaller animals. Faster running animals have lower metabolic rates than slower running animals. Basal metabolic rate increases with animal mass raised to the 1/4 power. Larger animals have lower basal metabolic rates than smaller animals. None of the answer options is true.

None of the answer options is true.

Salmon move between freshwater and marine environments during their lifecycle. Which of the following statements about their lifecycle is correct? Juvenile salmon and spawning adult salmon must avoid excessive loss of water. Feeding adult salmon must avoid excessive gain of water. Feeding adult salmon and juvenile salmon must avoid excessive loss of electrolytes. Spawning adult salmon must avoid excessive gain of electrolytes. None of the other answer options is correct.

None of the other answer options are correct

Which of the following statements is false? Oxygen debt is the difference between an animal's immediate need for oxygen at the start of activity and the energy supplied by anaerobic metabolism. Recovery metabolism is accompanied by increased heart rates and respiration rates. An animal's oxygen consumption remains elevated for a brief period after activity ends. Recovery metabolism allows a cell to replenish depleted ATP stores and metabolize lactic acid. None of the answer options is false.

Oxygen debt is the difference between an animal's immediate need for oxygen at the start of activity and the energy supplied by anaerobic metabolism.

A mammalian skull is found in the forest that has incisors, small canines, and many large premolars and molars with prominent surface ridges. Based on this information, what conclusions can be drawn about the feeding behavior of this organism?

The animal was most likely an omnivore.

Which of the following statements about the filtration barrier of the glomerulus is false? The capillaries in the kidney are more permeable than capillaries elsewhere in the body. The filtration barrier is made up of three layers. The endothelial cells of the capillaries have foot-like processes that interlock with the surrounding podocytes. The filter allows the passage of small molecules, but blocks the passage of cells and proteins. None of the other answer options is false.

The endothelial cells of the capillaries have foot-like processes that interlock with the surrounding podocytes.

Two solutions of water and dissolved potassium and glucose are separated by a selectively permeable membrane that only permits the passage of water. If the two solutions have the same total solute concentration, but solution 1 has a higher concentration of potassium and a lower concentration of glucose than solution 2, which of the following statements is correct?

There will be no net movement of water molecules between the solutions.

Which of the following statements about freshwater fish is false? Chloride cells in the gills actively pump chloride ions into the body. They are osmoregulators. They maintain body fluid solute concentrations that are higher than that of the surrounding water. They drink water to replenish water supplies. They tend to gain water through osmosis.

They drink water to replenish water supplies.

A patient presents with bleeding gums, loss of teeth, and slow wound healing. The doctor diagnoses the patient as having a deficiency in vitamin _____ and suggests that he increase the amount of _____ in his diet.

Vitamin C; Fruit

Which of the following does not occur when antidiuretic hormone is present? Water diffuses into the collecting duct from the interstitial fluid. The collecting duct walls become permeable to water. Aquaporins insert in the membrane of the collecting duct cells. The urine in the collecting duct becomes more concentrated. All of these events occur when antidiuretic hormone is present.

Water diffuses into the collecting duct from the interstitial fluid.

If the fluid inside of a cell has a solute concentration of 5 percent, what would happen if the cell is placed into a solution with a solute concentration of 10 percent?

Water molecules would leave the cell by osmosis.

Blood enters the glomerulus by an _____ and leaves by an _____.

afferent arteriole; efferent arteriole

Which of the following hormones increases blood pressure by directly stimulating the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts to take up more water and salts?

aldosterone

List the three major forms of nitrogenous waste in order from highest amount of water required for excretion to lowest amount of water required for excretion.

ammonia, urea, uric acid

Many tadpoles excrete _____, whereas adult frogs excrete _____.

ammonia; urea

An essential amino acid is defined as one that:

cannot be synthesized by cellular biochemical pathways.

Which of following is not an example of suction feeding? suckling by newborns mosquitoes obtaining a blood meal fish expanding their oral cavity to draw in a smaller fish clams moving water with food particles into their body cavity

clams moving water with food particles into their body cavity

Which of the following structures is not matched properly with its function? ureter: transport of urine to the bladder renal tubules: secretion of additional wastes collecting ducts: selective reabsorption of key electrolytes and solutes glomerulus: filtration bladder: storage and elimination of urine

collecting ducts: selective reabsorption of key electrolytes and solutes

Which of the following animals has the highest resting metabolic rate? lion eagle elephant frog bumblebee

elephant

Most individuals who include meat in their diet don't need to carefully monitor the protein that they eat. However, vegetarians must monitor their diet more closely to ensure they are getting the appropriate levels of:

essential amino acids.

Ectotherms always have a higher metabolic rate than endotherms of the same size.

false

Suspension filter feeding is only found in organisms without jaws.

false

In multicellular animals with pressurized circulatory systems, the correct order of processes in waste elimination is:

filtration, reabsorption, secretion.

Animals that use suspension filter feeding capture food particles that are:

floating in the water around them.

The jaws of vertebrates evolved from the:

gill cartilage of jawless fish.

Which of the following correctly describes the path taken by excretory fluid through the mammalian kidney?

glomerulus, capsule, renal tubules, collecting ducts, ureter, bladder

In what order are internal fuel reserves consumed during starvation?

glycogen, fat, protein

The presence of different types of teeth is a defining characteristic of mammals. What is the role of molars in mammals?

grinding

Aerobic respiration, anaerobic glycolysis, and hydrolysis of phosphocreatine can all be used by vertebrate muscle cells to generate ATP during active periods. In what order are these mechanisms employed?

hydrolysis of phosphocreatine, anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic respiration

Which of the following is not a correct pairing of tooth type and function? canines: ripping and tearing premolars: shearing molars: grinding incisors: piercing All of these choices are correct.

incisors: piercing

A lizard is sitting on a rock on a cool, cloudy morning. As the day progresses the sun comes out and the temperatures of the rock and the lizard increase. What changes are expected in the lizard's metabolic rate and activity level?

increase in metabolic rate and activity level

The blood of some individuals does not carry sufficient oxygen to their tissues. These individuals could be deficient in:

iron.

An animal's metabolic rate is best defined as:

its overall rate of energy use.

When an individual has an energy surplus, he or she stores the extra energy as:

lipids.

Per gram of body tissue, which of the following animals has the highest resting metabolic rate? polar bear elephant mouse dog cheetah

mouse

When a suction feeder quickly opens its mouth, negative pressure results in water and prey rushing into the mouth. Which of the following helps move the prey to the back of their throats and into the pharynx?

moving water out of the oral cavity over the gills

When an individual loses weight, he or she is in a:

negative energy balance.

Which of the following groups of molecules commonly serve as sources of energy for animals? proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates carbohydrates and lipids proteins and lipids proteins and carbohydrates carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids

proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

Which of the following is the most generalized form of prey capture among fish? suction feeding suspension filter feeding using the gills active swimming to capture prey suspension filter feeding using baleen None of the answer options is correct.

suction feeding

A new species of tubeworm is discovered on a coral reef. The worm has a specialized ring of tentacles that acts as a sieve to capture small shrimp and plankton from the surrounding water. This worm is a(n):

suspension filter feeder.

The human appendix is the equivalent of which of the following structures? the abomasum the omasum the rumen the cecum the reticulum

the cecum

Osmoregulation is defined as:

the control of osmotic pressure through regulation of water and solute levels.

Ammonia is the most toxic of the three major forms of nitrogenous waste.

true

Cells can regulate their internal osmotic pressure by controlling the solute concentration inside of the cell.

true

Larger animals have higher resting metabolic rates than smaller animals.

true

Per unit weight, stored fat yields more than twice the energy of stored glycogen.

true